This document provides information on measuring ammonia and organic nitrogen using the Kjeldahl method, including:
1) An overview of the nitrogen cycle and how ammonia and organic nitrogen influence water quality.
2) A description of the Kjeldahl method which involves distilling ammonia for titration and digesting organic nitrogen to convert it to ammonia.
3) Details of a sample experiment to measure ammonia and organic nitrogen in various water samples using the Kjeldahl method.
—Nuclear energy plays a key role in long-term development plans and can guarantee the supply of electricity to some regions. On the other hand, the implementation of these projects tends to require long maturation periods, require high investment costs and may be a source of pollutants, such as Lead (Pb). For this reason, the periodic environmental monitoring of the concentration of pollutants becomes necessary, according to the current legislation. Thus, the present work presents as a proposal a method of optimization of Pb quantification in environmental analyzes. The study was developed through the monitoring of wastewater samples from INB – Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil. From the Fractional Factorial Design(FFD) the most representative variables of the Pb isolation process were determined, and through the Central Composite Design (CCD) the response surface was found, generating a regression model that represents the system. The results indicated that the optimization of the chemical yield of Pb is associated to the higher dosages of Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) and Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4) in the samples. The optimum yield condition was obtained in the region of 200 ml of H 2 SO 4 and 4.0 g of NTA, considering the range tested. The proposal proved to be effective for the validation tests of the model, obtaining an increase of up to 32% in the Pb yields of the analyzes.
—Nuclear energy plays a key role in long-term development plans and can guarantee the supply of electricity to some regions. On the other hand, the implementation of these projects tends to require long maturation periods, require high investment costs and may be a source of pollutants, such as Lead (Pb). For this reason, the periodic environmental monitoring of the concentration of pollutants becomes necessary, according to the current legislation. Thus, the present work presents as a proposal a method of optimization of Pb quantification in environmental analyzes. The study was developed through the monitoring of wastewater samples from INB – Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil. From the Fractional Factorial Design(FFD) the most representative variables of the Pb isolation process were determined, and through the Central Composite Design (CCD) the response surface was found, generating a regression model that represents the system. The results indicated that the optimization of the chemical yield of Pb is associated to the higher dosages of Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) and Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4) in the samples. The optimum yield condition was obtained in the region of 200 ml of H 2 SO 4 and 4.0 g of NTA, considering the range tested. The proposal proved to be effective for the validation tests of the model, obtaining an increase of up to 32% in the Pb yields of the analyzes.
This presentation explores a new method of measuring total nitrogen (TN) using a TOC analyzer. Techniques, benefits and results are discussed. For more information, visit ssi.shimadzu.com. Thanks for viewing.
Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology, Hao Liu, University of Nottingham - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Callide oxyfuel research project, Part 2: CO2 quality control prior to compre...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the third webinar of the series, which focused on experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression as part of the Callide Oxyfuel Project.
The Callide Oxyfuel Project in central Queensland, Australia, has demonstrated carbon capture using oxyfuel technology on a retrofitted 30 MWe boiler. The project comprised of 2 x 330 t/day air separation units, a 30 MWe oxy-fuel boiler and a 75 t/day CO2 capture plant. The plant was commissioned in 2012 and operated for three years achieving nominally 10,000 hours of industrial operation in oxy-combustion mode.
The project has been able to demonstrate CO2 capture rates from the Oxyfuel flue gas stream to the CO2 capture plant in excess of 85%, and producing a high quality CO2 product suitable for geological storage. In addition, other benefits observed from the oxy-firing and CO2 capture demonstration have included: (i) increased boiler combustion efficiency; (ii) greater than 50% reduction in stack NOx mass emission rates; and (iii) almost complete removal of all toxic gaseous emissions including SOx, NOx, particulates and trace elements from the flue gas stream in the CO2 capture plant (CPU).
