This document discusses various pesticides used for insect control, including their history, classification, properties, and examples. Specifically, it provides details on inorganic pesticides used in the 19th century like Paris green, lead arsenate, and calcium arsenate. It also discusses organic pesticides/insecticides developed later like DDT, BHC, malathion, carbaryl, dimethoate, methiocarb, and others; and fumigants such as hydrogen cyanide. The document categorizes insecticides as stomach poisons, contact poisons, and fumigants depending on their mode of action.

1. PESTICIDES

2. WASEEM AKHTAR
NFC-IET-MULTAN

3. INTRODUCTION
• Insects have more species than other form of
animals. They are hazardous for human health
about 600 species ,10% of them harmful for
food crops and various are cause of health .
• For survival of human being it is necessary to
kill them and we used pesticides. Insects has
high population growth rate so few of them
kill is not affect on their population .

4. • Killing of insects is oldest process due to use
of pesticides their pesticide resistance is
increasing so there is needed to develop new
pesticides which only harmful for insects not
for animals foods and human being .

5. INSECTICIDES
• Insecticides are agents for destroying insects
and they are classified according to their
function
• insecticides
• Stomach contact fumigants
Poison Poison Poison

6. • Stomach poison these are lethal to insect which
ingest them
• Contact insect these are lethal to insect by bodily
contact
fumigants these are lethal to insect by inhalation
,damage the respiratory system
Insecticides are dust, spray, and gas form they can
affect the animals and plants.
Biological insecticides some hormones and
sterilized are used ,attractant and repellent are
used to control the race of insecticide

7. • Old insecticides were inorganic with
disagreeable odor .19th century some common
insecticides were
1. Paris green 3Cu(ASO4)2.Cu(C2H3O2)2
2. Lead arsenate(PbHAsO4)
3. Calcium arsenate (Ca3(AsO4)2
4. Sulfur compounds
5. Bordeaux mixture CuSO4+Ca(OH)2
These compounds were quite toxic to mammals
and tend to accumulate, it is also accumulate
in soils.

8. Paris green
• Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite) is an inorganic
compoundmore precisely known as copper(II) acetoarsenite. It is a
highly toxicemerald-green crystalline powder used as
a rodenticideand insecticide,
[4]
and also as a pigment, despite its
toxicity. It is also used as a blue colorant for fireworks.
[5]
The color
of Paris green is said to range from a pale, but vivid, blue green
when very finely ground, to a deeper true green when coarsely
ground. Chemical formula
• Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2Molar mass1013.79444
g/molAppearanceEmerald green crystalline powderDensity>1.1
g/cm
3
(20 °C)Melting point>345 °CBoiling
pointdecomposesSolubility in water
• insolubleSolubilitysoluble but unstable in acids
insoluble in alcohol

9. Lead arsenate
• Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead
arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical
formula PbHAsO4, is an
inorganicinsecticide used primarily against
the potato beetleIt is usually produced using
the following reaction:
• Pb(NO3)2(aq) +H3AsO4(aq) → PbHAsO4(s)
+2HNO3(aq). Less toxic than paris green

10. Calcium arsenate
• Calcium arsenate is the inorganic
compound with the formula Ca3(AsO4)2. A
colourless solid, it was originally used as
a pesticide and as a germicide. It is highly
soluble in water, as compared with lead
arsenate, which makes it more toxic. The
minerals Rauenthalite Ca3(AsO4)2·10H2O
and PhaunouxiteCa3(AsO4)2·11H2O are
hydrates of calcium arsenate.

11. • PropertiesChemical formula
• Ca3(AsO4)2Molar mass398.072
g/molAppearancewhite
powderOdorodorlessDensity3.62 g/cm
3
,
solidMelting point1,455 °C (2,651 °F; 1,728 K)
(decomposes)Solubility in water
• 0.013 g/100 mL (25 °C)[1]Solubility inOrganic
solventsinsolubleSolubility in acidssoluble

12. Bordeaux mixture
• Bordeaux mixture (also called Bordo Mix) is a
mixture of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) and slaked
lime (Ca(OH)2) used as afungicide. It is used in
vineyards, fruit-farms and gardens to prevent
infestations of downy mildew, powdery
mildew and other fungi. It is sprayed on plants as
a preventative; its mode of action is ineffective
after a fungus has become established. It was
invented in the Bordeaux region of France in the
late 19th century. If it is applied in large
quantities annually for many years, the copper in
the mixture eventually becomes a pollutant.

