This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of force and momentum. It defines force and describes balanced and unbalanced forces. It then summarizes Galileo's experiments on motion, Newton's three laws of motion, and the concepts of inertia and momentum. Applications of Newton's laws are provided, such as how a fielder catches a ball without injury or how swimming works based on Newton's third law. The document aims to explain key concepts relating to force, motion, and Newton's laws of motion.
The document discusses forces, laws of motion, and momentum. It defines force as anything that causes an object to change its motion. There are two types of forces: balanced and unbalanced. Balanced forces cause no change, while unbalanced forces can change an object's motion. Newton's three laws of motion describe how forces affect motion. The first law states that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. The second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Greater mass or velocity results in higher momentum.
1) Force is an external agent that can change the motion or position of an object, and has both magnitude and direction. Forces can be balanced or unbalanced. Balanced forces do not change the motion of an object, while unbalanced forces do.
2) Graphs can represent motion, including distance-time graphs for objects with uniform or non-uniform speed, and velocity-time graphs for objects with uniform or non-uniform acceleration. Equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for accelerated motion.
3) Newton's Three Laws of Motion describe how forces affect the motion of objects: an object at rest stays
Forces are pushes or pulls that result from an interaction between two objects. A force can cause an object to start or stop moving, change an object's speed or direction of motion, or deform an object by changing its shape or size. Examples of forces in everyday life include pushing and pulling on doors, lifting objects, kicking a ball, and applying brakes to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The magnitude of a force is measured in Newtons, and the direction of a force must also be considered to understand its effects.
Force , Newton's Laws of Motion and MomentumOleepari
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and key concepts in mechanics including force, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum. It provides examples of balanced and unbalanced forces. The three Newton's laws are explained: 1) an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, 2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and 3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples are given to illustrate momentum, inertia, and conservation of momentum. Multiple choice and short answer questions from an NCERT textbook are also included.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and related concepts in physics. It defines force and describes how force can affect motion by changing an object's speed, direction, or shape. It then explains Newton's three laws: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It also discusses concepts like inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
Forces act on objects in different ways:
1. Forces are pushes or pulls that can cause an object to start or stop moving in a certain direction.
2. If the forces on an object are balanced, the object will remain at rest or maintain a constant speed and direction of motion.
3. If forces are unbalanced, the object will accelerate in the direction of the greater net force.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is known as the law of inertia.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of force and momentum. It defines force and describes balanced and unbalanced forces. It then summarizes Galileo's experiments on motion, Newton's three laws of motion, and the concepts of inertia and momentum. Applications of Newton's laws are provided, such as how a fielder catches a ball without injury or how swimming works based on Newton's third law. The document aims to explain key concepts relating to force, motion, and Newton's laws of motion.
The document discusses forces, laws of motion, and momentum. It defines force as anything that causes an object to change its motion. There are two types of forces: balanced and unbalanced. Balanced forces cause no change, while unbalanced forces can change an object's motion. Newton's three laws of motion describe how forces affect motion. The first law states that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. The second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Greater mass or velocity results in higher momentum.
1) Force is an external agent that can change the motion or position of an object, and has both magnitude and direction. Forces can be balanced or unbalanced. Balanced forces do not change the motion of an object, while unbalanced forces do.
2) Graphs can represent motion, including distance-time graphs for objects with uniform or non-uniform speed, and velocity-time graphs for objects with uniform or non-uniform acceleration. Equations relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for accelerated motion.
3) Newton's Three Laws of Motion describe how forces affect the motion of objects: an object at rest stays
Forces are pushes or pulls that result from an interaction between two objects. A force can cause an object to start or stop moving, change an object's speed or direction of motion, or deform an object by changing its shape or size. Examples of forces in everyday life include pushing and pulling on doors, lifting objects, kicking a ball, and applying brakes to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The magnitude of a force is measured in Newtons, and the direction of a force must also be considered to understand its effects.