This webinar provided a technical presentation of experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression by the University Of Newcastle supported by Australian National Low Emission R&D. This webinar was presented by Professor Terry Wall and Dr Rohan Stanger from The University of Newcastle, Australia.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
Development of an aqueous ammonia-based post-combustion capture technology fo...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar highlights a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. The fifth webinar of the series looked at the development of an aqueous ammonia-based post-combustion capture technology for Australian conditions.
CSIRO has been developing aqueous ammonia (NH3)-based post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) technology for its application under Australian conditions since 2008. Previous pilot-plant trials at Delta Electricity’s Munmorah Power Station demonstrated the technical feasibility of the process and confirmed some of the expected benefits. With further support from the Australian Government and ANLEC R&D, CSIRO has worked closely with universities in Australia and China to develop an advanced aqueous NH3-based CO2 capture technology. The advanced technology incorporates a number of innovative features which significantly improve its economic feasibility. This webinar presented the advancements made from a recently completed project funded by ANLEC R&D, and was presented by Dr Hai Yu and Dr Kangkang Li from CSIRO Energy.
At the end of this presentation, everyone can explain the following issues:
1) the importance of the bottom of the barrel upgrading issue
2) All the commercialized technologies in terms of the Residue upgrading process
3) selection of appropriate technology for their needs
Dispersion modelling for CO2 pipelines: Fit for purpose and best practice tec...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the fourth webinar of the series, which focused on the development of standards and regulations for CO2 pipelines for future CCS projects. This webinar discussed best practice pipeline design for CO2 pipelines, with particular reference to risk assessment requirements.
This presentation introduced a report that was prepared to inform the future development of CO2 pipelines in Australia, as part of integrated CO2 capture and storage infrastructure. This project was undertaken to provide guidance on best practice for the use of CO2 dispersion modelling within the context of the Australian pipeline design standard. The project deliverable was a comprehensive report that provides guidance on the current international best practice in modelling CO2 dispersion, and identifies appropriate, fit-for-purpose modelling tools that can be used at different stages in the pipeline design process. One of the main conclusions from this project was that sufficient information and modelling tools are available to allow a new CO2 pipeline to be designed in accordance with Australian Standard 2885.
This webinar was presented by Phil Johnson from Sherpa Consulting.
Carbon Dioxide Properties and the Role of Impurities in the Subsurface - presentation by Martin Trusler in the Effects of Impurities on CO2 Properties session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Effect of Wood Biochar Amendment to Sand on Leachate Water Quality with Repea...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72741
Agricultural operations can pose a threat to the quality of nearby water sources, particularly from nitrogen and phosphorus losses following land application of manure. Biochar application to soils has the potential to ameliorate degraded soils and reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater. The effects of amending sand soil columns with hybrid poplar biochar made by a slow pyrolysis process at 450°C at varying rates (0, 1, 2 and 5% by weight) with repeated dairy manure applications over a 56-week period was examined to evaluate the impact to leachate water quality.
This presentation explores a new method of measuring total nitrogen (TN) using a TOC analyzer. Techniques, benefits and results are discussed. For more information, visit ssi.shimadzu.com. Thanks for viewing.
Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology, Hao Liu, University of Nottingham - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Callide oxyfuel research project, Part 2: CO2 quality control prior to compre...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the third webinar of the series, which focused on experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression as part of the Callide Oxyfuel Project.
The Callide Oxyfuel Project in central Queensland, Australia, has demonstrated carbon capture using oxyfuel technology on a retrofitted 30 MWe boiler. The project comprised of 2 x 330 t/day air separation units, a 30 MWe oxy-fuel boiler and a 75 t/day CO2 capture plant. The plant was commissioned in 2012 and operated for three years achieving nominally 10,000 hours of industrial operation in oxy-combustion mode.
