The word “cosmetics” comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning “skilled in adornment/decoration”. The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Cosmetic products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Indiaʹs FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy.
In this lecture we will discuss about the preparation of some skin care products :Creams (cold, vanishing and shaving creams), Sun-tan lotions, Face powder, Lipsticks, Talcum powder, Nail enamel,
lipstick PowerPoint part of a cosmetic unit -1. Definition 2.Objective 3.Ideal properties 4. How it works 5.whats in lipstick, Composition 6.Formulation, Preparation 6. Manufacturing 7.Types 8.Defect 9.Evaluations
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Cosmetic products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Indiaʹs FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy.
In this lecture we will discuss about the preparation of some skin care products :Creams (cold, vanishing and shaving creams), Sun-tan lotions, Face powder, Lipsticks, Talcum powder, Nail enamel,
lipstick PowerPoint part of a cosmetic unit -1. Definition 2.Objective 3.Ideal properties 4. How it works 5.whats in lipstick, Composition 6.Formulation, Preparation 6. Manufacturing 7.Types 8.Defect 9.Evaluations
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics with Packaging Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics with Packaging (Antiperspirants and Deodorants, Cleansing Creams and Lotions, Emollient Creams and Lotions, Baby Toiletries, Face Powders, Eye Makeup, Aerosol Cosmetics, Hair Straighteners)
Indian consumers are becoming more and more knowledgeable about beauty and personal care. The beauty industry in India is growing at a break-neck pace, almost twice as fast as that of the markets in the United States and Europe. Beauty industry in India can be divided into some major segments like baby care, bath and shower, colour cosmetics, deodorants, depilatories, fragrances, hair care, men’s grooming, oral care, sets/kits, skin care, and sun care. The number of beauty salons in the country is increasing at a rate of almost 35 percent annually.
See more
https://goo.gl/F3g8J9
https://goo.gl/rkg95P
https://goo.gl/w68h3b
Tags
Aerosol Cosmetics, Antiperspirants Formulations, Baby Products, Baby Toiletries manufacturing, Beauty Products You Can Make, Beauty Products, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bleaches, Body care Products, Body cream production process, Book on cosmetics, Business guidance for cosmetics industry, Cleansing Creams manufacturing, Colour cosmetics & Hair Products, Cosmetic & Oral Care Ingredients, Cosmetic business opportunities, Cosmetics and Beauty Products, Cosmetics and Personal Care Products, Cosmetics Based Profitable Projects, Cosmetics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Cosmetics Business, Cosmetics business ideas, Cosmetics business in India, Cosmetics business plan, Cosmetics Handbook, Cosmetics Industry in India, Cosmetics products Business, Cosmetics Projects, Cosmetics Small Business Manufacturing, Could You Start Your Own Cosmetics Business?, Creams, Lotions, Gels -How to Make Cosmetics, Dental Products, Deodorants formulations, Dye Removers, Emollient Creams formulations, Emollient Creams manufacturing, Establishing Your Own Business Making Skin Care Products, Eye Makeup Formulation and Manufacture, Face Pack Manufacturing Process, Face Powders manufacturing process, Formulation of Cosmetic Products, Formulation of Cosmetics, Hair Colorings, Hair Straighteners manufacturing, How to Make Cosmetics Products, How to Manufacture Cosmetic Products, How to Start a Cosmetic Business, How to Start a Cosmetic Line Small Business, How to start a cosmetic store, How to Start a Cosmetics Production Business, How to start a makeup business, How to start a successful Cosmetics business, How to start cosmetics Industry in India, How to Start Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, How to Start Your Own Cosmetics line, I want to start a cosmetic line business in India, Lotion manufacturing process, Lotions formulations, Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics, Most Profitable Cosmetics Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Cosmetics industry, Packaging of Cosmetics, Perfumes
This is just a basic information i have collected from textbooks and from internet and the credits for the info are given to its original authors,,,,,, hope this is helpful.
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
The Indian Cosmetics Industry is defined as skin care, hair care, color cosmetics, fragrances and oral care segments which stood at an estimated $2.5 billion in 2008 and is expected to grow at 7%, according to an analysis of the sector. Today herbal cosmetics industry is driving growth in the beauty business in India and is expected to grow at a rate of 7% as more people shun chemical products in favor of organic ones.
