(1) The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding, including the structure of atoms, electron configurations, and different types of bonding between atoms such as ionic, covalent, metallic, and secondary bonding. (2) It provides examples of different crystal structures like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic that describe how atoms are packed in solid materials. (3) It explains how properties like melting temperature, elastic modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion are influenced by the type and strength of bonding between atoms in a material.
Tugas kimia ikatan kovalen polar & nonpolarhallotugas
[1] Ikatan kovalen antaratom dengan keelektronegatifan yang sama bersifat nonpolar, sedangkan ikatan antaratom dengan keelektronegatifan yang berbeda bersifat polar. [2] Molekul dengan ikatan polar dapat menjadi nonpolar jika bentuk molekulnya simetris. [3] Senyawa kovalen polar ditarik oleh medan magnet atau listrik.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang larutan elektrolit dan non elektrolit. Larutan elektrolit dapat menghantarkan listrik karena terionisasi menjadi ion-ion, sedangkan larutan non elektrolit tidak dapat menghantarkan listrik karena tidak terionisasi. Dokumen ini menjelaskan sifat dan contoh larutan elektrolit kuat, lemah, serta non elektrolit berdasarkan hasil percobaan menggunakan alat uji elekt
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai konsep dasar dalam ikatan kimia, mulai dari konfigurasi elektron gas mulia, aturan oktet, jenis-jenis ikatan kimia seperti ikatan ion, kovalen, dan rangkap, serta konsep terkait seperti keelektronegatifan, struktur Lewis, dan penyimpangan aturan oktet.
1) A sample containing La3+ was precipitated with sodium oxalate to isolate the La3+.
2) The precipitate was dissolved in acid and titrated with potassium permanganate.
3) From the volume of permanganate used and its molarity, the molarity of the original La3+ sample was calculated.
1. KISI-KISI SOAL ULANGAN AKHIR SEMESTER GASAL KELAS XII IPA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019 terdiri dari 35 soal pilihan ganda dan 5 soal uraian yang mencakup materi kimia sifat koligatif larutan, reaksi redoks, sel elektrokimia, korosi, dan unsur-unsur kimia.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penamaan dan struktur senyawa kompleks, termasuk aturan penamaan, bilangan koordinasi, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi struktur senyawa kompleks.
Tugas kimia ikatan kovalen polar & nonpolarhallotugas
[1] Ikatan kovalen antaratom dengan keelektronegatifan yang sama bersifat nonpolar, sedangkan ikatan antaratom dengan keelektronegatifan yang berbeda bersifat polar. [2] Molekul dengan ikatan polar dapat menjadi nonpolar jika bentuk molekulnya simetris. [3] Senyawa kovalen polar ditarik oleh medan magnet atau listrik.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang larutan elektrolit dan non elektrolit. Larutan elektrolit dapat menghantarkan listrik karena terionisasi menjadi ion-ion, sedangkan larutan non elektrolit tidak dapat menghantarkan listrik karena tidak terionisasi. Dokumen ini menjelaskan sifat dan contoh larutan elektrolit kuat, lemah, serta non elektrolit berdasarkan hasil percobaan menggunakan alat uji elekt
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai konsep dasar dalam ikatan kimia, mulai dari konfigurasi elektron gas mulia, aturan oktet, jenis-jenis ikatan kimia seperti ikatan ion, kovalen, dan rangkap, serta konsep terkait seperti keelektronegatifan, struktur Lewis, dan penyimpangan aturan oktet.
1) A sample containing La3+ was precipitated with sodium oxalate to isolate the La3+.
2) The precipitate was dissolved in acid and titrated with potassium permanganate.
3) From the volume of permanganate used and its molarity, the molarity of the original La3+ sample was calculated.
1. KISI-KISI SOAL ULANGAN AKHIR SEMESTER GASAL KELAS XII IPA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019 terdiri dari 35 soal pilihan ganda dan 5 soal uraian yang mencakup materi kimia sifat koligatif larutan, reaksi redoks, sel elektrokimia, korosi, dan unsur-unsur kimia.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penamaan dan struktur senyawa kompleks, termasuk aturan penamaan, bilangan koordinasi, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi struktur senyawa kompleks.