The project has been able to demonstrate CO2 capture rates from the Oxyfuel flue gas stream to the CO2 capture plant in excess of 85%, and producing a high quality CO2 product suitable for geological storage. In addition, other benefits observed from the oxy-firing and CO2 capture demonstration have included: (i) increased boiler combustion efficiency; (ii) greater than 50% reduction in stack NOx mass emission rates; and (iii) almost complete removal of all toxic gaseous emissions including SOx, NOx, particulates and trace elements from the flue gas stream in the CO2 capture plant (CPU).
This webinar provided a technical presentation of experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression by the University Of Newcastle supported by Australian National Low Emission R&D. This webinar was presented by Professor Terry Wall and Dr Rohan Stanger from The University of Newcastle, Australia.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
Development of an aqueous ammonia-based post-combustion capture technology fo...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar highlights a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. The fifth webinar of the series looked at the development of an aqueous ammonia-based post-combustion capture technology for Australian conditions.
CSIRO has been developing aqueous ammonia (NH3)-based post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) technology for its application under Australian conditions since 2008. Previous pilot-plant trials at Delta Electricity’s Munmorah Power Station demonstrated the technical feasibility of the process and confirmed some of the expected benefits. With further support from the Australian Government and ANLEC R&D, CSIRO has worked closely with universities in Australia and China to develop an advanced aqueous NH3-based CO2 capture technology. The advanced technology incorporates a number of innovative features which significantly improve its economic feasibility. This webinar presented the advancements made from a recently completed project funded by ANLEC R&D, and was presented by Dr Hai Yu and Dr Kangkang Li from CSIRO Energy.
At the end of this presentation, everyone can explain the following issues:
1) the importance of the bottom of the barrel upgrading issue
2) All the commercialized technologies in terms of the Residue upgrading process
3) selection of appropriate technology for their needs
Dispersion modelling for CO2 pipelines: Fit for purpose and best practice tec...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the fourth webinar of the series, which focused on the development of standards and regulations for CO2 pipelines for future CCS projects. This webinar discussed best practice pipeline design for CO2 pipelines, with particular reference to risk assessment requirements.
This presentation introduced a report that was prepared to inform the future development of CO2 pipelines in Australia, as part of integrated CO2 capture and storage infrastructure. This project was undertaken to provide guidance on best practice for the use of CO2 dispersion modelling within the context of the Australian pipeline design standard. The project deliverable was a comprehensive report that provides guidance on the current international best practice in modelling CO2 dispersion, and identifies appropriate, fit-for-purpose modelling tools that can be used at different stages in the pipeline design process. One of the main conclusions from this project was that sufficient information and modelling tools are available to allow a new CO2 pipeline to be designed in accordance with Australian Standard 2885.
This webinar was presented by Phil Johnson from Sherpa Consulting.
Carbon Dioxide Properties and the Role of Impurities in the Subsurface - presentation by Martin Trusler in the Effects of Impurities on CO2 Properties session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Effect of Wood Biochar Amendment to Sand on Leachate Water Quality with Repea...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72741
Agricultural operations can pose a threat to the quality of nearby water sources, particularly from nitrogen and phosphorus losses following land application of manure. Biochar application to soils has the potential to ameliorate degraded soils and reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater. The effects of amending sand soil columns with hybrid poplar biochar made by a slow pyrolysis process at 450°C at varying rates (0, 1, 2 and 5% by weight) with repeated dairy manure applications over a 56-week period was examined to evaluate the impact to leachate water quality.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and ...Surendra Bam
The journal article is based upon the need of sustainable land use management of different land use types for improving their carbon sequestration and hence supporting to mitigate climate change impacts.