Force , Newton's Laws of Motion and MomentumOleepari
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and key concepts in mechanics including force, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum. It provides examples of balanced and unbalanced forces. The three Newton's laws are explained: 1) an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, 2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and 3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples are given to illustrate momentum, inertia, and conservation of momentum. Multiple choice and short answer questions from an NCERT textbook are also included.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and related concepts in physics. It defines force and describes how force can affect motion by changing an object's speed, direction, or shape. It then explains Newton's three laws: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It also discusses concepts like inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
Forces act on objects in different ways:
1. Forces are pushes or pulls that can cause an object to start or stop moving in a certain direction.
2. If the forces on an object are balanced, the object will remain at rest or maintain a constant speed and direction of motion.
3. If forces are unbalanced, the object will accelerate in the direction of the greater net force.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is known as the law of inertia.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is known as the law of inertia.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. The first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law states that acceleration is produced when a force acts, and the greater the mass of the object the greater the amount of force needed. The third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Newton's Laws of Motion finalppt 0914 (1).pptsrchechrist
The document discusses Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Mass and inertia are directly related.
2) Force equals mass times acceleration. A greater force is needed to accelerate objects with greater mass.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When two objects interact, they apply forces to each other that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion. It begins by defining dynamics as the relationship between motion and the forces that cause it. It then explains that Newton's laws of motion are the fundamental principles of classical mechanics. The document goes on to define key concepts such as force, mass, and inertia. It proceeds to explain each of Newton's three laws of motion - the law of inertia, the second law relating force and acceleration, and the third law of action and reaction. Several examples are provided to illustrate the laws. The document concludes by presenting five assignment problems applying Newton's laws.
This document provides information about force and motion. It defines a force as a push or pull and notes that all forces have magnitude and direction. It then gives several examples of the effects of different forces, such as an arrow hitting a target. The document discusses that a force can change an object's shape, size, and motion. It also defines types of motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, and summarizes Newton's Three Laws of Motion.
1. The document describes Newton's three laws of motion and other concepts related to forces and motion, including balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
2. Newton's three laws are: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, meaning the momentum of objects before an interaction is equal to
1) An unbalanced external force is needed to change the motion of an object. Galileo observed that objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay at rest, unless an external force acts upon them.
2) Newton further studied Galileo's ideas and formulated his three laws of motion. Newton's first law formalizes the idea that objects resist changes to their motion.
3) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. It can be expressed as: Force = Mass × Acceleration.
Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
1) Force is any external agent that causes an object to change its motion. Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between force and motion.
2) Newton's first law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. This tendency of objects to resist changes in motion is called inertia.
3) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
1. An unbalanced force is required to bring an object into motion or change its state of motion. Pushing, hitting, or pulling can create unbalanced forces.
2. A balanced force does not change the state of motion, while an unbalanced force causes motion in the direction of the force.
3. According to Newton's first law, an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This illustrates the principle of inertia.
The document defines and describes key concepts related to motion, including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and types of motion. It provides formulas for calculating speed, velocity, acceleration, and distance/displacement given variables like initial/final values and time. Examples of linear, rotational, periodic, simple harmonic and projectile motion are described. Laws of motion and equations of motion are also outlined.
The document defines key concepts in mechanics including force, speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, weight, momentum, and impulse. It provides equations and examples to explain each term. Force is a push or pull between objects, while contact forces require touching and long-range forces do not. Speed is how fast an object moves without regard to direction, while velocity also includes direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. Mass is a measure of an object's inertia, and weight is the force of gravity on an object. Momentum depends on an object's mass and velocity. Impulse is the product of force and time of application.
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. A zero net force means the object will maintain its speed or stay at rest. A positive net force occurs when the driving force exceeds resisting forces, causing acceleration. A negative net force happens when resisting forces are greater, causing deceleration. A force perpendicular to motion causes a change in direction rather than speed. Applying a force can deform an object either elastically, returning to its original shape, or plastically, remaining deformed. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between stretching force and extension for elastic materials.
Forces can push or pull on objects and change their motion. A force is measured in Newtons. The net force on an object determines its acceleration according to F=ma. Newton's three laws describe how forces interact: 1) objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts; 2) F=ma; 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Centripetal force provides the inward pull that causes objects to travel in circular paths. Stability depends on the location of an object's center of mass relative to its base.