Salam Penulis : Trisna Bagus Firmansyah,
Jurusan Kimia Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya
Jangan lupa like dan Share, berbagi ilmu tidak akan mengurangi ilmu kita kok :)
Kimia Organik (Asam karboksilat dan ester)nailaamaliaa
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang asam karboksilat dan ester. Asam karboksilat merupakan senyawa yang mengandung gugus karboksil dan memiliki sifat yang unik. Ester dibentuk melalui reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan alkohol. Kedua senyawa ini memiliki berbagai sifat fisika dan kimia serta digunakan dalam berbagai bidang.
Teks tersebut membahas teori orbital molekul dan teori medan ligan dalam menjelaskan sifat-sifat senyawa kompleks. Teori orbital molekul mempertimbangkan interaksi elektrostatik dan kovalen antara atom pusat dan ligan, sehingga membentuk orbital molekul baru. Teori medan ligan melihat pengaruh energi orbital logam akibat interaksi dengan ligan. Kedua teori ini berperan penting dalam menjelaskan sifat warna, kemagnetan
Stabilitas suatu senyawa kompleks dipengaruhi oleh atom pusat, ligan, dan harga konstanta stabilitas (βn). Semakin besar nilai βn, semakin stabil kompleks tersebut."
Teori ikatan valensi menjelaskan pembentukan ikatan dalam senyawa koordinasi melalui reaksi antara asam Lewis (atom pusat) dengan basa Lewis (ligan) secara kovalen koordinasi. Atom pusat membentuk orbital hibrida untuk menerima elektron dari ligan dan membentuk ikatan. Teori ini berdasarkan asumsi bahwa ion logam menyediakan orbital sesuai dengan bilangan koordinasinya melalui hibridisasi untuk menerima elektron
ANALISIS SENYAWA (ALKANA, SIKLOALKANA, ALKENA, ALKUNA, ALKOHOL DAN ETER)Avivah Nasution
Makalah ini membahas analisis beberapa senyawa organik seperti alkana, sikloalkana, alkena, alkuna, alkohol dan eter. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengetes reaksi khas masing-masing senyawa seperti pembakaran untuk menentukan rumus alkana, dekolorisasi larutan bromin untuk mengidentifikasi alkena, dan oksidasi oleh KMnO4 untuk membedakan alkohol dan alkuna. Tujuannya adalah memahami sifat
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang ikatan ionik dan sifat senyawa ionik. Secara singkat, dikemukakan bahwa (1) atom akan stabil jika memiliki konfigurasi elektron seperti gas mulia, (2) ikatan ion terjadi karena tarik menarik antara ion positif dan negatif, (3) senyawa ion memiliki sifat seperti kristal yang keras tetapi rapuh, titik lebur dan didih tinggi, mudah larut dalam air, serta dapat mengh
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang struktur dan ikatan atom serta cacat pada kristal. Dijelaskan tentang konfigurasi elektron unsur, sistem kristal, indeks Miller bidang dan arah kristal, jenis-jenis cacat pada kristal seperti cacat titik, garis, bidang dan volum.
Salam Penulis : Trisna Bagus Firmansyah,
Jurusan Kimia Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya
Jangan lupa like dan Share, berbagi ilmu tidak akan mengurangi ilmu kita kok :)
Kimia Organik (Asam karboksilat dan ester)nailaamaliaa
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang asam karboksilat dan ester. Asam karboksilat merupakan senyawa yang mengandung gugus karboksil dan memiliki sifat yang unik. Ester dibentuk melalui reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan alkohol. Kedua senyawa ini memiliki berbagai sifat fisika dan kimia serta digunakan dalam berbagai bidang.
Teks tersebut membahas teori orbital molekul dan teori medan ligan dalam menjelaskan sifat-sifat senyawa kompleks. Teori orbital molekul mempertimbangkan interaksi elektrostatik dan kovalen antara atom pusat dan ligan, sehingga membentuk orbital molekul baru. Teori medan ligan melihat pengaruh energi orbital logam akibat interaksi dengan ligan. Kedua teori ini berperan penting dalam menjelaskan sifat warna, kemagnetan
Stabilitas suatu senyawa kompleks dipengaruhi oleh atom pusat, ligan, dan harga konstanta stabilitas (βn). Semakin besar nilai βn, semakin stabil kompleks tersebut."