13. Sulfur compounds
• Sulfur and sulfur compounds are least
effective for spider but are good fungicides for
plants
• Finely divided sulfur and its molten form is
mixed with betonies. This mixture is used as
insecticide and fungicide
• Calciumpolysulfides is prepared by adding
water in mixture of lime and sulfur this
material is good fungicide

14. • Hydrogencyanic acid is a good insecticides
used plastic tin as fumigants. it is prepared by
the combination of NaCN with sulfuric acid . It
is lethal for not only insect but mammals and
animals
• Other fumigants include are carbon disulfide,
methyl bromide , ethylene oxide

15. Hydrogen cyanide
• Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sometimes
called prussic acid, is an organic
compound[8] with the chemical formula HCN.
It is a colorless, extremelypoisonous liquid
that boils slightly above room temperature, at
25.6 °C (78.1 °F).[9] HCN is produced on an
industrial scale and is a highly valuable
precursor to many chemical compounds
ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals.

16. • PropertiesChemical formula
• HCNAppearanceVery pale, blue, transparent liquid or
colorless gasOdorOil of bitter almondDensity0.687 g
mL
−1
Melting point−14 to −12 °C; 7 to 10 °F; 259 to
261 KBoiling point25.6 to 26.6 °C; 78.0 to 79.8 °F; 298.7 to
299.7 KSolubility in water
• MiscibleSolubility inethanolMiscibleVapor pressure630
mmHg (20°C)
[3]
Henry's law
constant (kH)
• 75 μmol
Pa
−1
kg
−1
Acidity (pKa)9.21
[4]
Basicity (pKb)4.79Refractive
index(nD)
• 1.2675 [5]Viscosity201 μPa s

17. preperation
• CH4 + NH3 → HCN + 3H2

18. insecticides derivatives
Natural
insecticide
Synthetic
insecticides
In.org/org
1. Pyrethrins
2. Nicotine
3. rotenone
1. Carbophos
2. Carbaryl
3. P-dichlorobenzene
4. Dimethoate
5. Methiocarb
6. Dichlorovos
7. Lead arsenate
8. Calcium arsenate
9. Org. dinitrophenol
10. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DDT

19. • 11. Methoxy chlor
12. BHC benzene hex chloride
13. Gammexane
14. Chlordane
15. Heptachlor
16. Aldrin
17. Endrin
18. Toxaphene
19. Malathion
20. Parathion

20. Synthatic insecticide
• Carbophos
• Malathion is
an organophosphate insecticide of relatively
low humantoxicity. In the former USSR, it was
known as carbophos, in New
Zealandand Australia as maldison and
in South Africa as mercaptothion

21. • Malathion is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture,
residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health
pest control programs such as mosquito eradication.[6] In the US, it
is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide.[7]
• Malathion as a mixture with corn syrup was used in the 1980s
in Australiaand California to combat the Mediterranean Fruit
Fly.[8] In the Canada and US, Malathion was sprayed in many cities
to combat West Nile virus. Malathion was used over the last couple
of decades on a regular basis during summer months to kill
nuisance mosquitoes, but homeowners were allowed to exempt
their properties if they chose. Today, Winnipeg is the only major city
in Canada with an ongoing Malathion nuisance-adult-mosquito-
control program.[9][10]

22. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C10H19O6PS2Molar
mass330.358021AppearanceClear colorless
liquidDensity1.23 g/cm
3
Melting point2.9 °C
(37.2 °F; 276.0 K)Boiling point156 to 157 °C (313
to 315 °F; 429 to 430 K) at 0.7 mmHgSolubility in
water
• 145 mg/L at 20 °C[1]SolubilitySoluble in ethanol
and acetone; very soluble in ethyl ether