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics with Packaging Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics with Packaging (Antiperspirants and Deodorants, Cleansing Creams and Lotions, Emollient Creams and Lotions, Baby Toiletries, Face Powders, Eye Makeup, Aerosol Cosmetics, Hair Straighteners)
Indian consumers are becoming more and more knowledgeable about beauty and personal care. The beauty industry in India is growing at a break-neck pace, almost twice as fast as that of the markets in the United States and Europe. Beauty industry in India can be divided into some major segments like baby care, bath and shower, colour cosmetics, deodorants, depilatories, fragrances, hair care, men’s grooming, oral care, sets/kits, skin care, and sun care. The number of beauty salons in the country is increasing at a rate of almost 35 percent annually.
See more
https://goo.gl/F3g8J9
https://goo.gl/rkg95P
https://goo.gl/w68h3b
Tags
Aerosol Cosmetics, Antiperspirants Formulations, Baby Products, Baby Toiletries manufacturing, Beauty Products You Can Make, Beauty Products, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bleaches, Body care Products, Body cream production process, Book on cosmetics, Business guidance for cosmetics industry, Cleansing Creams manufacturing, Colour cosmetics & Hair Products, Cosmetic & Oral Care Ingredients, Cosmetic business opportunities, Cosmetics and Beauty Products, Cosmetics and Personal Care Products, Cosmetics Based Profitable Projects, Cosmetics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Cosmetics Business, Cosmetics business ideas, Cosmetics business in India, Cosmetics business plan, Cosmetics Handbook, Cosmetics Industry in India, Cosmetics products Business, Cosmetics Projects, Cosmetics Small Business Manufacturing, Could You Start Your Own Cosmetics Business?, Creams, Lotions, Gels -How to Make Cosmetics, Dental Products, Deodorants formulations, Dye Removers, Emollient Creams formulations, Emollient Creams manufacturing, Establishing Your Own Business Making Skin Care Products, Eye Makeup Formulation and Manufacture, Face Pack Manufacturing Process, Face Powders manufacturing process, Formulation of Cosmetic Products, Formulation of Cosmetics, Hair Colorings, Hair Straighteners manufacturing, How to Make Cosmetics Products, How to Manufacture Cosmetic Products, How to Start a Cosmetic Business, How to Start a Cosmetic Line Small Business, How to start a cosmetic store, How to Start a Cosmetics Production Business, How to start a makeup business, How to start a successful Cosmetics business, How to start cosmetics Industry in India, How to Start Cosmetics Manufacturing Business, How to Start Your Own Cosmetics line, I want to start a cosmetic line business in India, Lotion manufacturing process, Lotions formulations, Manufacturing Process of Cosmetics, Most Profitable Cosmetics Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Cosmetics industry, Packaging of Cosmetics, Perfumes
This is just a basic information i have collected from textbooks and from internet and the credits for the info are given to its original authors,,,,,, hope this is helpful.
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
The Indian Cosmetics Industry is defined as skin care, hair care, color cosmetics, fragrances and oral care segments which stood at an estimated $2.5 billion in 2008 and is expected to grow at 7%, according to an analysis of the sector. Today herbal cosmetics industry is driving growth in the beauty business in India and is expected to grow at a rate of 7% as more people shun chemical products in favor of organic ones.
SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESS
=washing
=cutting & shredding
=extraction of juice
=purification of juice
1.Defaction
2.Coagulation
3.Chemical Reaction
4.Filtration
5.Carbonation
6.Sulphitation
7.Chemical reaction
=concentration on juice
=crystallization
=refining of sugar
1.Raw sugar
2.Refining of sugar
=drying & packing
= Sugar manufacturing flow diagram
=Waste water generation source during the sugar manufacturing process
=Waste water characteristics
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
ESTIMATION OF CHARACTERSTICS OF WASTEWATERzabby2407
TO KNOW ABOUT WASTEWATER & VARIOUS KINDS OF POLLUTANTS PRESENT IN IT.