Forces can push or pull on objects and change their motion. A force is measured in Newtons. The net force on an object determines its acceleration according to F=ma. Newton's three laws describe how forces interact: 1) objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts, 2) F=ma, and 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Centripetal force provides the inward force needed for circular motion. Levers, moments, and fulcrums can be used to make work easier by reducing the needed force. The location of an object's center of mass determines its stability.
types-of-forces.pptxx for science reviewervinzbayudan
The document defines different types of forces:
- Applied forces act on objects due to direct contact from another object or person. Gravity pulls objects with mass towards each other. Normal forces prevent objects from passing through surfaces they contact. Friction resists the motion of surfaces in contact and sliding against each other. Spring forces restore compressed or stretched springs back to equilibrium. Drag forces resist the motion of objects moving through fluids. Magnetic, electric, and inertia forces also act on charged or moving objects. Newton's First Law of Motion describes inertia, where objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with constant velocity unless acted on by unbalanced forces.
This document summarizes Newton's laws of motion. It explains that Newton extended Galileo's idea that horizontal motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, by recognizing that gravity provides a downward force causing vertical acceleration. Newton's first law states that an object remains at constant velocity unless a net external force acts upon it. Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document discusses concepts related to motion including reference frames, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration, and types of motion like uniform motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, and projectile motion. It specifically focuses on free fall, defining it as the motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone. It describes key properties of free fall including negative acceleration due to gravity, time symmetry, and speed symmetry. Examples of calculating velocity during free fall are provided. Projectile motion is also introduced as motion where the only force acting is gravity, having both horizontal and vertical components.
1. The document describes an incident where Mak Cik Yam was shopping with a heavy trolley that lost control on an escalator and fatally struck Pak Din.
2. It provides details of the shopping trip, the trolley losing control and impacting Pak Din near the escalator.
3. The group needs to calculate the trolley's motion, energy and momentum using equations to determine the physics behind Pak Din's death.
This document discusses concepts related to motion including position, relative and absolute position, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Position can be relative or absolute depending on the reference point used. Distance refers to the total path travelled, while displacement refers to the net or direct distance between two points. Speed is the rate of change of distance and velocity is the rate of change of displacement, making velocity a vector quantity. Uniform motion involves equal distances in equal times while non-uniform motion does not. Uniformly accelerated motion follows three equations of motion and has constant acceleration.
This document provides information about atoms, molecules, ions and chemical formulas. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms that combine in small whole number ratios.
- Atoms have symbols to represent them and an atomic mass that is measured relative to carbon-12. Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded.
- Chemical formulas show the types and numbers of atoms or ions that make up a compound. Formulas are written with the cation written first followed by the anion.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is known as the law of inertia.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. The first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law states that acceleration is produced when a force acts, and the greater the mass of the object the greater the amount of force needed. The third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Newton's Laws of Motion finalppt 0914 (1).pptsrchechrist
The document discusses Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Mass and inertia are directly related.
2) Force equals mass times acceleration. A greater force is needed to accelerate objects with greater mass.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When two objects interact, they apply forces to each other that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion. It begins by defining dynamics as the relationship between motion and the forces that cause it. It then explains that Newton's laws of motion are the fundamental principles of classical mechanics. The document goes on to define key concepts such as force, mass, and inertia. It proceeds to explain each of Newton's three laws of motion - the law of inertia, the second law relating force and acceleration, and the third law of action and reaction. Several examples are provided to illustrate the laws. The document concludes by presenting five assignment problems applying Newton's laws.
This document provides information about force and motion. It defines a force as a push or pull and notes that all forces have magnitude and direction. It then gives several examples of the effects of different forces, such as an arrow hitting a target. The document discusses that a force can change an object's shape, size, and motion. It also defines types of motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, and summarizes Newton's Three Laws of Motion.
1. The document describes Newton's three laws of motion and other concepts related to forces and motion, including balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
2. Newton's three laws are: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, meaning the momentum of objects before an interaction is equal to
1) An unbalanced external force is needed to change the motion of an object. Galileo observed that objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay at rest, unless an external force acts upon them.