23. P-dichlorobenzene
• 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB or para-
dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated
as PDB or para) is an organic compound with
the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a
strong odor. The molecule consists of
two chlorineatoms substituted for hydrogen at
opposing sites on a benzene ring. p-DCB is used
as a pesticide and a deodorant, most familiarly
in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the
more traditional naphthalene because of
its flammability

24. • p-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene
using ferric chloride as a catalyst:
• C6H6 + 2 Cl2 → C6H4Cl2 + 2 HCl
• Properties Chemical formula
• C6H4Cl2Molar
mass147.00 g·mol
−1
AppearanceColorless/white
crystals
[1]
Odormothball-like
[1]
Density1.25 g/cm
3
,
solidMelting point53.5 °C (128.3 °F; 326.6 K)Boiling
point174 °C (345 °F; 447 K)Solubility in water
• 10.5 mg/100 mL (20 °C)Vapor pressure1.3 mmHg
(20°C)[1]

25. Dimethoate
• Dimethoate is a widely
used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide.
It was patented and introduced in the 1950s
by American Cyanamid. Like other
organophosphates, dimethoate is
an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which
disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential
for central nervous systemfunction. It acts both
by contact and through ingestion. It is readily
absorbed and distributed throughout plant
tissues, but is degraded relatively rapidly.

26. • Properties
• Chemical formula
• C5H12NO3PS2Molar mass229.26
g/molAppearanceGrey-white crystalline
solidDensity1.3 g/cm
3
, solidMelting point43 to
45 °C (109 to 113 °F; 316 to 318 K)Boiling
point117 °C (243 °F; 390 K) at 10PaSolubility in
water
• 2.5 g/100 ml

27. Methiocarb
• Methiocarb is a carbamate pesticide which is used as a bird
repellent,[1]insecticide,[2] acaricide[2] and molluscicide[2] since the
1960s. Carbamates are widely used in agriculture as insecticides
and herbicides. They are preferred instead
of organochlorines because organochlorines are long lasting
persistent in crops. Methiocarb has contact and stomach action on
mites and neurotoxiceffects on molluscs. Seeds treated with
methiocarb also affects birds. Like the other carbamates,
methiocarb inhibits reversibly acetylcholinesterase activity resulting
in a cholinergic stimulation making methiocarb a potent neurotoxin.
It can even cause acute toxicity[3] in humans if exposed for long
periods of time or a sufficient dose. It is not listed as
a carcinogen.[3] Methiocarb is also a known poison to water
organisms.[3] Other names for methiocarb
are mesurol[4] andmercaptodimethur.

28. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C11H15NO2SMolar
mass225.312AppearanceColourless
crystalsDensity1.25 g cm
−3
Melting point118.5 °C
(245.3 °F; 391.6 K)Boiling point311 °C (592 °F;
584 K) (degrades at 300 °C or 572 °F or
573 K)Solubility in water
• 0.027 g L−1Solubility in Xylene20 g
L−1Solubility inAcetone144 g L−1Solubility in Ethyl
acetate87 g L−1Solubility in 1-Octanol31 g L−1

29. Org. dinitrophenol
• 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an
organic compound with the formula
HOC6H3(NO2)2. It is a yellow, crystalline solid that
has a sweet, musty odor. It sublimes, is volatile
with steam, and is soluble in most organic
solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions.[1] It
is a precursor to other chemicals and is
biochemically active, inhibiting energy (adenosine
triphosphate, ATP) production in cells with
mitochondria. Its use in high doses as a dieting
aid has been identified with severe side-effects,
including a number of death

30. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C6H4N2O5Molar
mass184.11 g·mol−1Density1.683
g/cm3Melting point108 °C (226 °F;
381 K)Boiling point113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)

31. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
• DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a
colorless, crystalline, tasteless and almost
odorless organochloride known for
its insecticidal properties and environmental
impacts. DDT has been formulated in multiple
forms,
includingsolutions in xylene or petroleum disti
llates, emulsifiable concentrates, water-
wettable powders, granules, aerosols, smoke
candles and charges for vaporizers and lotions.

32. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C14H9Cl5Molar
mass354.48 g·mol−1Density0.99 g/cm3[1]Melti
ng point108.5 °C (227.3 °F; 381.6 K)Boiling
point260 °C (500 °F; 533 K) (decomposes)

33. Methoxy chlor
• Methoxychlor is used to protect crops, ornamentals, livestock, and
pets against fleas, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and other insects. It
was intended to be a replacement for DDT, but has since been
banned based on its acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, and endocrine
disruption activity.[3]
• The amount of methoxychlor in the environment changes
seasonally due to its use in farming and foresting. It does not
dissolve readily in water, so it is mixed with a petroleum-based fluid
and sprayed, or used as a dust. Sprayed methoxychlor settles on the
ground or in aquatic ecosystems, where it can be found in
sediments.[4] Its degradation may take many months. Methoxychlor
is ingested and absorbed by living organisms, and it accumulates in
the food chain. Some metabolites may have unwanted side effects.

34. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C16H15Cl3O2Molar mass345.65
g/molAppearanceColorless to light-yellow
crystalsOdorSlight, fruity odorDensity1.41
g/cm
3
(20°C)
[1]
Melting point87 °C (189 °F;
360 K)Boiling pointdecomposesSolubility in
water
• 0.00001% (20°C)[1]

35. BHC benzene hex chloride
• is an organochlorine chemical variant
ofhexachlorocyclohexane that has been used
both as an agricultural insecticideand as
a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabie

36. Heptachlor
• Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that
was used as an insecticide. Usually sold as a
white or tan powder, heptachlor is one of
the cyclodieneinsecticides. In 1962, Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring questioned the safety of
heptachlor and other chlorinated insecticides.
Due to its highly stable structure, heptachlor can
persist in the environment for decades. The US
EPA has limited the sale of heptachlor products to
the specific application of fire ant control in
underground transformers. The amount that can
be present in different foods is regulated.[3]

37. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C10H5Cl7Molar mass373.32
g/molAppearanceWhite to tan
solidOdorCamphorousDensity1.58 g/cm
3
Melting
point95 to 96 °C (203 to 205 °F; 368 to
369 K)Boiling point135 to 145 °C (275 to 293 °F;
408 to 418 K) at 1-1.5 mmHgSolubility in water
• 0.0006% (20°C)[1]Vapor pressure0.0003 mmHg
(25°C)[1

38. • Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide that
was widely used until the 1970s, when it was
banned in most countries. It is a colourless
solid. Before the ban, it was heavily used as a
pesticide to treat seed and soil. Aldrin and
related "cyclodiene" pesticides (a term for
pesticides derived
fromHexachlorocyclopentadiene) became
notorious as persistent organic pollutants.[3]

39. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C12H8Cl6Molar
mass364.90 g·mol
−1
Appearancecolorless
solidDensity1.60 g/mm
3[1]
Melting point104 °C
(219 °F; 377 K)Solubility in water
• slightly soluble (0.003%)[1]Vapor pressure7.5 ×
10−5 mmHg @ 20 °CH

40. Endrin
• Endrin is an organochloride with the chemical
formula C12H8Cl6O that was first produced in 1950
by Shell and Velsicol Chemical Corporation. It was
primarily used as an insecticide, as well as
a rodenticide and piscicide. It is a colourless,
odorless solid, although commercial samples are
often off-white. Endrin was manufactured as an
emulsifiable solution known commercially as
Endrex.[5] The compound became infamous as
a persistent organic pollutant and for this reason
it is banned in many countrie

41. • PropertiesChemical formula
• C12H8Cl6OMolar mass380.907
g/molAppearanceColorless to tan crystalline
solidDensity1.77 g/cm
3 [1]
Melting point200 °C
(392 °F; 473 K) (decomposes)Solubility in
water
• 0.23 mg/L[2]Vapor pressure2.6 x 10-5 Pa[1]

