Presented by Erin Swails and Kristell Hergoualc’h, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Peat emission factors: Navigating the IPCC wetland supplementCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc’h and Erin Swails, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factorsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Sigit Sasmito and Daniel Murdiyarso, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 14th, 2020
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit Sasmito, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 14th, 2020
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and U...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso and Rupesh Kumar Bhomia, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 17th, 2020
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Presented by Syaiful Anwar, Directorate Climate Change Control, MoEF, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Recommendations to better align FREL with the TACCC principlesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and U...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Ruandha Agung Sugardiman, Director General Climate Change Control, MoEF, at Online Workshop
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Peat emission factors: Navigating the IPCC wetland supplementCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc’h and Erin Swails, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factorsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Sigit Sasmito and Daniel Murdiyarso, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 14th, 2020
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit Sasmito, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 14th, 2020
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and U...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso and Rupesh Kumar Bhomia, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 17th, 2020
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Presented by Syaiful Anwar, Directorate Climate Change Control, MoEF, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Recommendations to better align FREL with the TACCC principlesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and U...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Ruandha Agung Sugardiman, Director General Climate Change Control, MoEF, at Online Workshop
Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
Presented by Belinda A Margono, MoEF, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 17th, 2020
The document discusses using top-down methods based on atmospheric concentration measurements to estimate national greenhouse gas emissions as a complement to traditional bottom-up inventory methods. It outlines challenges with bottom-up and top-down approaches and provides examples of countries already using top-down estimates. The document proposes a new concept where global prior emissions are estimated using inversions and enhanced with national source category data. Benefits include focusing on climate-relevant concentration data, overcoming accuracy limits of bottom-up estimates, and providing independent verification. Top-down estimates could play a stronger role in future by focusing bottom-up methods on emission hotspots to reduce uncertainty.
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Carlos Cruz-Gaistardo from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico
The 2018 drought significantly impacted the carbon, water and energy dynamics of a mature Sitka spruce forest and a recently restocked clear-felling site located on organo-mineral soil. At both sites, low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates during the drought led to soil water depletion that did not recover by the end of 2018. This caused reduced photosynthesis, higher water stress, and lower carbon sink strength compared to previous years. Specifically, the mature forest shifted from a strong carbon sink to neutral, while the restocked site became a carbon source. The drought also increased heat losses through transpiration and latent heat flux at both sites.
GSOC17 Introduction, Product specifications, Existing SOC maps and methodologiesFAO
The document provides information on developing national soil organic carbon (SOC) maps according to Global Soil Partnership specifications. It outlines the methodological considerations for a country-driven approach, including compiling national SOC measurements, developing SOC soil grids using digital soil mapping, and delivering 1km version 0 SOC maps. Detailed specifications are provided for sharing national SOC data and auxiliary information. The document also discusses capacity planning and sharing examples from other national SOC inventories to support the creation of a cookbook for developing SOC maps.
Monitoring tropical peatlands GHG emissions: Is current scientific knowledge ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc’h, Senior Scientist, CIFOR, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
This presentation underlined existing gaps in data and knowledge on GHG emissions accounting for tropical peatland after restoration efforts. She also shared insights about how GHG emissions can arise from a range of human activities and microbial activities.
Peatland hydrological drought and fire risk assessment in changing climateCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Muh. Taufik, lecturer of Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
This speaker shared information about research on the assessment of the hydrological condition and fire risk in degraded peatland and restored peatland. This presentation also showed the importance of peatland rewetting and elevating groundwater table in reducing fire hazards in tropical peatlands.
Towards a Tier 3 approach to estimate SOC stocks at sub-regional scale in Sou...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Roberta Farina, from CREA - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Neil McKenzie from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia
This document discusses New Zealand's reporting obligations under the Kyoto Protocol for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). It outlines how New Zealand will calculate and report carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas fluxes from 1990 to 2012 using land use mapping, permanent forest plots, LiDAR scanning, and satellite imagery. Methods are being developed to estimate carbon stocks in forests, croplands, and grasslands to meet UNFCCC reporting requirements.