Teori ikatan valensi menjelaskan pembentukan ikatan dalam senyawa koordinasi melalui reaksi antara asam Lewis (atom pusat) dengan basa Lewis (ligan) secara kovalen koordinasi. Atom pusat membentuk orbital hibrida untuk menerima elektron dari ligan dan membentuk ikatan. Teori ini berdasarkan asumsi bahwa ion logam menyediakan orbital sesuai dengan bilangan koordinasinya melalui hibridisasi untuk menerima elektron
ANALISIS SENYAWA (ALKANA, SIKLOALKANA, ALKENA, ALKUNA, ALKOHOL DAN ETER)Avivah Nasution
Makalah ini membahas analisis beberapa senyawa organik seperti alkana, sikloalkana, alkena, alkuna, alkohol dan eter. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengetes reaksi khas masing-masing senyawa seperti pembakaran untuk menentukan rumus alkana, dekolorisasi larutan bromin untuk mengidentifikasi alkena, dan oksidasi oleh KMnO4 untuk membedakan alkohol dan alkuna. Tujuannya adalah memahami sifat
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang ikatan ionik dan sifat senyawa ionik. Secara singkat, dikemukakan bahwa (1) atom akan stabil jika memiliki konfigurasi elektron seperti gas mulia, (2) ikatan ion terjadi karena tarik menarik antara ion positif dan negatif, (3) senyawa ion memiliki sifat seperti kristal yang keras tetapi rapuh, titik lebur dan didih tinggi, mudah larut dalam air, serta dapat mengh
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang struktur dan ikatan atom serta cacat pada kristal. Dijelaskan tentang konfigurasi elektron unsur, sistem kristal, indeks Miller bidang dan arah kristal, jenis-jenis cacat pada kristal seperti cacat titik, garis, bidang dan volum.
This document discusses the electronic configuration of carbon and how it forms bonds. It explains that carbon normally forms four single bonds by undergoing sp3 hybridization, where one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals combine to form four new hybrid orbitals oriented toward the corners of a tetrahedron. It also discusses sp2 and sp hybridization which allow carbon to form multiple and triple bonds. The document contrasts primary covalent, ionic, and coordinate covalent bonds from secondary bonds formed by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.
Bab1 struktur atom, sistem periodik dan ikatan kimia | Kimia Kelas XIBayu Ariantika Irsan
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang struktur atom, sistem periodik, dan ikatan kimia. Topik utama meliputi teori atom Bohr dan mekanika kuantum, sistem periodik berdasarkan konfigurasi elektron, geometri molekul berdasarkan teori domain elektron, serta gaya antarmolekul seperti ikatan hidrogen dan gaya van der Waals.
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan pengujian tarik yang digunakan untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat mekanik suatu bahan seperti kekuatan elastis, kekakuan, dan ketangguhan dengan mengukur tegangan dan regangan pada bahan uji. Pengujian ini akan menghasilkan kurva tegangan-regangan dan nilai-nilai sifat mekanik seperti modulus elastisitas, kekuatan tarik, keuletan, dan ketangguhan.
Secondary bonding includes dipole forces, induction forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding. These weaker intermolecular forces influence the properties of organic compounds. Dipole forces are caused by partial charges on polar bonds and affect properties like melting point. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest secondary bond and significantly increases boiling points, as seen when comparing methanol, ethanol, and water. Hydrogen bonding also improves the mechanical properties of materials like nylon.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum sejarah perkembangan teori atom dari Democritus hingga Rutherford, termasuk kontribusi ilmuwan seperti Dalton, Thomson, dan Bohr. Teori atom mengalami perkembangan dari gambaran atom sebagai bola kecil yang tak terbagi menjadi model inti-elektron di mana inti atom bermuatan positif dikelilingi elektron bermuatan negatif. Dokumen juga membahas eksperimen penting seperti tabung sinar katoda dan hamburan sinar al
1. Ilmu material atau teknik material adalah ilmu interdisipliner yang mempelajari hubungan antara sifat, struktur, dan aplikasi bahan.
2. Ilmu ini mempelajari proses produksi bahan dan teknik analisis untuk memahami sifat fisika, kimia, dan mekanik bahan.
3. Pengetahuan ilmu material digunakan dalam berbagai bidang teknik untuk memilih dan memproses bahan sesuai kebutuhan.
Interatomic forces present in materials can predict their physical properties. Primary bonding involves valence electrons and includes ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent, and metallic bonds. Secondary bonding is weaker and includes London dispersion forces, polar molecule induced dipole bonds, and dipole-dipole bonds. Bonding energy and the shape of the potential energy curve between atoms varies between different materials and influences properties like melting temperature and thermal expansion.