2) Newton further studied Galileo's ideas and formulated his three laws of motion. Newton's first law formalizes the idea that objects resist changes to their motion.
3) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. It can be expressed as: Force = Mass × Acceleration.
Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
1) Force is any external agent that causes an object to change its motion. Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between force and motion.
2) Newton's first law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. This tendency of objects to resist changes in motion is called inertia.
3) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
1. An unbalanced force is required to bring an object into motion or change its state of motion. Pushing, hitting, or pulling can create unbalanced forces.
2. A balanced force does not change the state of motion, while an unbalanced force causes motion in the direction of the force.
3. According to Newton's first law, an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This illustrates the principle of inertia.
The document defines and describes key concepts related to motion, including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and types of motion. It provides formulas for calculating speed, velocity, acceleration, and distance/displacement given variables like initial/final values and time. Examples of linear, rotational, periodic, simple harmonic and projectile motion are described. Laws of motion and equations of motion are also outlined.
The document defines key concepts in mechanics including force, speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, weight, momentum, and impulse. It provides equations and examples to explain each term. Force is a push or pull between objects, while contact forces require touching and long-range forces do not. Speed is how fast an object moves without regard to direction, while velocity also includes direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. Mass is a measure of an object's inertia, and weight is the force of gravity on an object. Momentum depends on an object's mass and velocity. Impulse is the product of force and time of application.
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. A zero net force means the object will maintain its speed or stay at rest. A positive net force occurs when the driving force exceeds resisting forces, causing acceleration. A negative net force happens when resisting forces are greater, causing deceleration. A force perpendicular to motion causes a change in direction rather than speed. Applying a force can deform an object either elastically, returning to its original shape, or plastically, remaining deformed. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between stretching force and extension for elastic materials.
Forces can push or pull on objects and change their motion. A force is measured in Newtons. The net force on an object determines its acceleration according to F=ma. Newton's three laws describe how forces interact: 1) objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts; 2) F=ma; 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Centripetal force provides the inward pull that causes objects to travel in circular paths. Stability depends on the location of an object's center of mass relative to its base.
Forces can push or pull on objects and change their motion. A force is measured in Newtons. The net force on an object determines its acceleration according to F=ma. Newton's three laws describe how forces interact: 1) objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts, 2) F=ma, and 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Centripetal force provides the inward force needed for circular motion. Levers, moments, and fulcrums can be used to make work easier by reducing the needed force. The location of an object's center of mass determines its stability.
types-of-forces.pptxx for science reviewervinzbayudan
The document defines different types of forces:
- Applied forces act on objects due to direct contact from another object or person. Gravity pulls objects with mass towards each other. Normal forces prevent objects from passing through surfaces they contact. Friction resists the motion of surfaces in contact and sliding against each other. Spring forces restore compressed or stretched springs back to equilibrium. Drag forces resist the motion of objects moving through fluids. Magnetic, electric, and inertia forces also act on charged or moving objects. Newton's First Law of Motion describes inertia, where objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with constant velocity unless acted on by unbalanced forces.
This document summarizes Newton's laws of motion. It explains that Newton extended Galileo's idea that horizontal motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, by recognizing that gravity provides a downward force causing vertical acceleration. Newton's first law states that an object remains at constant velocity unless a net external force acts upon it. Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document discusses concepts related to motion including reference frames, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration, and types of motion like uniform motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, and projectile motion. It specifically focuses on free fall, defining it as the motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone. It describes key properties of free fall including negative acceleration due to gravity, time symmetry, and speed symmetry. Examples of calculating velocity during free fall are provided. Projectile motion is also introduced as motion where the only force acting is gravity, having both horizontal and vertical components.
1. The document describes an incident where Mak Cik Yam was shopping with a heavy trolley that lost control on an escalator and fatally struck Pak Din.
2. It provides details of the shopping trip, the trolley losing control and impacting Pak Din near the escalator.
3. The group needs to calculate the trolley's motion, energy and momentum using equations to determine the physics behind Pak Din's death.
