Coordinate system Geographical coordinate systemNaresh Kumar
UTm Universe transvers mercator, Geographic coordinate system
geoid, planar projection, cylindrical and conical projection, longitudinal, latitude, UTM zones 60 zones
This document reviews solar tracking systems. It begins by discussing how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by ensuring the sun's rays hit the panel's surface at an optimal angle from sunrise to sunset, as the sun's position changes relative to the Earth. It then describes different types of solar tracking systems, including single-axis and dual-axis systems, and compares their efficiencies to fixed panels. Studies show dual-axis trackers can increase efficiency by over 80% compared to fixed panels, while single-axis trackers provide around a 30% increase but are more cost-effective. The document concludes by examining different solar collector and tracking technologies.
1) Geodesy is the science of measuring and mapping the Earth's surface, including determining its shape, size, and gravity field.
2) Early Greek scholar Eratosthenes used simple observations and geometry to estimate the circumference of Earth to within 1% accuracy over 2000 years ago.
3) While the Earth is approximated as an oblate spheroid, its true shape, called the geoid, is irregular due to density variations underground. Precise positioning and heights require accounting for geoid undulations.
Projections are an essentials part of every datasets. Basically, a projection is the mathematical operation needed to go from the planet actual shape to a flat map according to the Geographic Coordinate System.
Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the Earth, including its gravity field. It has applications in monitoring climate change, natural hazards, volcanoes, water resources, soil moisture, glaciers, and landslides using space-based technologies like GNSS, altimetry, and gravity missions. Some key technologies are GPS, GLONASS, altimetry missions like TOPEX and JASON-1, and gravity missions like GRACE and CHAMP. Geodesy has its origins in ancient Greece and has evolved into a modern discipline using satellites to study Earth systems and processes.
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, but is slightly flattened at the poles. The Earth rotates daily on its tilted axis, causing seasons and influencing climate. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude form a grid system to locate positions on the Earth's surface. The Earth revolves around the Sun annually in an elliptical orbit, with the seasons resulting from the tilt of its axis of rotation. Precise geodetic coordinates define locations on the reference ellipsoid used to model the oblate spheroid shape of the Earth.
This document discusses geodetic systems and how they represent the Earth mathematically. It defines key concepts like datums, ellipsoids, and coordinate systems. Specifically, it explains that datums define geodetic systems using reference ellipsoids that approximate the geoid and Earth's irregular shape. Common datums like NAD27, NAD83, and WGS84 are described that use different ellipsoids and reference points. It also outlines how latitude, longitude, and elevation are used in geographic coordinate systems to specify locations on Earth.
Earth has a magnetic field that behaves like that of a giant bar magnet. This magnetic field protects the Earth and living things from harmful particles from the sun and allows many organisms to navigate. It helps deflect most particles towards the magnetic poles, where few organisms live. Many animals, like birds and sea turtles, can detect the magnetic field to aid long distance migration and return home. The magnetic field provides a global GPS that sea turtles use with their ability to remember the magnetic signature of different coastlines to guide their way.
Coordinate system Geographical coordinate systemNaresh Kumar
UTm Universe transvers mercator, Geographic coordinate system
geoid, planar projection, cylindrical and conical projection, longitudinal, latitude, UTM zones 60 zones
This document reviews solar tracking systems. It begins by discussing how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by ensuring the sun's rays hit the panel's surface at an optimal angle from sunrise to sunset, as the sun's position changes relative to the Earth. It then describes different types of solar tracking systems, including single-axis and dual-axis systems, and compares their efficiencies to fixed panels. Studies show dual-axis trackers can increase efficiency by over 80% compared to fixed panels, while single-axis trackers provide around a 30% increase but are more cost-effective. The document concludes by examining different solar collector and tracking technologies.
1) Geodesy is the science of measuring and mapping the Earth's surface, including determining its shape, size, and gravity field.
2) Early Greek scholar Eratosthenes used simple observations and geometry to estimate the circumference of Earth to within 1% accuracy over 2000 years ago.
3) While the Earth is approximated as an oblate spheroid, its true shape, called the geoid, is irregular due to density variations underground. Precise positioning and heights require accounting for geoid undulations.
Projections are an essentials part of every datasets. Basically, a projection is the mathematical operation needed to go from the planet actual shape to a flat map according to the Geographic Coordinate System.
Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the Earth, including its gravity field. It has applications in monitoring climate change, natural hazards, volcanoes, water resources, soil moisture, glaciers, and landslides using space-based technologies like GNSS, altimetry, and gravity missions. Some key technologies are GPS, GLONASS, altimetry missions like TOPEX and JASON-1, and gravity missions like GRACE and CHAMP. Geodesy has its origins in ancient Greece and has evolved into a modern discipline using satellites to study Earth systems and processes.
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, but is slightly flattened at the poles. The Earth rotates daily on its tilted axis, causing seasons and influencing climate. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude form a grid system to locate positions on the Earth's surface. The Earth revolves around the Sun annually in an elliptical orbit, with the seasons resulting from the tilt of its axis of rotation. Precise geodetic coordinates define locations on the reference ellipsoid used to model the oblate spheroid shape of the Earth.
This document discusses geodetic systems and how they represent the Earth mathematically. It defines key concepts like datums, ellipsoids, and coordinate systems. Specifically, it explains that datums define geodetic systems using reference ellipsoids that approximate the geoid and Earth's irregular shape. Common datums like NAD27, NAD83, and WGS84 are described that use different ellipsoids and reference points. It also outlines how latitude, longitude, and elevation are used in geographic coordinate systems to specify locations on Earth.
Earth has a magnetic field that behaves like that of a giant bar magnet. This magnetic field protects the Earth and living things from harmful particles from the sun and allows many organisms to navigate. It helps deflect most particles towards the magnetic poles, where few organisms live. Many animals, like birds and sea turtles, can detect the magnetic field to aid long distance migration and return home. The magnetic field provides a global GPS that sea turtles use with their ability to remember the magnetic signature of different coastlines to guide their way.
The document summarizes seismic activity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the tectonic plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates. It notes that while the ridge is offset by transform faults, the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone is one of the largest. It then provides details on a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that occurred in the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2015, including the arrival times of seismic waves at a recording station over 6,000 km away.
Geodesy is the science of measuring and understanding the Earth. It involves determining the size, shape, and gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth. Geodesy uses measurements from satellites, GPS, and fieldwork to model the Earth as a flattened ellipsoid with parameters like semi-major and semi-minor axes. An accurate mathematical model of the ellipsoid is needed for scientific and practical applications involving the representation of the Earth's shape.
The document discusses the orbital parameters of satellites. There are six key orbital parameters used to define a satellite's orbit: semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination, longitude of the ascending node, argument of periapsis, and mean anomaly at epoch. These parameters uniquely identify an orbit and are known as the Keplerian elements. The document provides descriptions and illustrations of each orbital parameter. It also discusses different types of orbits used for Earth observation, including geostationary, polar, highly elliptical, and low Earth orbits.
Earth has a magnetic field that acts like that of a giant bar magnet. This magnetic field protects the Earth and organisms from harmful particles from the sun by deflecting most of them to the magnetic poles. It also allows for navigation as compasses can detect magnetic north. Many animals like birds and sea turtles have developed the ability to detect and use the Earth's magnetic field to aid migration and return home.
This document discusses different types of map projections, including cylindrical, equal-area, and transverse Mercator projections. It provides properties and examples of each type. Specifically, it describes simple cylindrical projections as having straight parallels and meridians intersecting at right angles, with consistent distances but scale distortion away from the equator. It also outlines cylindrical equal-area projections as having decreasing distances between parallels but increasing distances between meridians, making it an equal-area projection but distorted at the poles. Finally, it explains transverse Mercator and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projections use a 2D Cartesian system to locate positions on Earth within zones with minimal distortion.
The document describes the gravitational assist technique used by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft during its 1973 encounter with Jupiter. It begins by introducing the paradox that gravitational assist seems to contradict the expectation that a spacecraft's kinetic energy would remain the same after passing through a planet's gravitational field. It then provides details of Pioneer 10's encounter with Jupiter, showing how the spacecraft gained speed and switched to an escape trajectory from the solar system. Finally, it explains the physics behind gravitational assist, noting that the planet Jupiter experienced an equal and opposite change in velocity and kinetic energy compared to the spacecraft, resolving the paradox.
The document discusses imaginary lines used on maps and globes to describe locations on Earth, including meridians that run from the North to South poles and are measured in degrees east or west, and parallels that run horizontally around the planet and are measured in degrees north or south. It also briefly outlines that the Earth rotates on its axis over 24 hours, causing day and night, and that it has three main layers - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Finally, it states that astronomers study objects in space like the sun, moon and planets.