Agricultural Commodity Analysis and Trade Issues for ShippingMathew Conoulty
David Conoulty of Commodity Inspection Services outlines the various factors involved with testing for the quality of agricultural commodities during the shipping process. The presentation covers the analysis process, the reliability of results, analytical methods and the improved equipment used to perform quality laboratory analysis.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
1. World Bank & Government of The Netherlands funded
Training module # WQ - 38
How to measure Ammonia and
Organic Nitrogen: Kjeldahl
Method
New Delhi, March 2000
CSMRS Building, 4th Floor, Olof Palme Marg, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi – 11 00 16 India
Tel: 68 61 681 / 84 Fax: (+ 91 11) 68 61 685
E-Mail: dhvdelft@del2.vsnl.net.in
DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS
with
HALCROW, TAHAL, CES, ORG & JPS
2. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 1
Table of contents
Page
1 Module context 2
2 Module profile 3
3 Session plan 4
4 Overhead/flipchart master 5
5 Evaluation sheets 16
6 Handout 18
7 Additional handout 22
8 Main text 24
3. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 2
1. Module context
This module deals with the significance of nitrogen to water quality and Kjeldahl method for
measuring ammonia and organic nitrogen. Modules in which prior training is required to
complete this module successfully and other available, related modules in this category are
listed in the table below.
While designing a training course, the relationship between this module and the others
would be maintained by keeping them close together in the syllabus and placing them in a
logical sequence. The actual selection of the topics and the depth of training would, of
course, depend on the training needs of the participants, i.e. their knowledge level and skills
performance upon the start of the course.
No. Module title Code Objectives
1. Basic water quality concepts WQ - 01 • Discuss the common water quality
parameters
• List important water quality issues
2. Basic chemistry concepts WQ - 02 • Convert units from one to another
• Discuss the basic concepts of
quantitative chemistry
• Report analytical results with the
correct number of significant digits.
3. Basic ecology concepts WQ - 26 • Explain how energy flows through an
aquatic ecosystem
• Explain how nutrients are cycled in the
environment
• Explain the causes and problems of
eutrophication
4. Surface water quality
planning concepts
WQ - 27 • Understand principles of WQ
monitoring and assessment
• Know of simple data analysis methods
5. Use of ion selective probes WQ - 33 • Precautions required in use of ion
selective electrodes
6. Absorption spectroscopy WQ - 34 • Understand theory and applications of
absorption spectroscopy
7. How to measure Oxidised
Nitrogen: Cd reduction
method and UV
Spectrophotometric methods
WQ - 37 • Measure oxidised nitrogen by Cd-
reduction and UV spectrophotometric
methods
• Appreciate limitations of the UV
method
4. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 3
2. Module profile
Title : How to measure Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen: Kjeldahl
Method
Target group : HIS function(s): Q2, Q3, Q5, Q6
Duration : 1 Theoretical session of 30 min., plus
1 Practical Laboratory session of 120 min, plus
1 Report writing session of 30 min.
Objectives : After the training the participants will be able to:
• Understand the relevance of nitrogen to water quality
• Know how to make analysis of ammonia and organic nitrogen
by Kjeldahl Method
Key concepts : • Kjeldahl titrimetric method
Training methods : Lecture, Laboratory Analytical Exercise, Report preparation
Training tools
required
: Board, flipchart, OHS, Complete Laboratory Facilities for Ammonia
and Organic Nitrogen Analysis
Handouts : As provided in this module,
Including SAP for Analysis of Nitrogen, Ammonia and Organic
Further reading
and references
: • Chemistry for environmental engineers - C. N. Sawyer, P. L.
McCarty & G. F. Parkin, McGraw - Hill, Inc., 1994
• Standard methods for the examination of water and
wastewaters, AWWA, 19th
edition, 1995
5. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 4
3. Session plan
No Activities Time Tools
1 Preparations
• Reagents and glassware for the test
• Collect samples A, B and C as described in the text
2 Introduction:
• Introduce the session and the subject of ammonia and
organic nitrogen
• Discuss the forms of ammonia found in water
• Discuss the problems of ammonia and organic nitrogen
in water and why it is a useful parameter
10 min OHS
3 Ammonia & Organic Nitrogen Methods
• Describe the basis of the Kjeldahl method in terms of its
chemistry.
• Refer to SAP and allow time to read it.
20 min OHS, SAP
4 Practical Session:
• Divide the class in working group of 3-4 persons.