Similar to ch 9_force_and_laws_of_motion.pptx (20)
This document discusses concepts related to motion including position, relative and absolute position, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Position can be relative or absolute depending on the reference point used. Distance refers to the total path travelled, while displacement refers to the net or direct distance between two points. Speed is the rate of change of distance and velocity is the rate of change of displacement, making velocity a vector quantity. Uniform motion involves equal distances in equal times while non-uniform motion does not. Uniformly accelerated motion follows three equations of motion and has constant acceleration.
This document provides information about atoms, molecules, ions and chemical formulas. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms that combine in small whole number ratios.
- Atoms have symbols to represent them and an atomic mass that is measured relative to carbon-12. Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded.
- Chemical formulas show the types and numbers of atoms or ions that make up a compound. Formulas are written with the cation written first followed by the anion.
1. The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, gravitational force, and acceleration due to gravity.
2. Key points covered include Newton's inverse square law formula for gravitational force, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, and definitions of free fall and acceleration due to gravity.
3. The document also discusses properties of gravitational force and provides examples to illustrate concepts like why objects on Earth do not continuously accelerate towards each other due to gravitational attraction.
This document defines key concepts in matter, including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can be made of elements, molecules, or compounds.
- Elements are the simplest forms of matter and cannot be broken down further into simpler substances. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
- Atoms bond together to form molecules or bond with different elements to form compounds like salt or water.
- All matter is made of atoms in constant motion according to kinetic theory. Atoms are arranged in the periodic table by atomic number.
- Atoms contain a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells. The number of protons determines the element.
This document defines key concepts in matter, including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can be made of elements, molecules, or compounds.
- Elements are the simplest forms of matter and cannot be broken down further into simpler substances. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
- Atoms bond together to form molecules or bond with different elements to form compounds like salt or water.
- All matter is made of atoms that are always in motion according to kinetic theory. Heavier atoms move slower than lighter ones.
- The periodic table organizes all known elements by their atomic structure.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the basis used for classification including cell structure and nutrition type, and the hierarchical system used from kingdoms down to species. The five kingdom system is described, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Details are given on the classification of plants into five groups and animals into ten groups, with examples provided. The classification of living organisms arranges organisms into taxonomic groups based on similarities to allow for organized study.
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and industrial cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used for communication by some animals. Sonar uses ultrasound for underwater detection of objects.
The document discusses natural resources and the four main spheres of Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes each sphere and their composition. The document then discusses various natural resources like air, water, soil minerals, and their importance. It also discusses pollution of these resources and processes like the water cycle and biogeochemical cycles.
This document discusses factors related to health and disease. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Important characteristics of good health include being free from sickness, anxiety, and tensions. Health can fail due to poor physical/social environments, economic conditions, or lack of social equality. The document distinguishes between "healthy" and "disease-free," and outlines different types of diseases including acute, chronic, infectious/communicable, and non-infectious/non-communicable diseases. It describes causes of disease such as pathogens, genetic disorders, pollution and malnutrition. Means of disease transmission include air, water, food, vectors, contact and sexual contact. Principles of treatment are to
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by protozoan Plasmodium), Tuberculosis (caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. Develop due to genetic reasons, unhealthy lifestyle or environmental factors.
Examples: Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), Heart disease (caused by risk factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity)
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by a protozoan parasite), Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. These include genetic diseases, cancer, heart diseases, mental illnesses etc.
Examples: Diabetes (caused due to malfunctioning of pancreas), Asthma (caused due to hypersensitivity of airways
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon/rectum. Tobacco contains chemicals that can damage DNA.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers. Excess weight increases hormone levels and inflammation.
- Radiation - Both natural sources like radon and man-made sources like X-rays can damage
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of several cancers. Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple cancers.
- Alcohol use - Heavy drinking is linked to cancers of the mouth, esophagus, throat, liver and breast.
-
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and material cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used by some animals. Sonar also uses ultrasound for underwater object detection.
1. The document discusses Heinrich Hertz's experiments with sound and how it is produced through vibration and propagates as longitudinal waves through a medium like air.