Dokumen tersebut membahas proses pendinginan logam dan pengolahan baja. Secara umum, dibahas proses annealing, normalizing, hardening, dan tempering untuk mengubah sifat baja. Juga dibahas metalurgi fisik dan proses pengolahan besi dari biji hingga menjadi benda jadi, serta sifat-sifat fisik logam seperti kekuatan dan kekerasan.
Teks tersebut merangkum konsep-konsep dasar struktur kristal dan teknik difraksi sinar-X, neutron, dan elektron untuk menganalisis struktur kristal. Secara khusus, teks tersebut menjelaskan tentang struktur kisi kristal, sel satuan, simetri kristal, struktur kristal sederhana, difraksi sinar-X, hukum Bragg, teknik eksperimen difraksi, dan aplikasi lainnya seperti untuk menentukan
Dokumen tersebut membahas lima jenis ikatan kristal, yaitu ikatan ionik, kovalen, logam, Van der Waals, dan hidrogen. Ikatan ionik terjadi karena gaya tarik-menarik antara ion positif dan negatif, memberikan sifat keras dan titik leleh tinggi. Ikatan kovalen terjadi karena berbagi elektron, sangat keras dengan titik leleh sangat tinggi. Ikatan logam disebabkan oleh gaya tarik antara ion logam dan awan elektron
Dokumen tersebut membahas struktur kristal logam, termasuk tiga struktur utama yaitu FCC, BCC, dan HCP. FCC memiliki atom pada sudut dan tengah muka kubus dengan bilangan koordinasi 12. BCC memiliki atom pada sudut dan tengah kubus dengan bilangan koordinasi 8. HCP terdiri dari lapisan atom di atas dan bawah ditambah lapisan tengah.
Kimia tingkatan 4 tentang struktur atom dalam bab 2.Perkembangan model atom.Dari usaha Dalton hingga Chadwick.Gambar tokoh dan model atom serta huraian model atom tersebut.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang ikatan kimia, termasuk teori-teori yang menjelaskan ikatan kimia seperti teori valensi dan ikatan elektron berpasangan, serta jenis-jenis ikatan kimia seperti ikatan kovalen, ionik, dan koordinasi.
This document provides an overview of course JIF 419 Materials Science. It includes the course manager, textbook, academic schedule, examination structure and grading breakdown. It also summarizes different types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites) and their key properties. Finally, it describes various topics in materials science including atomic structure, bonding, crystal structures, and common metallic structures such as body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed.
This document discusses crystal structures and properties. It begins by defining key concepts such as crystal structure, crystal system, unit cell, and lattice. It then examines the four main crystal structures - simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. For each structure, it discusses atomic packing factor, coordination number, close-packed directions, and other characteristics. The document also covers calculating theoretical density from crystal structure, atomic weight and volume, and compares theoretical to actual densities. Finally, it discusses crystallographic directions, planes, and calculating planar densities.
Crystal structures are periodic arrangements of atoms that exhibit long-range order that can be measured. Metals, ceramics, and some polymers form crystal structures with closely packed, high bond energy structures, while amorphous materials like glass lack long-range order. There are 7 crystal systems that are built by varying lattice parameters like edge lengths and angles. Common metallic crystal structures important for engineering include body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP). Crystal structure determines properties and whether materials behave anisotropically or isotropically.
This document discusses different types of crystal structures including simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. It defines key terms like lattice, unit cell, and coordination number. Simple cubic has a coordination number of 8 and lowest atomic packing factor of 0.52. Body-centered cubic has a coordination number of 8 and packing factor of 0.68. Face-centered cubic has the highest packing factor of 0.74 and coordination number of 12. Hexagonal close-packed is similar to FCC but with a c/a ratio of 1.633. The document also discusses stacking sequences and compares different crystal systems.
This document provides an overview of crystallography and crystal structures. It discusses how crystals form periodic arrangements that can be described by unit cells defined by lattice parameters. The most common crystal structures for metals are face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) since metals form dense, ordered packings with low energies. These crystal structures differ in their unit cell contents and atomic packing factors (FCC has the highest at 0.74). Directions in crystals are described by Miller indices written as [uvw].