• Allow participants to conduct analysis according to SAP.
120 min Laboratory
5 Report Writing and wrap up
• Allow participants to complete their reports
• Discuss results and discrepancies
30 min Board
6. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 5
4. Overhead/flipchart master
OHS format guidelines
Type of text Style Setting
Headings: OHS-Title Arial 30-36, with bottom border line (not:
underline)
Text: OHS-lev1
OHS-lev2
Arial 24-26, maximum two levels
Case: Sentence case. Avoid full text in UPPERCASE.
Italics: Use occasionally and in a consistent way
Listings: OHS-lev1
OHS-lev1-Numbered
Big bullets.
Numbers for definite series of steps. Avoid
roman numbers and letters.
Colours: None, as these get lost in photocopying and
some colours do not reproduce at all.
Formulas/Equat
ions
OHS-Equation Use of a table will ease horizontal alignment
over more lines (columns)
Use equation editor for advanced formatting
only
7. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 6
Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen
• Nitrogen cycle
- atmospheric fixation precesses, chemical and biochemical
- conversion of ammonia nitrogen into organic nitrogen
- wastes: organic and ammonia nitrogen
- nitrification and denitrification
• Ammonia and organic nitrogen in water bodies is an important
parameter of their quality.
8. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 7
Nitrogen cycle
• Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, N2
- electrical discharge, chemical production, biological fixation
• NO3 plants animals death & wastes
• Waste org. N decomposers NH3
• NH3 nitrifiers NO2 & NO3
• NO2 & NO3 denitrifiers N2
9. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 8
Nitrogen and Water quality (1)
• Water which has been polluted by organic wastes contains:
- ammonia nitrogen (free gas NH3 or ionic specie NH4
+
)
- organic nitrogen (proteins, urea)
• Both forms influence water quality
10. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 9
Nitrogen and water quality (2)
• Ammonia in water can be problematic in two ways:
- The free (un-ionised) form (NH3) is toxic to fish
- Nitrification of ammonia removes dissolved oxygen from the
water:
NH3 + 2O2 HNO3 + H2O
11. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 10
Nitrogen and Water Quality (3)
• Organic nitrogen compounds are:
- Excreted by animals or released when animals and plants die
- Present in sewage effluents
• Bacterial decomposition of organic wastes produces ammonia
12. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 11
Kjeldahl Method (1)
• Ammonia by distillation followed by titration of distillate with
sulphuric acid
• Organic nitrogen, on the residue from the above, by
conversion to ammonia followed by determination as above
13. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 12
Kjeldahl Method (2)
• Ammonia
- conversion to gaseous from
NH4
+
+ OH-
NH3 + H2O, pH = 9.5
- distillation and absorption
NH3 + H3BO3 NH4
+
+ H2BO3
-
- titration
H2BO3
-
+ H+
H3BO3
14. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 13
Kjeldahl Method (3)
• Organic nitrogen
- Acid digestion
Organic nitrogen + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
- K2SO4 & CuSO4 added to raise digestion temperature to 370o
C
- Digestion is completed when digesting liquor clarifies with
release of fumes.
15. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 14
Experiment
• Aim
- To determine the concentration of ammonia and organic
nitrogen using Kjeldahl method
Sample Source Expected concentration, mg/L
NH3 – N Organic - N
A Surface water 0 – 5 1 – 10
B Polluted drain 10 – 20 10 – 50
C Distilled water 0 0
16. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 15
Report
• the aim of the investigation
• the results you have produced
• the results compared to original predictions and the reasons
for any differences
• possible reasons for presence of nitrogen in blank, if any
• what the ammonia and organic nitrogen results mean in terms
of water quality
17. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 16
5. Evaluation sheets
18. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 17
19. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 18
6. Handout
20. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 19
Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen
• Nitrogen cycle
- atmospheric fixation precesses, chemical and biochemical
- conversion of ammonia nitrogen into organic nitrogen
- wastes: organic and ammonia nitrogen
- nitrification and denitrification
• Ammonia and organic nitrogen in water bodies is an important parameter of their
quality.