2. Key experiments shown include using a vibrating tuning fork to produce compressions and rarefactions in air, demonstrating that sound needs a material medium to travel, and that the speed of sound depends on the medium and temperature.
3. Applications of sound reflection, resonance, infrasound, ultrasound, and SONAR are also summarized.
This document describes various concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as the change in position of a body over time. Distance moved is the total path travelled, while displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final positions.
2. Uniform motion means equal distances are travelled in equal times, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances in equal times. Examples of each are given.
3. Speed, velocity, average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion relating these quantities are defined and explained with examples. Distance-time graphs and their use in representing motion are also described.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the basis used for classification including cell structure and nutrition type, and the hierarchical system used from kingdoms down to species. The five kingdom system is described, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. An overview of the classification of plants and animals is also provided, outlining the main groups within each kingdom.
1. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. 2. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms using their similarities and differences. A key aspect is assigning each organism a unique scientific name. 3. The binomial system of nomenclature assigns every organism a genus and species name, allowing for uniform identification worldwide.
Plants and animals are made of different types of tissues due to differences in their structure and function. In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped together into tissues to efficiently perform specialized functions. In plants, tissues include epidermis, a protective outer layer of flat cells covered with a waxy cuticle. Meristematic tissues contain actively dividing cells and produce permanent tissues through differentiation. Permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, which provide structure and support to plants. Stomata in the leaf epidermis allow for gas exchange and transpiration. As plants age, cork replaces the epidermis and protects the bark.
The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It begins by describing the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then discusses the history of cell discovery from Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 to the formulation of the cell theory in 1838-39. The rest of the document describes the structure and functions of key cellular components like the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chromosomes and different types of cells. It compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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ch 9_force_and_laws_of_motion.pptx
1. Force and laws of
motion
For class 9th
By – LUXMIKANT GIRI
M.SC CHEMISTRY, B.ED
2. Force
• It is the force that enables us to do any work.
•
• To do anything, either we pull or push the object.
Therefore, pull or push is called force.
•
• Example – to open a door, either we push or pull it.
A drawer is pulled to open and pushed to close.
3. Effects of force:
• Force can make a stationary body in motion. For example a football can be set
to move by kicking it, i.e. by applying a force.
•
• Force can stop a moving body – For example by applying brakes, a running
cycle or a running vehicle can be stopped.
•
• Force can change the direction of a moving object. For example; By applying
force, i.e. by moving handle the direction of a running bicycle can be changed.
Similarly by moving steering the direction of a running vehicle is changed.
•
• Force can change the speed of a moving body – By accelerating, the speed of a
running vehicle can be increased or by applying brakes the speed of a running
vehicle can be decreased.
•
• Force can change the shape and size of an object. For example -– By
hammering, a block of metal can be turned into a thin sheet. By hammering a
stone can be broken into pieces.
4. Types of force:
• There are two types of force
• * Balanced force
• * Unbalanced force
5. Balanced force:
If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, it is called balanced forces.
Example : - In the tug of war if both the teams apply similar magnitude of
forces in oppoisite directions, rope does not move in either side. This happens
becasue of balanced forces in which resultant of applied forces become zero.
Balanced forces do not cause any change of state of an object. Balanced forces
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. For example -
When forces are applied from both sides over a balloon, the size and shape of
balloon is changed.
6. Unbalanced force:
• If the resultant of applied forces are greater than zero
the forces are called unbalanced forces. An object in
rest can be moved because of applying balanced forces.
•
• Unbalanced forces can do the following:
•
• Move a stationary object.
• Increase the speed of a moving object.
• Decrease the speed of a moving object.
• Stop a moving object.
• Change the shape and size of an object.
7. Laws of motion:-
• Galileo Galilei: Galileo first of all said that object move
with a constant speed when no forces act on them. This
means if an object is moving on a frictionless path and no
other force is acting upon it, the object would be moving
forever. That is there is no unbalanced force working on
the object.
•
• But practically it is not possible for any object. Because to
attain the condition of zero unbalanced force is
impossible. Force of friction, force air and many other
forces always acting upon an object.