Spheroid, datum, projection, and coordinate systems are used to locate positions on Earth. A spheroid is a mathematical model that approximates the Earth's shape as an oblate spheroid. A datum defines the reference frame for latitude and longitude coordinates and relates the spheroid to the Earth's center. Projections transform 3D spheroid coordinates onto a 2D surface like a map, introducing some distortion of shapes, areas, distances or directions. Common projections include transverse Mercator, UTM, and lambert conformal conic. Coordinate systems then allow measurement of positions on the projected 2D surface. Understanding these concepts is important for accurately locating geographic features.
The document discusses methods for determining the geoid, the figure of the Earth approximating mean sea level. It defines the geoid and explains that it can be determined through gravimetric and satellite methods. Specifically, it describes using Stokes' integral formula with gravity anomaly data to calculate geoid undulations, and how the modern GRACE satellites directly measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravity field to map the geoid every 30 days. The document provides details on measuring gravity anomalies, topographic reductions, and applications of determining the accurate geoid, such as for construction projects and resolving height controversies.
The document discusses key concepts about planet Earth including its shape, rotation, revolution, latitude, longitude, time zones, map projections, and scale. It notes that the Earth is the third planet from the sun, rotates on its axis in 24 hours, revolves around the sun in 365 days, and its surface is divided into lines of latitude and longitude that are used to identify locations. It also explains that time zones are used to establish official times, maps represent the Earth's surface using different projections, and scale is used to relate distances on a map to actual distances.
This document defines map projections and their basic concepts. It discusses that map projections are a means of representing the earth's spherical surface on a flat plane. The key aspects covered are:
- Map projections transform the 3D globe onto a 2D surface through techniques like developing surfaces (cones, cylinders, planes) and projection planes.
- Properties of map projections include accurate representation of areas, distances, directions, and angles, but no single projection can achieve all properties.
- Common classifications of projections include planar, cylindrical, conical based on the projection surface, and equal area, equidistant based on properties maintained.
- Standard parallels and commonly used projections like UTM, polyconic, Lambert conform
This document discusses satellite radar altimetry and its use in measuring sea level. Satellite radar altimetry works by measuring the time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the ocean surface and back. This allows the satellite to calculate the distance to the sea surface and determine sea level when combined with information about the satellite's orbit and position. Multiple satellite missions since 1992 have collected sea level measurements globally every 10 days and found that global mean sea level has been rising over the past few decades. Resources for further information on satellite altimetry and sea level are also provided.
The document provides information about celestial bodies in the universe, galaxy, and solar system. It discusses key components of the solar system including the sun, planets, asteroids, and meteoroids. It also lists interesting facts about various planets and satellites. Furthermore, it defines latitude and longitude, describing how they are measured and important lines such as the equator, tropics, and poles. The document concludes with brief descriptions of time zones and the International Date Line.
The document discusses geostrophic wind and gradient wind. It explains that geostrophic wind expresses the magnitude of wind speed as a function of the geopotential height gradient on a constant pressure surface. Geostrophic winds exist where there are no frictional forces and isobars are straight. However, isobars are usually curved, so the winds are in gradient wind balance rather than true geostrophic balance. Gradient wind takes into account the curvature of isobars.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. Cylindrical projections have straight, perpendicular lines of longitude and latitude and include the Mercator projection. Conic projections are fan-shaped and have minimal distortion along a central line. Azimuthal projections radiate from a central point and preserve directions from that point. The document provides examples like the Robinson, Polyconic, and Lambert azimuthal equal area projections. It concludes that the selection of map projection depends on the map's intended purpose.
This document discusses seismograms and the different types of seismic waves that are recorded, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It explains that seismograms amplify and electronically record ground motion from earthquakes, allowing scientists to determine the epicenter location using travel time graphs from multiple seismographs. The document also covers historical intensity and magnitude scales used to describe earthquake size and introduces moment magnitude as the most widely used scale today because it estimates the energy released.
This document discusses key concepts related to map projections and datums. It defines projections as mathematical transformations that take 3D objects on the earth's surface and project them onto a 2D surface, like a map, with minimal distortion. It discusses different types of projections, important properties to preserve like distances and shapes, and how different projections preserve certain properties better in specific regions. The document also defines datums as reference frames that define latitude/longitude and how local datums need to be transformed to global datums like WGS84. It explains factors like the earth not being a perfect sphere and irregular terrain that necessitate datums and datum transformations.
