The journal article is based upon the need of sustainable land use management of different land use types for improving their carbon sequestration and hence supporting to mitigate climate change impacts.
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil organic carbon in soils of the northern permafrost zones: Information st...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Scott Smith, from Agriculture and Agrifood – Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil organic carbon in soils of the northern permafrost zones: Information st...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Scott Smith, from Agriculture and Agrifood – Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación acaba de publicar un informe en el que se señala la importancia de carbono orgánico de los suelos orientado a los decisores políticos y que se presentará en la próxima reunión de la UNFCCC sobre cambio climático que se celebrará en París (COP21).
Chemical and spectroscopy of peat from West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Improving peat soil is difficult but not impossible. Managed correctly, peat can be a highly productive medium for agriculture, but drainage and cultivation can lead to irreversible peat shrinkage. Vegetational changes during the restoration of cutover peatlands leave a legacy in terms of the organic matter quality of the newly formed peat. Current efforts to restore peatlands at a large scale therefore require low cost and high throughput techniques to monitor the evolution of organic matter. In this study, we assessed the merits of using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to predict the organic matter composition in peat samples in relation with soil peat properties, tends to to be hydrophobic, flammable.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Soil C Stocks: from climate importance to field assessment by Ciniro Costa Jr, a CLIFF student with CCAFS Low Emission Development.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Presented by Erin Swails and Kristell Hergoualc’h, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Climate change perception: A case study of Bardiya National Park (BNP), Thaku...Surendra Bam
Climate Change perception: talks about the need of including social dimension in research and identifying the people understanding of climate change in buffer zone of Bardia National Park, Nepal.
Assessment of biomass and carbon sequestration potentials of standing Pongami...Surendra Bam
The need of identifying the plant species having multitude value in present world are essential. Even in the Climate Change mitigation measures, the utilization of those plant species having economical value like bio-disel as well as can play their role of carbon sequestration.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
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Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and Barren Land: A Case of Chovar Village, Kathmandu
1. 103
Nepal Journal of Science andTechnologyVol. 14, No.2 (2013) 103-108
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) underForest,
Cultivated and Barren Land:ACase of ChovarVillage, Kathmandu
S. Bhandari1
and S. Bam2
1
Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
2
Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
e-mail: chhetri.suresh02@gmail.com
Abstract
The study was carried out in Chovar village of Kritipur Municipality, Kathmandu to compare the soil organic carbon
(SOC) of three main land use types namely forest, agricultural and barren land and to show how land use and
management are among the most important determinants of SOC stock. Stratified random sampling method was
used for collecting soil samples. Walkley and Black method was applied for measuring SOC. Land use and soil depth
both affected SOC stock significantly. Forest soil had higher SOC stock (98 t ha-1
) as compared to agricultural land
with 36.6 t ha-1
and barren land with 83.6 t ha-1
. Similarly, the SOC in terms of CO2
equivalents for forest, agricultural
and barren land ranged from 183.5 to 80.74 CO2
-e ha-1
, 79.27 to 22.02 CO2
-e ha-1
and 121.11 to 80.74 CO2
-e ha-1
for 0-
20 cm to 40-60 cm soil depth, respectively. Bulk density (BD) was found less in forest soil compared to other lands
at all depths, which showed negative correlation with SOC. The study showed a dire need to increase current soil
C stocks which can be achieved through improvements in land use and management practices, particularly through
conservation and restoration of degraded forests and soils.