8. Newton's laws of motion:-
• Newton studied the ideas of Galileo and gave the three laws of
motion. These laws are known as Newton’s Laws of Motion.
•
• Newton's First Law of Motion - Any object remains in the state of
rest or in uniform motion along a straight line, until it is
compelled to change the state by applying external force.
•
• Newton's Second Law of Motion - The rate of change of
momentum is directly proportional to the force applied in the
direction of force.
•
• Newton's Third Law of Motion - There is an equal and opposite
reaction for evrey action
9. Newton's first law of motion-
• Any object remains in the state of rest or in uniform
motion along a straight line, until it is compelled to
change the state by applying external force.
•
• Explanation: If any object is in the state of rest, then it will
remain in rest untill a exernal force is applied to change
its state. Similarly an object will remain in motion untill
any exeternal force is applied over it to change its state.
This means all objects resist to in changing their state.
The state of any object can be changed by applying
external forces only.
10. Applications of Newton's first law of motion
• A person standing in a bus falls backward when bus is start
moving suddenly. This happens because the person and bus
both are in rest while bus is not moving, but as the bus starts
moving the legs of the person start moving along with bus
but rest portion of his body has tendency to remain in rest.
Because of this person falls backward; if he is not alert.
•
11. Application cont.
• A person standing in a moving bus falls forward if driver applies brakes
suddenly. This happens because when bus is moving, the person standing in
it is also in motion along with bus. But when driver applies brakes the speed
of bus decreases suddenly or bus comes in the state of rest suddenly, in this
condition the legs of the person which are in the contact with bus come in
rest while the rest parts of his body have tendency to remain in motion.
Because of this person falls forward if he is not alert.
•
• Before hanging the wet clothes over laundry line, usually many jerks are
given to the cloths to get them dried quickly. Because of jerks droplets of
water from the pores of the cloth falls on the ground and reduced amount
of water in clothes dried them quickly. This happens because, when
suddenly cloth are made in motion by giving jerks, the water droplets in it
have tendency to remain in rest and they are separated from cloths and fall
on the ground.
12. Application cont.
• When the pile of coin on the carom-board hit by a striker; coin only at
the bottom moves away leaving rest of the pile of coin at same place.
This happens because when the pile is struck with a striker, the coin at
the bottom comes in motion while rest of the coin in the pile has
tendency to remain in the rest and they vertically falls the carom board
and remain at same place.
•
• Seat belts are used in car and other vehicles, to prevent the passengers
being thrown in the condition of sudden braking or other emergency. In
the condition of sudden braking of the vehicles or any other emergency
such as accident, the speed of vehicle would decrease or vehicle may
stop suddenly, in that condition passengers may be thrown in the
direction of the motion of vehicle because of the tendency to remain in
the state of motion.
13. Application cont.
• The head of hammer is tightened on a wooden
handle by banging the handle against a hard
surface. When handle of the hammer is struck
against a surface, handle comes in rest while
hammer over it's head has tendency to remain in
motion and thus after some jerks it tightens over
the handle.
14. Mass and inertia-
• The property of an object because of which it resists to get
disturbed its state is called Inertia. Inertia of an object is
measured by its mass. Intertia is directly proportional to the
mass. This means inertia increases with increase in mass and
decreases with decrease in mass. A heavy object will have more
inertia than lighter one.
•
• In other words, the natural tendecny of an object that resists the
change in state of motion or rest of the boject is called intertia.
•
• Since a heavy object has more intertia, thus it is difficult to push
or pul a heavy box over the ground than lighter one.
15. Momentum-
• Momentum is the power of motion of an object.
•
• The product of velocity and mass is called the
momentum. Momentum is denoted by ‘p’.
•
• Therefore, momentum of the object = Mass x Velocity.
•
• Or, p = m x v
•
• Where, p = momentum, m = mass of the object and v =
velocity of the object.
16. Explanation of momentum-
• Consider the following explanations to understand the
momentum:
•
• A person get injured in the case of hitting by a moving object,
such as stone, pebbles or anything because of momentum of
the object.