Gravity satellites case study gravity recovery and climate experiment (grace)mohamed freeshah
This document presents a case study on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. It begins with an introduction to gravity satellites and their use in measuring variations in Earth's gravity field caused by mass redistributions. It then describes different types of gravity satellite missions including CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. A table compares the parameters of these modern satellite missions. The bulk of the document focuses on GRACE, explaining how the dual-satellite system works and examples of its applications like monitoring changes in terrestrial water storage. It concludes that GRACE provides a valuable tool for studying hydrological and geodynamic processes via temporal gravity measurements.
Satellite technology has many applications. There are several types of satellites including communication satellites, research satellites, observation satellites, weather satellites, and navigation satellites. Communication satellites are important for transmitting television, phone calls, the internet and more. Observation satellites help observe features of Earth like mineral deposits and fresh water supplies. Weather satellites regularly photograph Earth and provide data to weather stations to aid in weather prediction.
This document discusses the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission, which consists of two satellites that measure changes in Earth's gravity field to map variations in ocean and land water, ice sheets, and groundwater. The original GRACE mission operated from 2002 to 2017, exceeding its expected 5-year lifespan. GRACE Follow-on was launched in 2018 to continue the mission after the original satellites decommissioned.
The document describes key characteristics of the Earth, including its shape as a geoid flattened at the poles. It discusses the geographical network of meridians and parallels that form the graticule for measuring latitude and longitude. It also covers the Earth's motions of translation, rotation, and precession. Seasons and equinoxes/solstices are explained in relation to the Earth's orbit and axial tilt. Time zones are defined based on 15-degree divisions of longitude, with adjustments of one hour per zone.
This document provides information about the globe and its features, including:
- The earliest known globe was constructed by Greek geographer Crates of Mallus.
- Cartographers use lines of latitude and longitude to locate points on Earth, with the equator and prime meridian serving as reference points.
- Latitude circles the globe parallel to the equator, while longitude runs perpendicular in semicircles.
- Time zones, of which there are 24, divide Earth according to longitude into standardized times.
- The seven continents are listed in order of size from Asia to Antarctica. Four main oceans are also named.
The document summarizes seismic activity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the tectonic plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates. It notes that while the ridge is offset by transform faults, the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone is one of the largest. It then provides details on a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that occurred in the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2015, including the arrival times of seismic waves at a recording station over 6,000 km away.
Geodesy is the science of measuring and understanding the Earth. It involves determining the size, shape, and gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth. Geodesy uses measurements from satellites, GPS, and fieldwork to model the Earth as a flattened ellipsoid with parameters like semi-major and semi-minor axes. An accurate mathematical model of the ellipsoid is needed for scientific and practical applications involving the representation of the Earth's shape.
The document discusses the orbital parameters of satellites. There are six key orbital parameters used to define a satellite's orbit: semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination, longitude of the ascending node, argument of periapsis, and mean anomaly at epoch. These parameters uniquely identify an orbit and are known as the Keplerian elements. The document provides descriptions and illustrations of each orbital parameter. It also discusses different types of orbits used for Earth observation, including geostationary, polar, highly elliptical, and low Earth orbits.
Earth has a magnetic field that acts like that of a giant bar magnet. This magnetic field protects the Earth and organisms from harmful particles from the sun by deflecting most of them to the magnetic poles. It also allows for navigation as compasses can detect magnetic north. Many animals like birds and sea turtles have developed the ability to detect and use the Earth's magnetic field to aid migration and return home.
This document discusses different types of map projections, including cylindrical, equal-area, and transverse Mercator projections. It provides properties and examples of each type. Specifically, it describes simple cylindrical projections as having straight parallels and meridians intersecting at right angles, with consistent distances but scale distortion away from the equator. It also outlines cylindrical equal-area projections as having decreasing distances between parallels but increasing distances between meridians, making it an equal-area projection but distorted at the poles. Finally, it explains transverse Mercator and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projections use a 2D Cartesian system to locate positions on Earth within zones with minimal distortion.
The document describes the gravitational assist technique used by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft during its 1973 encounter with Jupiter. It begins by introducing the paradox that gravitational assist seems to contradict the expectation that a spacecraft's kinetic energy would remain the same after passing through a planet's gravitational field. It then provides details of Pioneer 10's encounter with Jupiter, showing how the spacecraft gained speed and switched to an escape trajectory from the solar system. Finally, it explains the physics behind gravitational assist, noting that the planet Jupiter experienced an equal and opposite change in velocity and kinetic energy compared to the spacecraft, resolving the paradox.