CATEGORIES ARE:
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
RADIOLOGICAL
& ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS BY VARIOUS TEST.
Sewage is wastewater. Sewage is polluted water which includes all harmful liquid, solid or gaseous substances introduced into waters or soil that may lead to a contamination of surface or underground waters
Biological diversity or biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms at all levels of biological systems (i.e. molecular, organism, species, population and ecosystem levels) and is used to measure the health of ecosystems.
Fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves.
Electron beam is the ability of high energy of electrons to alter the chemical structures of the molecules and its used to either modify or destroy hazardous organic molecules. The electron beam radiation processing is a chemical reaction caused in a material by radiation irradiation. In the radiation processing, electron beam and gamma rays are mainly used
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. they are also typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their effects on the environmentDipo Elegbs
The aim of this presentation is to review
contemporary information on PAH pollution,
PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated
with the presence of these compounds in the
environment and also to enlighten on some
well-known possible remediations.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed and relocated in the environment as a result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many PAHs and their epoxides are highly toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to microorganisms as well as to higher systems including humans. Although various physicochemical methods have been used to remove these compounds from our environment, they have many limitations.
Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement.
Over population is defined in human context as the state where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth.
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. INTRODUCTION
• The word “cosmetics” comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning “skilled in
adornment/decoration”. The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it
have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.
• Several chemicals in cosmetics not only cause harm to human health but also cause
a great deal of environmental problems
• The personal care products of most frequent use include soaps, fragrances, solvents,
non-ionic and anionic surfactants, bleaches, dyes, sunscreen agents, etc
•
• Cosmetic wastewaters are characterized by relatively high values of chemical oxygen
demand (COD), suspended solids, fats, oils and detergents. (Ritter, 1989)
2
3. PROCESS SCHEME
• Most Cosmetic Industries have different process scheme, however in this report we will study
some few of them.
The process of Making Soap is called Saponification
1) SOAP
• Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali (sodium hydroxide or Potassium
hydroxide )
• PROCESS
1. Batch process or Kettle process
I. Boiling
II. Salting
III. Strong change
IV. Pitching
3
6. Process for the Manufacture of Soap
(A Process Flow Diagram)
6
7. • Byproducts
Glycerin is a very useful byproduct of soap manufacture. It is used to make hand lotion, drugs,
and nitroglycerin, the main component of explosives such as dynamite.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process
2) Shampoo
• Raw materials
• Hair shampoos are highly formulated products based on a limited range of cosmetically
acceptable surface active agents, plus conditioning agents, pearling agents,
antimicrobials agents, colors and fragrance.
• PROCESS: Shampoos are produced by mixing all ingredients. Raw materials must
be prepared and weighed by weighing machine. Then they are mixed in bulk material
mixer at approximately 80oC. Some components vaporize easily such as perfume so that
they need to be mixed separately at lower temperature of 25oC in side mixer.
• After premixing, ingredients are mixed properly in main mixer at about 32oC. After that,
the liquid is transferred to storage tanks before being filled into bottles or refill bags. When
production batch completes, machines are cleaned by hot water at 80oC.
7
8. • 1. Pre-weight station 2. Bulk mixer 3. Side mixer 4. Main mixer 5. Bulk material storage
• 6. Filling machine 7. Storage tank 8. Clean in place unit
Shampoo process flow diagram
By-products : No by-products are produced during the shampoo manufacturing process.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process 8
9. • Effect of Wastewater parameters above the standard
• BOD,COD,TDS and TSS:
Prevent light penetration because of suspended solid and turbidity of the water which can result to
the death of the aquatic life and migration of aquatic animals. High oxygen demand in the
wastewater makes the micro organism to be less functional in the degradation of the toxic pollutant.
• Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorous
Nitrogen and phosphorous are good nutrients to the plants, when present in the water it helps the
aquatic plant grow well. But in high amount it causes eutrophication (algal bloom) which makes the
presence of aquatic plant to be high and in turn causes oxygen depletion.
• Oil and Grease
Oil and grease when present in water tend to float on the surface of the water making less way for
oxygen to dissolve and sunlight to penetrate. It has toxic effect and sometimes aesthetic
inconveniences. It also bio accumulate in the food chain
pH
High PH damage metal pipes and cause aesthetic problems, such as a metallic or sour taste,
laundry staining or blue-green stains in sinks and drains.