The document discusses the structure of crystalline solids, including how atoms assemble into solid structures like metals. It describes different crystal structures like body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed. It discusses properties that depend on crystal structure like density and anisotropy. Key metallic crystal structures are cubic and hexagonal, which tend to be densely packed to minimize energy through metallic bonding. Polymorphism and factors that determine theoretical density are also covered.
The document provides information on crystal structures including:
- Crystalline solids have atoms arranged in an orderly, periodic manner while amorphous solids do not.
- Dense, regularly packed structures have lower energy than non-dense, randomly packed structures.
- A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that defines the lattice structure. There are 14 possible Bravais lattice structures.
- Common crystal structures for metals include body centered cubic (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close packed (HCP).
- Properties of unit cells include the number of atoms, effective number of atoms, coordination number, and atomic packing factor.
Chapter 3 - crystal structure and solid state physicsRockeyKumar5
The document discusses crystal structures and properties of crystalline solids. It introduces the three common metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic - and describes their characteristics including coordination number, atomic packing factor, and examples of materials that adopt each structure. Hexagonal close-packed structure is also introduced. The relationship between crystal structure and material properties like density is examined. Polycrystalline materials are discussed and how their properties can depend on grain structure and orientation.
The document discusses crystal structures and properties of crystalline solids. It introduces the three common metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic - and describes their characteristics including coordination number, atomic packing factor, and examples of materials that adopt each structure. Hexagonal close-packed structure is also introduced. The relationship between crystal structure and material properties like density is examined. Polycrystalline materials are discussed and how their properties can depend on grain structure and orientation.
- Atoms can assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures. Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP which can be used to predict a material's density based on its atomic properties and structure.
- Materials exist as single crystals or polycrystals. Single crystals are anisotropic while polycrystals are typically isotropic if their grains are randomly oriented.
- X-ray diffraction is used to determine crystal structures and interplanar spacings by exploiting the diffraction of x-rays by crystalline materials.
- Atoms can assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures. Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP which can be used to predict a material's density based on its atomic properties and structure.
- Materials exist as single crystals or polycrystals. Single crystals are anisotropic while polycrystals are typically isotropic if grains are randomly oriented.
- X-ray diffraction is used to determine crystal structures and interplanar spacings by exploiting the diffraction of X-rays by crystalline materials.
This document provides a summary of key topics in solid state chemistry, including the three phases of matter, types of solids (crystalline and amorphous), crystal structures (ionic, covalent, molecular, metallic), symmetry elements, Bragg's equation, and allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerene). It describes characteristics of each topic in 1-3 sentences, with accompanying diagrams and examples. Key definitions include crystalline lattices, unit cells, coordination numbers, radius ratio rule for predicting structure, and the seven crystal systems.
This chapter discusses the structure of crystalline solids. It introduces three common metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic - and describes their atomic packing arrangements. The chapter also discusses hexagonal close-packed structure and compares the atomic packing factors and densities of each structure. After studying this chapter, readers should understand how atoms are arranged in crystalline materials and be able to analyze and compare different crystal structures.
This document discusses the atomic arrangement and properties of crystalline solids such as metals. It begins by describing the long-range order in crystalline solids compared to the short-range order in amorphous solids. It then discusses various crystal structures including cubic, hexagonal, and body-centered cubic. It provides examples of calculating properties like atomic packing factor and theoretical density based on crystal structure. Finally, it discusses using X-ray diffraction to determine crystal structure by measuring spacing between crystal planes.
This document provides an overview of some foundational concepts in inorganic chemistry, including:
1. It defines inorganic chemistry as the study of inorganic substances excluding organic compounds.
2. It discusses atomic structure, including the components of atoms like protons, neutrons, and electrons. Molecular structures and bonding are also introduced.
3. Key concepts in molecular structure and bonding are covered, including the octet rule, Lewis diagrams, VSEPR model for predicting molecular shapes, valence bond theory involving hybrid atomic orbitals, and molecular orbital theory involving delocalized molecular orbitals.
The document discusses electronic configuration, which is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals. It is described using symbols that indicate the principal shell, subshell, and number of electrons. The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill the lowest available energy levels. Pauli's exclusion principle limits each orbital to two electrons with different quantum numbers. Hund's rule states that orbitals in a subshell will each have one electron before any are doubly filled, with parallel electron spins. Partial configurations, orbital diagrams, and number of inner electrons are provided for potassium, molybdenum, and lead as examples. Key terms like isoelectronic, valence electrons, and magnetic properties are also defined.