The document discusses imaginary lines used on maps and globes to describe locations on Earth, including meridians that run from the North to South poles and are measured in degrees east or west, and parallels that run horizontally around the planet and are measured in degrees north or south. It also briefly outlines that the Earth rotates on its axis over 24 hours, causing day and night, and that it has three main layers - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Finally, it states that astronomers study objects in space like the sun, moon and planets.
Spheroid, datum, projection, and coordinate systems are used to locate positions on Earth. A spheroid is a mathematical model that approximates the Earth's shape as an oblate spheroid. A datum defines the reference frame for latitude and longitude coordinates and relates the spheroid to the Earth's center. Projections transform 3D spheroid coordinates onto a 2D surface like a map, introducing some distortion of shapes, areas, distances or directions. Common projections include transverse Mercator, UTM, and lambert conformal conic. Coordinate systems then allow measurement of positions on the projected 2D surface. Understanding these concepts is important for accurately locating geographic features.
The document discusses methods for determining the geoid, the figure of the Earth approximating mean sea level. It defines the geoid and explains that it can be determined through gravimetric and satellite methods. Specifically, it describes using Stokes' integral formula with gravity anomaly data to calculate geoid undulations, and how the modern GRACE satellites directly measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravity field to map the geoid every 30 days. The document provides details on measuring gravity anomalies, topographic reductions, and applications of determining the accurate geoid, such as for construction projects and resolving height controversies.
The document discusses key concepts about planet Earth including its shape, rotation, revolution, latitude, longitude, time zones, map projections, and scale. It notes that the Earth is the third planet from the sun, rotates on its axis in 24 hours, revolves around the sun in 365 days, and its surface is divided into lines of latitude and longitude that are used to identify locations. It also explains that time zones are used to establish official times, maps represent the Earth's surface using different projections, and scale is used to relate distances on a map to actual distances.
This document defines map projections and their basic concepts. It discusses that map projections are a means of representing the earth's spherical surface on a flat plane. The key aspects covered are:
- Map projections transform the 3D globe onto a 2D surface through techniques like developing surfaces (cones, cylinders, planes) and projection planes.
- Properties of map projections include accurate representation of areas, distances, directions, and angles, but no single projection can achieve all properties.
- Common classifications of projections include planar, cylindrical, conical based on the projection surface, and equal area, equidistant based on properties maintained.
- Standard parallels and commonly used projections like UTM, polyconic, Lambert conform
This document discusses satellite radar altimetry and its use in measuring sea level. Satellite radar altimetry works by measuring the time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the ocean surface and back. This allows the satellite to calculate the distance to the sea surface and determine sea level when combined with information about the satellite's orbit and position. Multiple satellite missions since 1992 have collected sea level measurements globally every 10 days and found that global mean sea level has been rising over the past few decades. Resources for further information on satellite altimetry and sea level are also provided.
The document provides information about celestial bodies in the universe, galaxy, and solar system. It discusses key components of the solar system including the sun, planets, asteroids, and meteoroids. It also lists interesting facts about various planets and satellites. Furthermore, it defines latitude and longitude, describing how they are measured and important lines such as the equator, tropics, and poles. The document concludes with brief descriptions of time zones and the International Date Line.
The document discusses geostrophic wind and gradient wind. It explains that geostrophic wind expresses the magnitude of wind speed as a function of the geopotential height gradient on a constant pressure surface. Geostrophic winds exist where there are no frictional forces and isobars are straight. However, isobars are usually curved, so the winds are in gradient wind balance rather than true geostrophic balance. Gradient wind takes into account the curvature of isobars.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. Cylindrical projections have straight, perpendicular lines of longitude and latitude and include the Mercator projection. Conic projections are fan-shaped and have minimal distortion along a central line. Azimuthal projections radiate from a central point and preserve directions from that point. The document provides examples like the Robinson, Polyconic, and Lambert azimuthal equal area projections. It concludes that the selection of map projection depends on the map's intended purpose.
This document discusses seismograms and the different types of seismic waves that are recorded, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It explains that seismograms amplify and electronically record ground motion from earthquakes, allowing scientists to determine the epicenter location using travel time graphs from multiple seismographs. The document also covers historical intensity and magnitude scales used to describe earthquake size and introduces moment magnitude as the most widely used scale today because it estimates the energy released.