42. Natural derivative
• Plants are main sources of this insecticide . These are
natural herbs that used as insecticide which are used
for a long time.
• Pyrethrins it is nonnitrogenous organic ester of
chrysanthemic acid which is extracted by dried flower
of pyrethrum plant with kerosene at 60 C . It can kill
flies and a little toxic for warm-blooded animals. This
mixture is mixed with nitro methane to make Aerosol
bomb that’s mean instant kill .Syngister which is used
as activator in bomb but not effected itself . These are
used in the rice and tobacco fields

43. 2. nicotine
• Nicotine is volatile alkoid obtaines from aqous
dried tobacco by steam disillation with alkali
sold as 40% solution effective for flies,
Chemical dataFormulaC10H14N2Molar
mass162.23 g/mol. Physical data
Density1.01 g/cm3Melting point−79 °C
(−110 °F)Boiling point247 °C (477 °

44. rodenticides
• rodenticides are used for pest animals like rat ,mice,
ground hogs ,squirrels for the protection of stored
grains. Follwing rodenicides are coomonly used
• Warfarin , 1,3 indanedione chief of producr of
rodenticide is monoflouroacetate which is prepared in
autoclave reactor by the reaction of ethylchloroacetate
and potassium fluoride at 200C and sponified in
metanol solution of NaOH
• Thallium sulfate is effective against number of rodents
• N-3 pyridylmethyl-N-p-nitrophenyl urea is harmless for
rodenticide as well as humanbeing

45. Synthatic insecticide
• Carbophos Malathion is
an organophosphate insecticide of relatively low
humantoxicity. In the former USSR, it was known
as carbophos, in New
Zealandand Australia as maldison and in South
Africa as mercaptothion . Chemical formula
• C10H19O6PS2Molar mass330.358021AppearanceClear
colorless liquidDensity1.23 g/cm
3
Melting point2.9 °C
(37.2 °F; 276.0 K)Boiling point156 to 157 °C (313 to
315 °F; 429 to 430 K) at 0.7 mmHgSolubility in water
• 145 mg/L at 20 °C[1]SolubilitySoluble in ethanol and
acetone; very soluble in ethyl ether

46. Attractant and repellent
• Food baits combined with toxicants are used
to control their race . Phormones are added to
increase the growth rate of some important
insects. Some phormones (sex lures) are used
to such type which kill them during the male
female contact to reduce their reproductivty .
Some biological agents are used such as
thuricide kill the cabbage attacking
insecticides, some harmones used as
insecticide which reduce growth of larva

47. fumigants
• Fumigants are such a poisionous that emit vapour
to kill the insecticide
• They are also effective for soil infesting insects
• Chloropicrin is such a insecticide which is hihly
irritating
• Corbon disulfide is good fumigant but inflame
hazrd is caused of seldom used
• Ethlyne dibromide is effectiv for wire worms
• Hydrocyanic acid and corbon tetrachloride are
useful fumigants and effective fruity flies

48. Nematacides
• Numatodes is soil insecticides but effective
insecticide for them are phosphorothioates. It
is toxic for birds that eat soil insect
• Acaricides miticides are are used to kill
paracite acarcid disease protection the
available acaricides are kelthane, tetradifune,
morocides, torak which are effective fruit
trees

49. fungicides
• Fungicides are used to kill fungi. They are two
types inorganic fungicide and organic fungicides
• Inorganic fungicide in the beginning sulfur
,copper and mercury combined with mercury
that was cancelled by environmental protection
agency(EPA), other are bordeaux , ferbam
• Organic fungicides dithiocarbamates ,chlorinated
phenol, carboximides , formalin ,
dithiocarbamates,ziram(zincdimethylthiocarbamate),di

50. • Cntinu organic fungicide maneb (manganese
ethylenebisdithiocarbamate)
,PNCB(pentachloronitrobenzene), captan (N-
trichloromethyl-thio-4cyclohexane-
1,2dicorboximide), benomyl(methyl 1-
(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole
carbamate,corboxin,pyramidines, triforine,
morpholine, 6-azauracil, azepines,
phenolthioureas and chloroneb ,antispourulants.
Reprodutive of fungi is done by antisporulant