1) Atoms are the basic units of matter and contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements.
2) Crystalline solids consist of atoms arranged in repeated patterns called unit cells. The three main crystal structures are body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed.
3) Atomic bonding in solids includes ionic bonding between oppositely charged ions, covalent bonding through electron sharing, and metallic bonding from a "sea" of delocalized electrons binding positive ions.
1) The document discusses various topics relating to atomic structure and interatomic bonding, including electronic structure, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
2) It describes the different types of bonds - ionic formed between ions with different electronegativities, covalent formed by shared electrons between similar atoms, and metallic formed by delocalized electrons in metals.
3) The properties inferred from different types of bonding are discussed, such as higher melting temperatures for stronger bonds with larger bond energies, and larger coefficients of thermal expansion for weaker bonds.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
2. Nucleus: Z = # protons
2
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number
n=3 2 1
= 1 for hydrogen to 94 for plutonium
N = # neutrons
Atomic mass A ≈ Z + N
Adapted from Fig. 2.1,
Callister 6e.
BOHR ATOM
3. • have discrete energy states
• tend to occupy lowest available energy state.
3
Increasingenergy
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
4s
4p
3d
Electrons...
Adapted from Fig. 2.5,
Callister 6e.
ELECTRON ENERGY STATES
4. 4
• have complete s and p subshells
• tend to be unreactive.
Stable electron configurations...
Z Element Configuration
2 He 1s2
10 Ne 1s22s22p6
18 Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6
36 Kr 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister 6e.
STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
5. 5
• Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.
• Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
...
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
...
Argon
...
Krypton
Atomic #
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
18
...
36
Electron configuration
1s1
1s2 (stable)
1s22s1
1s22s2
1s22s22p1
1s22s22p2
...
1s22s22p6 (stable)
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p1
...
1s22s22p63s23p6 (stable)
...
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s246 (stable)
Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister 6e.
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
6. 6
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
inertgases
accept1e
accept2e
giveup1e
giveup2e
giveup3e
FLi Be
Metal
Nonmetal
Intermediate
H
Na Cl
Br
I
At
O
SMg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Sc
Y
Se
Te
Po
Adapted
from Fig. 2.6,
Callister 6e.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
12. 7
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
Xe
-
Rn
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
13. Na (metal)
unstable
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
+ -
Coulombic
Attraction
Na (cation)
stable
Cl (anion)
stable
8
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large difference in electronegativity required.
• Example: NaCl
IONIC BONDING
14. 9
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics
Give up electrons Acquire electrons
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
Xe
-
Rn
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
CsCl
MgO
CaF2
NaCl
O
3.5
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
15. 10
• Requires shared electrons
• Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities
are comparable.
shared electrons
from carbon atom
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
H
H
H
H
C
CH4
Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister 6e.
COVALENT BONDING
16. 11
• Molecules with nonmetals
• Molecules with metals and nonmetals
• Elemental solids
• Compound solids (about column IVA)
He
-
Ne
-
Ar
-
Kr
-
Xe
-
Rn
-
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
H
2.1
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
SiC
C(diamond)
H2O
C
2.5
H2
Cl2
F2
Si
1.8
Ga
1.6
GaAs
Ge
1.8
O
2.0
columnIVA
Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is
adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright
1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING
17. 12
• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).
• Primary bond for metals and their alloys
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + Adapted from Fig. 2.11, Callister 6e.
METALLIC BONDING
18. 13
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
• Fluctuating dipoles
+ - secondary
bonding
+ -
H Cl H Cl
secondary
bonding
secondary bonding
HH HH
H2 H2
secondary
bonding
ex: liquid H2asymmetric electron
clouds
+ - + -secondary
bonding
-general case:
-ex: liquid HCl
-ex: polymer
Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister 6e.
SECONDARY BONDING
20. 15
• Bond length, r
• Bond energy, Eo
F
F
r
• Melting Temperature, Tm
Eo=
“bond energy”
Energy (r)
ro
r
unstretched length
r
larger Tm
smaller Tm
Energy (r)
ro
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: TM
21. 16
• Elastic modulus, E
• E ~ curvature at ro
cross
sectional
area Ao
∆L
length, Lo
F
undeformed
deformed
∆LF
Ao
= E
Lo
Elastic modulus
r
larger Elastic Modulus
smaller Elastic Modulus
Energy
ro
unstretched length
E is larger if Eo is larger.