Key words: Chovar, land use, management practices, soil organic carbon (SOC)
Introduction
Carbon sequestration is the long term storage of carbon
in oceans, soils, vegetation (especially forests), and
geologic formations. Instead of being a carbon source,
soils could be transformed into carbon sinks, absorbing
carbon instead of emitting it. Soil carbon is an important
part of terrestrial carbon pool and soils of the world
are potentially viable sinks for atmospheric carbon
(Lal et al. 1998 and Bajracharya et al. 1998). Carbon
sequestration in soils is a climate change-mitigating
strategy, based on the assumption that movement, or
flux, of carbon from the air to the soil can be increased
while the release of carbon from the soil back to the
atmosphere is decreased. This has potential to reduce
atmospheric CO2
, thereby slowing global warming and
mitigating climate change. One possible mechanism
for mitigating CO2
emission is therefore its
sequestration, or redistribution from air to soils,
terrestrial biomass, geologic formations, and the
oceans. Carbon sequestration can be appropriate from
both an environmental and a socioeconomic point of
view. The environmental perspective includes removal
of CO2
from the atmosphere, improvement of soil
quality, and increase in biodiversity (Batjes
& Sombroek 1997). Therefore, soils play a major role
in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle.
Soil store 1.5 *1018
g of organic carbon (C) globally –
about twice as much C as found in the atmosphere
and three times the quantity contained in terrestrial
vegetation (Schlesinger 1997). Soil can be a source or
a sink of atmospheric C depending upon land use and
management. Land use and vegetation type influence
soil erosion and C dynamics through its effect on SOC
contents, CO2
flux and dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) leaching from soil (Bajracharaya et al. 1998).
Land management that exerts the least soil disturbance
contributes to increased SOC accumulation, while
intensive disturbance results in lower SOC and
consequent soil degradation. Land use change from
native ecosystem to cultivated ecosystem causes
losses of soil carbon. Gradual conversion of forest
and grassland to cropland has resulted in significant
2. 104
Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 14, No.2 (2013) 103-108
losses of soil carbon worldwide. These stocks are
dynamic, depending upon various factors and
processes operating in the systems, the most
significant being land use, land use change, soil
erosion and deforestation (IPCC 2000).
Soil is deteriorating at an alarming rate in developing
countries like Nepal due to land use changes (IPCC
2000), lowering C sequestration. In this context, there
is dire need to conduct researchs related to C pools
and C sequestration (Metting et al. 1998 and Lal
2001) among different land uses. A considerable
number of studies have been conducted in
industrialised countries addressing these issues,
however, comparatively few studies have been
conducted in developing countries, especially South
Asia. Therefore, this study aims to establish the base
line information for carbon sequestration potential of
soil. The finding of research gives the amount of
carbon in soil and its contribution in carbon
sequestration. The study aims to provide information
on the distribution and status of SOC among different
land uses.
Methodology
Study area
This work was carried out during February 2011 to
July 2011 in Chovar village of Kirtipur municipality. It
is located 8 km southwest of the capital city,
Kathmandu. This area lies on top of a hill with an
average elevation of 1342m above the mean sea level.
The latitude is 27°39’27" N and longitude is 85°17’21"
E. It has an area of 0.54 km2
. It lies in subtropical
region with characteristic monsoon rainfall and three
distinct seasons: hot and dry summer (February to
May), hot and moist rainy season (June to September)
and cold and dry winter (October to January).
Maximum temperature ranges from 30o
to 33o
C in
summer and minimum temperature ranges from -3° to
0° C in winter. The whole area can be divided into
three main land use type; pine forest along the east
direction down slope, cultivated land uphill and barren
rocky land south west with limestone composition.
Soil in this area, in majority, is silty loam.
Data collection
Sampling design: The stratified random sampling was
used, where the area was divided into different strata
based on prior knowledge of land use types. Ten
samples from each strata were collected from the major
three land use types, namely forest, agricultural and
barren land.
Soil sampling: For carbon stock, soil was dug at each
sampling site to 60cm depth. Soil samples at different
depths (0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm) were taken
using a soil auger. For bulk density, samples were taken
with the help of a core ring sampler of 427.6 cm3
volume
at10cm,30cmand50cmdepths.Thefreshsoilextracted
by soil corer was bagged in plastic bags, sealed,
labelled and transported to the laboratory for
determining oven dry weight.
Organic matter in soil: Organic matter content in the
soil samples was measured using a Walkley-Black Wet
Oxidation method described by Walkley and Black
(1934).