This document discusses key concepts related to map projections and datums. It defines projections as mathematical transformations that take 3D objects on the earth's surface and project them onto a 2D surface, like a map, with minimal distortion. It discusses different types of projections, important properties to preserve like distances and shapes, and how different projections preserve certain properties better in specific regions. The document also defines datums as reference frames that define latitude/longitude and how local datums need to be transformed to global datums like WGS84. It explains factors like the earth not being a perfect sphere and irregular terrain that necessitate datums and datum transformations.
Gravity satellites case study gravity recovery and climate experiment (grace)mohamed freeshah
This document presents a case study on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. It begins with an introduction to gravity satellites and their use in measuring variations in Earth's gravity field caused by mass redistributions. It then describes different types of gravity satellite missions including CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. A table compares the parameters of these modern satellite missions. The bulk of the document focuses on GRACE, explaining how the dual-satellite system works and examples of its applications like monitoring changes in terrestrial water storage. It concludes that GRACE provides a valuable tool for studying hydrological and geodynamic processes via temporal gravity measurements.
Satellite technology has many applications. There are several types of satellites including communication satellites, research satellites, observation satellites, weather satellites, and navigation satellites. Communication satellites are important for transmitting television, phone calls, the internet and more. Observation satellites help observe features of Earth like mineral deposits and fresh water supplies. Weather satellites regularly photograph Earth and provide data to weather stations to aid in weather prediction.
This document discusses the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission, which consists of two satellites that measure changes in Earth's gravity field to map variations in ocean and land water, ice sheets, and groundwater. The original GRACE mission operated from 2002 to 2017, exceeding its expected 5-year lifespan. GRACE Follow-on was launched in 2018 to continue the mission after the original satellites decommissioned.
The document describes key characteristics of the Earth, including its shape as a geoid flattened at the poles. It discusses the geographical network of meridians and parallels that form the graticule for measuring latitude and longitude. It also covers the Earth's motions of translation, rotation, and precession. Seasons and equinoxes/solstices are explained in relation to the Earth's orbit and axial tilt. Time zones are defined based on 15-degree divisions of longitude, with adjustments of one hour per zone.
This document provides information about the globe and its features, including:
- The earliest known globe was constructed by Greek geographer Crates of Mallus.
- Cartographers use lines of latitude and longitude to locate points on Earth, with the equator and prime meridian serving as reference points.
- Latitude circles the globe parallel to the equator, while longitude runs perpendicular in semicircles.
- Time zones, of which there are 24, divide Earth according to longitude into standardized times.
- The seven continents are listed in order of size from Asia to Antarctica. Four main oceans are also named.
Introduction of continents and oceans...Elements of map reading,Greenwich mean time, international date line, Elements of weather and climate.climatic zones of world. Natural vegetation of world..
The document discusses the concepts of latitude, longitude, time zones, and how locations on Earth are specified using these coordinate systems. It explains that latitude lines run parallel east-west and longitude lines run perpendicular north-south, with the Prime Meridian at Greenwich, England defining 0 degrees. It describes how the Earth is divided into 24 time zones that are approximately 15 degrees wide to standardized time globally.
Rita and Gita are surprised to receive a letter from their friend Rahul in Singapore saying that Singapore is two hours ahead of India. They look at a globe to see the exact location of Singapore and see lines running across countries. The document goes on to explain that these lines are latitudes and longitudes, which help calculate the positions of countries and have been useful for explorers, the military, and pilots. It provides details on what a globe is, the axis and equator, hemispheres, parallels of latitude that run parallel to the equator, important parallels like the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, how latitude is measured, and heat zones on Earth based on latitude.
The document discusses different types of lines that appear on maps, including circles of latitude like the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, as well as the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and hemispheres. These lines serve purposes like marking regions, dividing the globe into sections, and aiding navigation. Key points covered include the definition and purpose of lines like the DEW radar line, prime meridian, and International Date Line, as well as how latitude and longitude are used to locate places on a map.
This document provides information about the top 20 most popular cities for tourists in 2013, as well as background information on geography, tourism, continents, climate, and other geographic concepts. The top three cities were Bangkok, London, and Paris. It also discusses key geographic elements like location (latitude and longitude), time zones, physical characteristics of places (climate, vegetation, landforms), and human/cultural characteristics. Five major climate regions are described: tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar.