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: E
22. 17
• Coefficient of thermal expansion, α
• α ~ symmetry at ro
α is larger if Eo is smaller.
∆L
length, Lo
unheated, T1
heated, T2
= α (T2-T1)
∆L
Lo
coeff. thermal expansion
r
smaller α
larger α
Energy
ro
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: α
23. 18
Ceramics
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
Metals
(Metallic bonding):
Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):
secondary bonding
Large bond energy
large Tm
large E
small α
Variable bond energy
moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate α
Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates
small T
small E
large α
SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS
24. 2
• Non dense, random packing
• Dense, regular packing
Dense, regular-packed structures tend to have
lower energy.
Energy
r
typical neighbor
bond length
typical neighbor
bond energy
Energy
r
typical neighbor
bond length
typical neighbor
bond energy
ENERGY AND PACKING
25. • atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of:
3
Crystalline materials...
-metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for:
Noncrystalline materials...
-complex structures
-rapid cooling
Si Oxygen
crystalline SiO2
noncrystalline SiO2"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(b),
Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(a),
Callister 6e.
MATERIALS AND PACKING
26. 4
• tend to be densely packed.
• have several reasons for dense packing:
-Typically, only one element is present, so all atomic
radii are the same.
-Metallic bonding is not directional.
-Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in
order to lower bond energy.
• have the simplest crystal structures.
We will look at three such structures...
METALLIC CRYSTALS
27. 5
• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.
• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)
28. 6
APF =
Volume of atoms in unit cell*
Volume of unit cell
*assume hard spheres
• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
APF =
a3
4
3
π (0.5a)31
atoms
unit cell
atom
volume
unit cell
volume
close-packed directions
a
R=0.5a
contains 8 x 1/8 =
1 atom/unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.19,
Callister 6e.
ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR
29. • Coordination # = 8
7
Adapted from Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
• Close packed directions are cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.
BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
(BCC)
30. a
R
8
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R
= 3 a
Unit cell contains:
1 + 8 x 1/8
= 2 atoms/unit cell
Adapted from
Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.
ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: BCC
APF =
a3
4
3
π ( 3a/4)32
atoms
unit cell atom
volume
unit cell
volume
31. 9
• Coordination # = 12
Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister 6e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
• Close packed directions are face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.
FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
(FCC)
32. APF =
a3
4
3
π ( 2a/4)34
atoms
unit cell atom
volume
unit cell
volume
Unit cell contains:
6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
10
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.74
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R
= 2 a
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister 6e.
ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC
33. 11
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
A sites
B sites
C sites
B B
B
BB
B B
C C
C
A
A
• FCC Unit Cell
A
B
C
FCC STACKING SEQUENCE
34. 12
• Coordination # = 12
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• APF = 0.74
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
A sites
B sites
A sites Bottom layer
Middle layer
Top layer
Adapted from Fig. 3.3,
Callister 6e.
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED
STRUCTURE (HCP)
35. 13
• Compounds: Often have similar close-packed structures.
• Close-packed directions
--along cube edges.
• Structure of NaCl
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson) (Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS: NaCl
36. 14
Example: Copper
ρ = n A
VcNA
# atoms/unit cell Atomic weight (g/mol)
Volume/unit cell
(cm3/unit cell)
Avogadro's number
(6.023 x 1023 atoms/mol)
Data from Table inside front cover of Callister (see next slide):
• crystal structure = FCC: 4 atoms/unit cell
• atomic weight = 63.55 g/mol (1 amu = 1 g/mol)
• atomic radius R = 0.128 nm (1 nm = 10 cm)-7
Vc = a3 ; For FCC, a = 4R/ 2 ; Vc = 4.75 x 10-23cm3
Compare to actual: ρCu = 8.94 g/cm3
Result: theoreticalρCu = 8.89 g/cm3
THEORETICAL DENSITY, ρ
38. ρmetals ρceramics ρpolymers
16
ρ(g/cm3)
Graphite/
Ceramics/
Semicond
Metals/
Alloys
Composites/
fibers
Polymers
1
2
20
30
Based on data in Table B1, Callister
*GFRE, CFRE, & AFRE are Glass,
Carbon, & Aramid Fiber-Reinforced
Epoxy composites (values based on
60% volume fraction of aligned fibers
in an epoxy matrix).10
3
4
5
0.3
0.4
0.5
Magnesium
Aluminum
Steels
Titanium
Cu,Ni
Tin, Zinc
Silver, Mo
Tantalum
Gold, W
Platinum
Graphite
Silicon
Glass-soda
Concrete
Si nitride
Diamond
Al oxide
Zirconia
HDPE, PS
PP, LDPE
PC
PTFE
PET
PVC
Silicone
Wood
AFRE*
CFRE*
GFRE*
Glass fibers
Carbon fibers
Aramid fibers
Why?