Nitrogen cycle
• Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, N2
- electrical discharge, chemical production, biological fixation
• NO3 plants animals death & wastes
• Waste org. N decomposers NH3
• NH3 nitrifiers NO2 & NO3
• NO2 & NO3 denitrifiers N2
Nitrogen and Water quality (1)
• Water which has been polluted by organic wastes contains:
- ammonia nitrogen (free gas NH3 or ionic specie NH4
+
)
- organic nitrogen (proteins, urea)
• Both forms influence water quality
Nitrogen and water quality (2)
• Ammonia in water can be problematic in two ways:
- The free (un-ionised) form (NH3) is toxic to fish
- Nitrification of ammonia removes dissolved oxygen from the water:
NH3 + 2O2 HNO3 + H2O
Nitrogen and Water Quality (3)
• Organic nitrogen compounds are:
- Excreted by animals or released when animals and plants die
- Present in sewage effluents
• Bacterial decomposition of organic wastes produces ammonia
Kjeldahl Method (1)
• Ammonia by distillation followed by titration of distillate with sulphuric acid
• Organic nitrogen, on the residue from the above, by conversion to ammonia
followed by determination as above
Kjeldahl Method (2)
• Ammonia
- conversion to gaseous from
NH4
+
+ OH-
NH3 + H2O, pH = 9.5
- distillation and absorption
NH3 + H3BO3 NH4
+
+ H2BO3
-
- titration
H2BO3
-
+ H+
H3BO3
21. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 20
Kjeldahl Method (3)
• Organic nitrogen
- Acid digestion
Organic nitrogen + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
- K2SO4 & CuSO4 added to raise digestion temperature to 370o
C
- Digestion is completed when digesting liquor clarifies with release of
fumes.
Experiment
• Aim
- To determine the concentration of ammonia and organic nitrogen using
Kjeldahl method
Sample Source Expected concentration, mg/L
NH3 – N Organic - N
A Surface water 0 – 5 1 – 10
B Polluted drain 10 – 20 10 – 50
C Distilled water 0 0
Report
• the aim of the investigation
• the results you have produced
• the results compared to original predictions and the reasons for any differences
• possible reasons for presence of nitrogen in blank, if any
• what the ammonia and organic nitrogen results mean in terms of water quality
22. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 21
Add copy of Main text in chapter 8, for all participants.
23. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 22
7. Additional handout
24. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 23
25. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 24
8. Main text
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Kjeldahl Method of analysis 2
3. Experiment 2
SAP for Nitrogen, Ammonia (1.14) 4
SAP for Nitrogen, Organic (1.15) 6
26. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 1
How to measure Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen: Kjeldahl Method
1. Introduction
An understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogen is a very important factor in
the management of water quality. As an aid to this understanding, Figure 1 shows a
simplified representation of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Many of the interactions shown in
the diagram also apply in the aquatic environment as discussed below.
Simplified Representation of the Nitrogen (N) Cycle in Nature
Nitrate,
NO3
-
Ammonia,
NH3
Nitrite,
NO2
-
Organic N
(plants, micro-
organisms)
Organic N
(animals)
Sun
Animals consume plants
and micro-organisms
Bacterial Oxidation
(nitrification)
Bacterial Oxidation
(nitrification)
Bacterial decomposition
of waste products
Death and bacterial
decomposition
taken from: ‘Water Quality’, Tchnobanoglous G and Schroeder E D, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987, p 183.
Atmosphere,
N2
Electrical
Discharge
Nitrogen
Fixation
Bacterial Reduction
(denitrification)
Chemical
Production
Bacterial
Reduction
Figure 1: Simplified Representation of the Nitrogen Cycle in Nature
Water which has been subject to pollution from waste materials, including sewage, often
contains nitrogenous organic compounds and ammonia. Ammonia is also produced when
compounds, such as, proteins, urea, etc., are decomposed through microbial action.