_L-14 The Globe- Latitudes and Longitudes new.pptxpadminijyothi
Here are the answers:
1. The local time of a place situated 60° W of London will be 6 pm if it is noon in London. Since each 15° of longitude represents a 1 hour time difference, and the place is 60° west of London, the time difference will be 60/15 = 4 hours. So if it is noon in London, the local time at the place 60° W will be noon + 4 hours = 6 pm.
2. The local time of a place situated 90° E of London will be 3 pm if it is 9 am in London. Since each 15° of longitude represents a 1 hour time difference, and the place is 90° east of London, the time difference will be
The document discusses the history and development of latitude, longitude, and timekeeping systems. It explains that latitude and longitude were developed in the Middle Ages to create a global grid system for location. It then provides details on latitude and longitude lines and degrees, and how they are used to precisely locate places on Earth. The document also outlines the development of standardized time zones to facilitate global communication and travel, and covers the establishment of the Prime Meridian, International Date Line, and daylight saving time.
This document provides information about Earth's solar system, planets, latitude and longitude, interior structure, earthquakes, seismic waves, volcanoes, and types of volcanoes. It discusses that Earth's solar system includes the Sun and planets, as well as asteroids, meteors, comets and satellites. It also summarizes key facts about the planets, describes latitude and longitude lines on Earth, outlines Earth's interior layers of crust, mantle and core, and explains different types of seismic waves and volcanoes.
The document provides information about globes and maps. It begins by noting that the earliest known globe was constructed by Greek geographer Crates of Mallus. It then defines a globe as a model of the Earth that gives an accurate picture of its surface and shows locations at a smaller scale. The document also states that 29% of the Earth's surface is land consisting of seven continents, while 71% is water covering five oceans. It proceeds to discuss latitude and longitude lines and how they are used to locate positions on the globe.
The document summarizes key properties and dynamics of the Earth, sun, and moon systems. It describes the Earth as an oblate spheroid that rotates daily on its axis, causing night and day. It also revolves yearly around the sun, resulting in seasons due to the tilt of the Earth's axis. The summer and winter solstices occur when the sun is at its maximum distance from the equator in each hemisphere, while equinoxes occur when the sun is directly above the equator.
The document discusses the shape of the Earth and key geographic concepts. It begins by defining terms like geoid and sphere. It then discusses globes and maps, noting that globes are 3D models while maps are 2D representations. The rest of the document covers continents and oceans, noting there are 7 continents and 5 oceans. It also discusses latitude and longitude lines that are used to locate points on a map or globe.
The document discusses key geographical concepts including the equator, latitude, and longitude. It notes that the Earth is a spheroid that rotates on its axis, with the equator marking the imaginary line around the center. Locations north of the equator are in the Northern Hemisphere and have a northern latitude, while locations south are in the Southern Hemisphere with a southern latitude. Important latitudes include the Tropic of Cancer at 23°26' N and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23°26' S, as well as the Arctic and Antarctic Circles at 66°34'. Longitude is the measurement east or west of the prime meridian at Greenwich.
The document discusses the rotation and revolution of the Earth and how it causes seasons. It explains that the Earth rotates daily on its tilted axis, causing day and night. It revolves around the sun yearly, and the tilt of its axis relative to its revolution around the sun causes the seasons. When the Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the sun, it is summer, and when it tilts away, it is winter.
The document discusses the rotation and revolution of the Earth and how it causes seasons. It explains that the Earth rotates daily on its tilted axis, causing day and night. It revolves around the sun yearly, and the tilt of its axis relative to its revolution around the sun causes the seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, it experiences summer, and when tilted away, it experiences winter.
This document provides an introduction to Antarctica and the Antarctic region. It explains that Antarctica refers to the continent, while Antarctic refers to the entire southern polar region including surrounding oceans. Most of Antarctica is covered by over 2 km of snow and ice, and large glaciers flow toward the coast, forming ice shelves over the ocean. The polar regions are colder than other areas due to the low angle of incoming sunlight, which provides less energy. Additionally, the polar night during winters leads to long periods without any sunlight. Compared to the Arctic, Antarctica experiences colder average temperatures because it is surrounded by cold ocean currents that do not mix with warmer waters, its higher average elevation, and its position as a continental landmass surrounded by ocean
This document provides an introduction to Antarctica and the Antarctic region. It explains that Antarctica refers to the continent, while Antarctic refers to the entire southern polar region surrounding the continent. Most of Antarctica is covered by over 2 km of snow and ice. The Antarctic region is defined either by ocean boundaries or as anywhere south of the Antarctic Circle, which experiences at least one day and one night of sunlight/darkness per year. The polar regions are colder due to the low angle of incoming sunlight, which provides less energy, as well as periods of extended darkness. Antarctica is even colder than the Arctic because it is surrounded by cold ocean waters that do not mix with warmer currents, it is higher in altitude, and its sea ice reflects
The document summarizes key information about planet Earth and its place in the solar system. It describes Earth's structure, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It also discusses Earth's rotation and revolution around the sun, which causes seasons. The document explains how to locate places using latitude and longitude coordinates on maps and read different types of maps. It provides details on time zones and how the Earth is divided for time.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
S.s presentations
1. Ward, D. (Photographer). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.windows2universe.org/geography/latitude_longitude.html
2. The image below shows only the latitude
lines. Latitude is the angular distance
north or south of the equator. The lines
get shorter when they get closer to the
poles and also run in an east to west
direction.