Metals have...
• close-packing
(metallic bonding)
• large atomic mass
Ceramics have...
• less dense packing
(covalent bonding)
• often lighter elements
Polymers have...
• poor packing
(often amorphous)
• lighter elements (C,H,O)
Composites have...
• intermediate values Data from Table B1, Callister 6e.
DENSITIES OF MATERIAL CLASSES
39. 17
• Some engineering applications require single crystals:
• Crystal properties reveal features
of atomic structure.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
--Ex: Certain crystal planes in quartz
fracture more easily than others.
--diamond single
crystals for abrasives
--turbine blades
Fig. 8.30(c), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 8.30(c) courtesy
of Pratt and Whitney).(Courtesy Martin Deakins,
GE Superabrasives,
Worthington, OH. Used
with permission.)
CRYSTALS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
40. 18
• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.
• Nb-Hf-W plate with an electron beam weld.
• Each "grain" is a single crystal.
• If crystals are randomly oriented,
overall component properties are not directional.
• Crystal sizes typ. range from 1 nm to 2 cm
(i.e., from a few to millions of atomic layers).
Adapted from Fig. K,
color inset pages of
Callister 6e.
(Fig. K is courtesy of
Paul E. Danielson,
Teledyne Wah Chang
Albany)
1 mm
POLYCRYSTALS
41. 19
• Single Crystals
-Properties vary with
direction: anisotropic.
-Example: the modulus
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron:
• Polycrystals
-Properties may/may not
vary with direction.
-If grains are randomly
oriented: isotropic.
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)
-If grains are textured,
anisotropic.
E (diagonal) = 273 GPa
E (edge) = 125 GPa
200 µm
Data from Table 3.3,
Callister 6e.
(Source of data is
R.W. Hertzberg,
Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials,
3rd ed., John Wiley
and Sons, 1989.)
Adapted from Fig.
4.12(b), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 4.12(b) is
courtesy of L.C. Smith
and C. Brady, the
National Bureau of
Standards,
Washington, DC [now
the National Institute
of Standards and
Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD].)
SINGLE VS POLYCRYSTALS
42. d=nλ/2sinθc
x-ray
intensity
(from
detector)
θ
θc
20
• Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes.
• Measurement of:
Critical angles, θc,
for X-rays provide
atomic spacing, d.
Adapted from Fig.
3.2W, Callister 6e.
X-RAYS TO CONFIRM CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
reflections must
be in phase to
detect signal
spacing
between
planes
d
incom
ing
X-rays
outgoing
X-rays
detector
θ
λ
θ
extra
distance
travelled
by wave “2”
“1”
“2”
“1”
“2”
43. 21
• Atoms can be arranged and imaged!
Carbon monoxide
molecules arranged
on a platinum (111)
surface.
Photos produced from
the work of C.P. Lutz,
Zeppenfeld, and D.M.
Eigler. Reprinted with
permission from
International Business
Machines
Corporation,
copyright 1995.
Iron atoms
arranged on a
copper (111)
surface. These
Kanji characters
represent the word
“atom”.
SCANNING TUNNELING
MICROSCOPY
44. 22
• Demonstrates "polymorphism"
The same atoms can
have more than one
crystal structure.
DEMO: HEATING AND
COOLING OF AN IRON WIRE
Temperature, C
BCC Stable
FCC Stable
914
1391
1536
shorter
longer!
shorter!
longer
Tc 768 magnet falls off
BCC Stable
Liquid
heat up
cool down
45. • Atoms may assemble into crystalline or
amorphous structures.
• We can predict the density of a material,
provided we know the atomic weight, atomic
radius, and crystal geometry (e.g., FCC,
BCC, HCP).
• Material properties generally vary with single
crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic),
but properties are generally non-directional
(i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals with
randomly oriented grains.
23
SUMMARY