Data analysis
Conversion factor for organic matter (%) to organic
carbon (%): Organic matter (%) converted into organic
carbon (%) by using the formula below:
Organic carbon (%) = 58 × Organic matter (%)
100
Soil organic carbon (SOC): Total soil organic carbon
was calculated by using the formula given below
(Pearson et al. 2007):
SOC (t/ha) = [(Organic carbon content %× soil bulk
density (gm/cm3
) × thickness of horizon (cm)] ×100
Bulk density (BD): Soil BD was determined using core
sampling method (Blake and Hartege 1986). The oven
dried (at 105°C temp) soil samples were used for
moisture correction. The dried soils were sieved
through a 2 mm sieve and weighed the weight of stones
was recorded for stone correction. The following
formula was used to calculate the bulk density using
stone correction (Pearson et al. 2005).
Bulk density (kg/m3
) =
Oven dry weight (g/cm3
)______________× 1000
Core volume (cm3
) - Mass of the coarse fragments (g/cm3
)
Density of rock fragment (g/cm3
)
Where, the coarse fragments were > 2mm. The density
of rock fragments was 2.65 g/cm3
.
Correlation between SOC and BD: It was determined
as Pearson correlation. Effect of land use on SOC and
3. 105
S. Bhandari & S. Bam/Comparative study of Soil Organic ......
BD was analysed by comparisons of their mean values.
Multiple comparisons of mean values for each class
variable (among land uses, depths, SOC and BD) were
carried out usingAddin software XLSTATin Microsoft
Excel2007.
Mean total carbon stock: Here, the mean total soil
organic carbon of each land use type was determined
by summation of mean SOC for all three horizons.
∑ =
=
3
1 )(h meanSOC SOCMT
Where:
SOCMT Mean total carbon stock, t ha-1
)(meanSOC Mean soil organic carbon, t ha-1
h No. of soil horizons (i.e. 1 = 0 – 20 cm, 2
= 20 – 40 cm and 3 = 40 – 60 cm)
MeanSOCintermsofCO2
equivalentsperunitarea:
The following equation was applied to convert the
meanSOCtoCO2
equivalentsperunitarea(IPCC2003):
Csoc
= )(meanSOC ×
12
44
Where:
CSOC
Mean SOC in terms of CO2
-e ha-1
)(meanSOC Mean SOC t ha-1
44/12 Ratio of molecular weight of CO2
to
carbon, t CO2
-e t C-1
Results and Discussion
Bulk density (BD): There was a gradual increase of
BD with the increase in soil depth in case of all three
land use types (Table 1). Minimum BD 1kg/m
3
was
found at the top soil i.e. at 0-20cm in forest and
maximumBD1.4kg/m
3
wasfound40-60cmdepthofthe
barren land.
SN Depth (cm) No. of samples Mean BD of
forest land
(kg/m3
)
Mean BD of
agricultural land
(kg/m3
)
Mean BD of
Barren land
(kg/m3)
1. 0-20 10 1 1 1.1
2. 20-40 10 1 1.2 1.2
3. 40-60 10 1.1 1.2 1.4
Table 1. Bulk density of soil at different depths in different land uses
The top soil had low BD indicating that the soil was
good for vegetation growth compared to other soil
depths. The bulk density depends on several factors
such as compaction, consolidation and amount of SOC
present in the soil but is highly correlated to the organic
carbon content (Morisada et al. 2004, Liefeld et al.
2005). This may be probably as a result of lower organic
contents, less aggregation, fewer roots and other soil
dwelling organisms and compaction caused by the
weight of the overlying layers (Brady 1999).
Soil organic carbon: The soil organic carbon in forest
depends upon the forest type, climate, moisture,
temperature and types of soil. Organic matter in the
study area was determined depth wise at every site.
Depthwise SOC results are mentioned in Fig. 1. A
decreasing trend in soil organic carbon was seen,
which ranged from 50 t ha-1
to 22 t ha-1
for the depth 0-
20cm to 40-60cm. The trend was the same for
agricultural and barren land, where SOC values
decreased with increasing depths, and ranged from
21.6 t ha-1
to 6 t ha-1
and 33 t ha-1
to 22 t ha-1
respectively.