•
• Even a small bullet is able to kill a person when it is fired from
a gun becasue of its momentum due to great velocity.
•
• A person get injured severely when hit by a moving vehicles,
becasue of momentum of vehicle due to mass and velocity.
17. Momentum ,mass and velocity-
Since, momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = m x v) of an object. This
means momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity. Momentum
increases with increase of either mass or velocity of an object.
This means if a lighter and a heavier object is moving with same velocity, then
heavier object will have more momentum than lighter one.
If a small object is moving with great velocity, it has tremendous momentum. And
because of momentum, it can harm an object more severely. For example a small
bullet having a little mass even kills a person when it is fired from a gun.
Usually, road accidents prove more fatal because of high speed than in slower
speed. This happens because vehicles running with high speed have greater
momentum compare to a vehicle running with slower speed.
18. Momentum of an which is in the
state of rest:
•
• Let an object with mass 'm' is in the rest.
•
• Since, object is in rest, therefore, it's velocity, v = 0
•
• Now, we know that,
•
• Momentum = mass x velocity
•
• Or, p = m x 0 = 0
•
• Thus, the momentum of an object in the rest, i.e. non-
moving,is equal to zero.
19. SI unit of momentum-
• The SI unit of mass = kg
•
• The SI unit of velocity = meter per second i.e. m/s
•
• We know that, momentum (p) = m x v
•
• Therefore,
•
• p = kg x m/s
•
• Or, p = kg m/s
•
• Therefore, SI unit of momentum = kg m/s
20. Newton's second law of motion-
• Newton's second Law of Motion states that The rate of
change of momentum is directly proportional to the force
applied in the direction of force.
•
• For example; when acceleration is applied on a moving
vehicle, the momentum of the vehicle increases and the
increase is in the direction of motion because the force is
being applied in the direction of motion. On the other hand,
when brake is applied on the moving vehicle, the
momentum of the vehicle decreases and the decrease is in
the opposite direction of motion because the force is being
applied in the opposite direction of motion.
26. Newton's third law of motion-
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that there is
always reaction for every action in opposite
direction and of equal magnitude.
•
• Explanation: Whenever a force is applied over a
body, that body also applies same force of equal
magnitude and in opposite direction.
27. Applications of Newton's third law
of motion-
• Walking of a person - A person is able to walk because of the Newton’s Third
Law of Motion. During walking, a person pushes the ground in backward
direction and in the reaction the ground also pushes the person with equal
magnitude of force but in opposite direction. This enables him to move in
forward direction against the push.
•
• (b) Recoil of gun - When bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet also pushes the
gun in opposite direction, with equal magnitude of force. This results in gunman
feeling a backward push from the butt of gun.
•
• (c) Propulsion of a boat in forward direction – Sailor pushes water with oar in
backward direction; resulting water pushing the oar in forward direction.
Consequently, the boat is pushed in forward direction. Force applied by oar and
water are of equal magnitude but in opposite directions.
•
•
•
•
28. Conservation of momentum-
• Law of Conservation of Momentum – The sum of
momenta of two objects remains same even after
collision.
•
• In other words, the sum of momenta of two objects
before collision and sum of momenta of two
objects after collision are equal.
29. Applications of conservation of
momentum-
• Bullet and Gun – When bullet is fired from a gun, gun recoils in the opposite direction of bullet.
The momentum of bullet is equal to momentum of gun. Since, the bullet is has very small mass
compared to the gun, hence velocity of bullet is very high compared to the recoil of gun. In the
case of firing of bullet, law of conservation of momentum is applied as usual.
•
• In the collision of atoms, the conservation of momentum is applied.
•
• In the game of snooker, when a ball is hit by stick, the conservation of momentum is applied.
•
• When the mouth of an inflated balloon is let open, it starts flying, because of conservation of
momentum.
•
• When a cricket ball is hit by bat, the Law of Conservation of Momentum is applied.
•
• When the coins of carom board are hit by striker, the Law of Conservation of Momentum is
applied.
•
• Newton’s cradle is one of the best examples of conservation of momentum.