The degrees start from 0 and goes up to 90.
latitude: facts about lines of latitude. Map/Still. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. <http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54583>.
3. The equator is an imaginary line that is
located at 0 degrees latitude. The line is the
longest of all the latitude lines, and runs
through parts of South America, Asia, and
Africa.
Salgado. (Photographer). [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://mrsalgado.org/sheltered_geography_unit2.htm
4. The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line
that is 23.5 degrees north of the equator.
This line of latitude is the northernmost
point where the sun’s rays can hit directly
overhead at 12:00 pm. The Tropic of
Cancer runs through Hawaii, parts of
Central America, northern Africa, Sahara
Desert, and near Kolkata, India.
---------------------------------
[Web Photo]. Retrieved from
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1096/flashcards/861930/png/poles.png
5. The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary
line that is 23.5 degrees south of the
equator. This line of latitude is the
southernmost point on Earth where the
sun’s rays can be directly overhead at
12:00 pm. The tropic of Capricorn runs
through and near places like Brazil,
Madagascar and Australia. Mainly, this
line runs through water.
------------------------------------------
[Web Photo]. Retrieved from https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1096/flashcards/861930/png/poles.png
6. The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line that is
about 66.5 degrees north of the equator. The
Arctic Circle is also the name for the region
around the North Pole. The climate is very
cold and the area is always covered in ice.
Gillis, T. (Photographer). [Web Map]. Retrieved from http://www.yourdictionary.com/arctic-circle
7. The Antarctica Circle is an imaginary line that
is about 66 degrees south of the equator. This
line separates the South Frigid Zone and the
South Temperate Zone. The Antarctica Circle
marks the southernmost point at which the
sun can be seen during the winter solstice.
[Web Map]. Retrieved from http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/an.htm
8. The North Pole is the northernmost point where the
Earth’s axis meets with the surface. This is where all
the longitude lines meet. The North Pole is 90
degrees latitude and is located in the Arctic Ocean.
There is no time zone in the North Pole.
Gillis, T. (Photographer). [Web Map]. Retrieved from http://www.yourdictionary.com/north-pole
9. The 45th parallel is the line of latitude that is halfway
between the Equator and the North Pole. This line
runs through Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, north
America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The degree of the
45th parallel is 45 degrees latitude.
latitude: facts about lines of latitude. Map/Still. Britannica Online for Kids. Web.
.
10. The South Pole is the southernmost part on
the Earth. All the directions are north when
at the South Pole. You will find this pole on
the continent Antarctica. The exact location
of the South Pole is always moving because
of plate tectonics.
Gillis, T. (Photographer). [Web Map]. Retrieved from http://travel-babel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/SouthPoleGlobe.jpg
11. The image above shows only the lines of longitude. The
lines of latitude cross the Equator at right angles, are
equal in length and run in a north-south direction but the
distance is measured in an east or west direction from the
prime meridian. Another name for the lines of longitude is
meridians.
[Web Map]. Retrieved from http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54584/Facts-about-Lines-of-Longitude-Are-known-as-meridians
12. [Web Map]. Retrieved from http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54584/Facts-about-Lines-of-Longitude-Are-known-as-meridians
The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude.
The line that is considered the official
meridian is the one that runs through
Greenwich, England. This is because any
line of longitude can be a prime meridian.
(This is known as arbitrary)
13. [Web Map]. Retrieved from http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/time/internationaldateline.html
The International Date Line is what marks the
divide where the date changes by one day.
This imaginary line is on the 180 degree line
of longitude. This line is not a straight line
and goes through the Pacific Ocean. The left
side of the line is one day ahead of the right
side.