Ammonia in water can be problematic in two ways. Firstly, the free (un-ionised) form of the
gas is toxic to fish in reasonably low concentrations (approximately 0.2mg/L can cause death
in some species). Secondly, as can be seen from Figure 1, ammonia in the aquatic
environment is normally oxidised by bacteria to nitrite (NO2
-
) and then nitrate (NO3
-
) in a
process known as ‘nitrification’. This process consumes dissolved oxygen in the water
which can lead to distress or death for aquatic life if sufficient oxygen is lost. In addition,
nitrate is an important factor in the eutrophication of surface waters which can lead to further
water quality problems such as explosive algal growth, low dissolved oxygen and fish
deaths. Further, when present in drinking water, nitrate has been associated with
methaemoglobinaemia (blue baby disease) in human infants.
This experiment deals with measurement of nitrogen existing as free or ionised ammonia
and that occurring in combination with organic compounds. Waters that contain mostly
organic and ammonia nitrogen are considered to have been recently polluted and therefore
potentially dangerous from public health view point.
27. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 2
2. Kjeldahl Method of analysis
This method, when used to determine ammonia and organic nitrogen, consists of two steps
as follows:
• distillation of the ammonia from the sample into a solution of boric acid and titration of
the ammonia against a standard sulphuric acid solution
• after the ammonia has been distilled from the sample, the residue is used to determine
organic nitrogen. Nitrogen contained in many organic species is converted to
ammonium sulphate when heated in the presence of sulphuric acid. Potassium sulphate
and copper sulphate catalysts are added to raise the boiling point of sulphuric acid to
370o
C. The organic matter is oxidised to carbon dioxide. Once the ammonia from
organic nitrogen has been released, it is distilled and determined as above.
In both cases, before distillation the pH of the sample or digested liquor is raised to pH of 9.5
to encourage formation of ammonia which can be distilled with steam:
NH4
+
+ OH-
NH3 + H2O
The distilled ammonia is absorbed in boric acid:
NH3 + H3BO3 NH4
+
+ H2BO3
-
The ammonia which reacts with Boric Acid can be determined by back titrating with a strong
standard acid
H2BO3
-
+ H+
H3BO3
3. Experiment
Aim
a. To determine the concentration of ammonia and organic nitrogen in water samples by
Kjeldahl method.
Method
a. Read the SAP for determination of ammonia nitrogen by distillation titrimetric method
and organic nitrogen by Kjeldahl method.
b. Collect samples for analysis. The source of samples and expected analyte
concentrations are given below.
Sample Source Expected concentration, mg/L
NH3 – N Organic - N
A Surface water 0 – 5 1 – 10
B Polluted drain 10 – 20 10 – 50
C Distilled water 0 0
c. Choose appropriate sample aliquots and start with the determination of ammonia
nitrogen.
d. After ammonia distillation is complete and the residue in the boiling (Kjeldahl) flask has
cooled down start digestion for the determination of organic nitrogen.
e. While the digestion is proceeding, titrate the distillate obtained in ‘d’ above.
f. Complete digestion and start distillation for organic nitrogen and titrate for organic
nitrogen.
28. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 3
Observations & calculations
a) Calculate the concentration of the two forms of nitrogen and fill in the following table.
Use the values obtained for the blank to correct the values for the samples A and B
Sample Nitrogen, mg/L
NH3 – N Organic - N
A
B
C
Report
When writing your report the following aspects should be addressed:
• the aim of the investigation
• the results that you have produced
• whether the results were as originally predicted and, if they were not, the reasons
why they deviated
• possible reasons for the presence of nitrogen in the blank, if any
• the ammonia and organic nitrogen concentration of the samples and what this
could mean in terms of water quality
29. HP Training Module File: “ 38 Measurement of Ammonia and Organic Nitrogen.doc” Version March 2000 Page 4
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