This document discusses various sources of poisoning, including home/farm, occupational, environmental, drugs, and plants. Occupational sources include heavy metals, pesticides, organic solvents, and gas/particulates. Common pesticides used are organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids, which are absorbed through the skin, inhalation, ingestion, or eyes. Environmental sources of poisoning include air, water, and solid pollution. Air pollution is measured using an Air Quality Index and can cause respiratory illness. Water pollution comes from point and non-point sources and can contain pathogens, organic/inorganic pollutants, and heavy metals. Solid waste contains toxins and heavy

2. SOURCES
• Home and Farm Source
• Occupational Source
• Environmental Source
• Drugs
• Poisonous Plants
• Animals
• Food

3. HOME AND FARM SOURCE OF
POISONING
1. Flea and Tick
Products
2. Dishwashing Deterg
ents
3. Air Fresheners
4. Oven Cleaner
5. Furniture Polish
6. Toilet Bowl Cleaner
7. Bleach
8. Antibacterial Soaps
9. Flaking Paint

4. 2. Occupational Source
• Common occupational toxic
substances are divided into 4 classes
• Heavy Metals
• Pesticides
• Organic Solvents
• Gas Vapors and Particulates

5. HEAVY METALS

6. PESTICIDE
They are substances or mixture of substances intended
for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any
pest.
• ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES: Parathion,
malathion, and methyl parathion.
• CARBAMATE PESTICIDES: Bendiocarb, Carbaryl,
Methomyl, and Propoxur.
• ORGANOCHLORINES: DDT.
• PYRETHROID PESTICIDES: Permethrin, resmethrin,
and sumithrin.

7. ROUTE OF ABSORPTION:
– Skin penetration(most common)
– Inhalation
– Ingestion
– Conjunctival membranes of the eye
– Other mucous membranes
Occupational exposure to pesticides occurs
among manufacturers and formulators;
during transport and storage; among mixers,
loaders, and applicators working in fields,
greenhouses, parks, and residential
buildings.

9. USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS

11. ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES
Air Pollution
 Water and Solid
Contamination
 Noise Pollution

12. AIR POLLUTION
Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original,
normal composition.

13. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)
• It is a measure of condition of air relative to the
requirements of human and animal need. It is measured in
numbers from 1-300.
• Atmospheric pollutants, measured are sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates (PM2.5,10),
carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3)
• As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of
the population is likely to experience increasingly severe
adverse health effects.

14. AIR QUALITY INDEX
Air Quality Index Level of Health
Concern
0-25 Clean
26-50 Moderate
51-100 Unhealthy
101-200 Severe Toxic
201-300 Hazardous

15. WATER POLLUTION
• Any chemical, biological, or
physical change in water quality
that has a harmful effect on living
organisms or makes water
unsuitable for desired usage.
• Sources of surface water pollution
are generally grouped into two
categories based on their origin.
• Point sources
• Non-point sources

16. WATER POLLUTANTS
Pathogens
• Burkholderia
pseudomallei
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Giardia lamblia
• Salmonella
• Norovirus and other
viruses
• Parasitic worms
Organic and
inorganic
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Detergents
Food processing waste
Insecticides and herbicides
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCBs)
Drug pollution
INORGANIC WATER
POLLUTANTS
Acids
Ammonia
Chemical waste
Heavy metals

17. WATER POLLUTION
• High values of arsenic
found in ground water in
areas around Lahore from
where the bone deformity
cases were reported.
• Arsenic Poisoning Includes
• Skin Pigmentation
• Skin hardening
• Skin, bladder, lung and
kidney cancer.

18. SOLID WASTE POLLUTION
• These solid waste contains house
holds containing lead, mercury,
and cyanide. They can cause
cancer, neurological damage, and
even death.
• Around 6000 tons of solid waste
is generated daily in Lahore.
• Waste lifting capacity is only
about 3,800-4,000 tones per day.
Approximately 2,000 tones per
day waste remains uncollected.

19. NOISE POLLUTION
• Noise is a biological stressor that affects
the whole body, raises blood pressure,
transforms blood chemistry and impairs
hearing. It may also causes insomnia and
infertility.
• A maximum of 75 decibels noise is
allowed.

20. Drugs

21. Poisonous Plants
• Plants are third only to medicines and
household chemicals in causing poisonings
among pets and human children.
• Toxicity occurs after Ingestion and Contact.
• Vomiting is the most common manifestation of
Plant intoxication.

22. Poisonous Plants and Their
Effects
Apricot Cyanide Toxicity
Bitter Almond Cyanide Toxicity
Black Nightshade Gastro enteric Symptoms
Croton Gastro enteric, Neurologic
Poppy (morphine
and codeine)
Neurologic, Secondary Effects on
Respiratory
Tulip (glycosides) Gastro enteric, Dizziness, Abdominal pain
and upset, and even, on occasion,
convulsions. Stomatitis, Glossitis, Skin
irritations.
Fox Gloves and
Oleander
Contain cardiac glycosides similar in
structure and action to digitalis. Abdominal
Pain, Cardiac dysrythmias