This study also shows that SOC was high at top soil
due to the presence of vegetation compared to other
two soil depths which had no vegetation except roots
of the vegetation. SOC is high when there is high
amount of biomass present. But it is not only one factor
that affects SOC sequestration.
Fig. 1. SOC contents with soil depths under different land
uses.
4. 106
Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 103-108
The value for SOC was lowest in agricultural land. The
SOC followed the order as forest > barren land >
agricultural land. The barren land showed higher SOC
than agricultural land. As we could see agricultural
land was highly disturbed with tillage farming and
heavy uses of chemical fertilizers whereas the barren
land was less disturbed with scruby vegetation. As
conventional agricultural system can decrease soil
organic carbon (Paustain et al. 1997 and Drinkwater et
al. 1998).
Correlation between SOC and BD: SOC is negatively
correlated with bulk density. The present study favours
this concept i.e. this study found perfect negative
correlation between SOC and BD with different land
use types. It was also true in all incremental depths
except 40-60cm where the correlation was positive
(Table 2). The rocky nature of soil in study area could
have brought such result. The study on the land use
effect on soil carbon sequestration in Mardi watershed
of Nepal reported the similar result of increasing trend
of BD in deeper layer of the soil where SOC showed
decreasing trend in such conditions (Shrestha 2002).
SN Attribute *Correlation
Coefficient
1. Depth
(cm)
0-20 -0.113
2. 20-40 -0.390
3. 40-60 0.189
4. Land
use
Forest -0.610
5. Agricultural
land
-0.983
6. Barren land -0.997
Table 2. Correlation between SOC and BD
*Correlation is significant at 0.05 level.
Mean total carbon stock: The mean total soil organic
carbon (MTsoc
) values for forest, agricultural and
barren land were 98 t ha-1
, 36.6 t ha-1
and 83.6 t ha-1
,
respectively, i.e. the mean total carbon stock followed
the order as forest > barren land > agricultural land.
Mean SOC in terms of CO2
equivalents: Mean SOC
in terms of CO2
equivalents (Csoc
) for forest,
agricultural and barren land ranged from 183.5 to 80.74
CO2
-e ha-1
, 79.27 to 22.02 CO2
-e ha-1
and 121.11 to
80.74 CO2
-e ha-1
for 0-20 cm to 40-60 cm soil depth
respectively (Fig. 2). These are the amounts of CO2
gas molecules sequestered by these land study areas
from its surrounding atmosphere in the form of soil
organic carbon. SOC values in terms of CO2
equivalents help in understanding of SOC relation with
CO2
gas. This is the environmental perspective which
includes the removal of CO2
from the atmosphere, the
improvement of soil quality, and the increase in
biodiversity (Batjes & Sombroek 1997).
Fig. 2. Mean SOC in terms of CO2
equivalents (CO2
-e ha-
)
In order to understand soil C composition changes
among three land-use sites in the study area, one
assumption was that any differences in the measured
properties were the result of land use effects. The
maximum carbon stock was present in forest soil. The
higher percent of soil organic carbon in forest may be
due to dense canopy and higher input of litter which
results in maximum storage of carbon stock. Organic
matter has been lost from the cropland mainly through
ploughing, which makes soil more likely to erode.
Minimizing erosion is an important step to reversing
the loss and building soil quality, which usually
requires leaving residue on the surface or planting a
cover crop. Some land use practices (such as low-
tillage, legume based or manure application
agriculture) can increase soil C storage.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to Prof. Kedar Rijal, head of
Central Department of Environmental Science and Mr.
Jagannath Aryal, lecture of Central Department of
Environmental Science for providing opportunity and
valuable comments to do this work. We also gratefully
acknowledge the Central Department of Environmental
Science, TU Kirtipur for providing us laboratory
facilities. We would like to thank our friends who
helped us during this work.
5. 107
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