51. Industrial biocides
• Industrial biocides are used to preserve the
wood .commonly used industrial biocides are
creosot(phenolic not coaltar),
pentachlorophenol , chlorinated phenol, ,tetra
and pentachlorophenol,tektamer used in
paint,
• They are active against
bacteria,algae,slime,fungi virus

52. PLANT GROWTH
MODIFIERS
GROWTH
REGULATORS
YIELD
STIMULATORS HERBICIDES
PREPLANT PREMERGENCE POSTMERGWNCE
CONTACT
SYSTEMIC

53. GROWTH REGULATOR
• The function of growth regulator is improve the
yields of plant , increase or decrease seed
germination causes early or late maturation of
plant , improve the quality ,accelerate the
ripening of fruit and grains and long time storage
of vegetables. Commonly used growth regulater
are 3- indoleacetic acid, naphthalene acetic acid
and indolebutyric acid. These can grow the roots
prevent fruit droping .naphthalene acetic acid
increse thin size of fruit

54. • Plant harmons are effected by these regulators
and increase or decrease ripenning time ,
stability against weather and diseases and
increase their size e.g gibberlline increase
flowers at desired time induces branches
• 2- choloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
increases the stem size
• 2,4-dichlorotributyl phosphoneium is increase
the number of flower and short the stem lenth
• 2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
which effect the varieties of plant

55. Secondary growth stimulator
• These types of stimulator decreses the growth of other
unwanted plants that are paracites. These stimulator
also reduce the adverse effect of plant that reduces the
production
e.g Maleic hydrazide sprayed on tobacco to reduce the
growth of suckers and increase the yield,6,7
dihydrodipyrido,pyrazidimum di bromide(diquat)and 3-
(3,4-dicholorophenyl) 1-1dimethylurea(diuron)
increase the production of sugarcane and prevent the
flowering. Defoliants increases the leaves number and
fruit and flowers of cotton .defoliants are calcium
cynamide and magnesium chlorate compounded

56. Yield stuimulator
• There are many chemicals has been discovered that
used as yield stimulator
• 2,4-dinitro-6sec-butylphenol (dinoseb)is an herbicide
to increase corn production
• 2-choloroethylphosphoric acid (ethepon)is used to
increase the production of rubber plant
• Succinic acid -2,2dimethyl hydrazine (diaminozine)
reduce the leaf production increase the fruit
• N-N-bis (phosphonomethyl) glycine(glyphosine) is
increased the sugarcane production and rippen them
earlier

57. herbicides
• A pesticide that destroy the unwanted
vegetation weeds grass and woody plant
• Selective herbicides phenol carbmates and
urea derivatives that kill unwanted plants
• Non selective these are soil strilites they kill
unwanted plant slowly silvcides Na compund
and ammonium sulphate respectively

58. 2,4-dichlorophenol
• It is phenolic derivative . It is white crystalline
soilid

59. MANUFACTURING TREFLAN (TRIFLURALIN)
HERBICIDE
NITRIC ACID
STORAGE
H2SO4
STORAGE
PCBT
P-CHLOROBENZENE
TRI FLUORIDE
FILTER
ACID
STORAG
E
WATER
SODA ASH
WATER
DIPROPY
L AMINE
FILTE
R
DECANTE
R
AROMATI
C
NAPHTHA
EMULS
YFING
CHLOROFO
RM
TRIFLURALIN
STORAGE
MONO
NITERATOR
DINITRATOR
AMINATION
REACTOR
VACUUM STILL

60. CF3
Cl
CF3
Cl
NO2
CF3
Cl
NO2NO2
NO2NO2
CF3
N(C3H7)2
HNO3,H2SO4
YIELD
95%
HNO3,H2SO4
20% OLEUM
YIELD 83%
NH(C3H7)2Na2CO3
YIELD
96%
PARACHOLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE
MONONITRO INTRTMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
TRIFLURALIN