Water with a low pH may contain metals in addition to the before-mentioned copper, lead and zinc.
9
10. COSMETIC WASTEWATER STANDARDS
All units are in milligram per liters unless otherwise stated.
Parameters Limit for
discharge into
surface water
Temperature Less than 400C within 15
meter
of outfall
Colour (Lovibond Units) 7
pH 6-9
BOD5 at 200C 50
Total suspended solids 30
Total dissolved solids 2,000
Chloride (as CL) 600
Sulphate (as SO42) 500
Sulphide (as S2) 0.2
Cyanide (as CN-) 0.1
Detergents (linear alkylate sulphonate as methylene blue active substance)
15
Oil and grease 10
Nitrate (as NO3) NO3 20
Phosphate (as PO4
3-) 5
10
13. TREATMENT COAGULATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES
Coagulation:
It is the process of addition of a coagulant in the water to disrupt or neutralize colloidal
particles to stick together and form flocs. Coagulant chemicals with charges opposite those of
the suspended solids are added to the water to neutralize the negative charges on non
settlable solids. Once the charge is neutralized, the small suspended particles are capable of
sticking together.
• Hydrogen Peroxide/UV (H2O2/UV)
• The oxidation of organics can occur by either direct photolysis or reactions with hydroxyl
radicals. Hydroxyl radicals are produced from the photolytic dissociation of H2O2 in water
by UV irradiation.
• H2O2/UV process: H2O2 + hυ→ 2 •OH (λ <300 nm)
•OH + MTBE → Oxidation by-products
13
15. 15
• Fenton Process: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron (II) to form Fenton’s reagent (an
unstable iron-oxide complex) that subsequently reacts to form hydroxyl radicals.
• Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + OH- + •OH
• Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + •O2- + 2H+
• •O2- + Fe3+ → Fe2+ + O2
• The above three reactions cycle iron between the ferrous and ferric oxidation states until
the H2O2 is fully consumed, producing •OH in the process
17. • Reference.
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• 2. Maine, Sandy. The Soap Book: Simple Herbal Recipes. Interweave Press, 1995
• 3. Spitz, Luis, ed. Soap Technologies in the 1990s. American Oil Chemists Society, 1990
• 4. C. Visvanathan : industrial waste abatement and management: shampoo production, 2007
• 5. Bogacki J, Naumczyk J, Marcinowski P, Kucharska M.: Treatment of cosmetic wastewater using physicochemical and chemical methods 65, 2,
94-97 2011
• 6. Chen D., Zeng X., Sheng Y., Bi X., Gui H., Sheng G., Fu J.: The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmeti plant.
Chemosphere 2007, 66, 252–258.
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and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007, 149, 631-642.
• 8. Joss A., Keller E., Alder A. C., Gobel A., McArdell C. S., Ternes T., Siegrist H.: Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological
wastewater treatment. Water Research 2005, 39, 3139-3152.
• 9. Kasprzyk – Hordern B., Dinsdale R. M., Guwy A. J.: The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during
wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. WaterResearch 2009, 43, 363-380.
• 10. Miege C., Choubert J. M., Ribeiro L., Eusebe M., Coquery M.: Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants –
conceptionof a database and first results. Environmental Pollution 2009, 157,1721-1726
• 11. Reif R., Suárez S., Omil F., Lema J.M.: Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage. Desalination 2008,
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• 12. Krasner SW, Amy G (1995) Jar-test evaluations of enhanced coagulation. J Amer Water Works Assn 87(10):93–107
• 13.Monsalvo V. M, Lopez J, Mohedano A. F, Rodriguez J. J: Treatment of cosmetic wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), 2014
•
• 14.Naumczyk J, Bogacki J, Marcinowski P, Kowalik P.: Cosmetic wastewater treatment by coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, 2013
•
• 15. Matamoros V., Arias C., Brix H., Bayona J. M.: Preliminary screening of smallscale domestic wastewater treatment systems for removal of pharmaceutical
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