Nick Willenbrock, DoW CoP Manager at CL:AIRE
Currently Nicholas leads the delivery of industry initiatives, produces industry guidance, organising workshops and develops and delivers training (online and classroom based). Most notably this includes the CL:AIRE Definition of Waste Development Industry Code of Practice (DoW CoP) which he has managed since its formation and launch in 2008 and has allowed the successful reuse of over 130,000,000m3 of excavated materials. His work includes the formation and oversight of CL:AIRE Auditing & Compliance team which carries out continuous review of DoW CoP projects.
He is responsible for the joint delivery of the ReCon Soil research project - Reconstructed Soils from Waste. The ReCon Soil project which is funded by the European Regional Development Fund via the Interreg France (Channel) England (FCE) Programme.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Rainer Baritz, GSP Secretariat
The Global Ecosystem Center has developed a tool called GeoCarbon that uses satellite imagery and IPCC guidelines to produce accurate estimates of terrestrial carbon storage at a high 30-meter resolution globally. It can calculate existing carbon storage, track changes over time, and model scenarios. A case study for Vietnam found that a 2% decrease in forest cover would result in a loss of 104 million metric tons of carbon, equivalent to $7.2 billion on the carbon market. Comparisons showed GeoCarbon estimates were consistent with other studies but provided more detailed data due to its higher resolution. GeoCarbon is presented as a useful decision-making tool for evaluating development impacts on carbon storage.
New Measurement and Mapping of SOC in Australia supports national carbon acco...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Raphael Viscarra-Rossel from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
The wealth of scientific data to support FOLU Net Sinks 2030CIFOR-ICRAF
This document contains summaries of the work packages for a project on forests and climate. It discusses generating data to support transparency frameworks and developing refined emission factors for key ecosystems like peatlands. It also outlines mapping REDD+ finance mechanisms in Indonesia and analyzing how safeguards and rights-based approaches can be implemented. The final work package aims to integrate findings across work packages to propose interventions and increase stakeholder engagement through a diagnostic framework and policy scenarios.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Measurement of Carbon content in plots under SFM and SLM in the Gran Chaco Am...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Matías Bosio, from PASCHACO - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses technical considerations for measuring and monitoring reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from avoided deforestation. It notes that quantifying such reductions requires measuring changes in forest cover and carbon stocks over time. Satellite imagery is the primary method for measuring forest area changes at national scales, and various digital analysis techniques can be used depending on factors like national capabilities. Measuring forest degradation is more challenging than deforestation but improving. Guidelines exist for carbon accounting but uncertainties remain that new technologies may help reduce. Several developing countries have national deforestation monitoring systems, but capacity and data access are still issues that need international coordination to address.
How can process-based modelling improve tropical peat greenhouse gas emission...CIFOR-ICRAF
The document discusses how process-based modeling can improve greenhouse gas emission factors for tropical peatlands. It summarizes that tropical peatlands store a large amount of carbon but disturbances can trigger high GHG emissions. Current IPCC emission factors are based on limited data. The study uses the DNDC model to simulate carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from peat soils in oil palm plantations and forests in Indonesia over 30 years. The modeling results show that IPCC default emission factors may overestimate CO2 emissions and underestimate N2O emissions from older plantations. Secondary forests exhibited higher CO2 emissions than primary forests, indicating more accurate accounting is needed. Process-based modeling can generate more detailed emission factors to improve
Presented by Belinda A Margono, MoEF, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 17th, 2020
The document discusses using top-down methods based on atmospheric concentration measurements to estimate national greenhouse gas emissions as a complement to traditional bottom-up inventory methods. It outlines challenges with bottom-up and top-down approaches and provides examples of countries already using top-down estimates. The document proposes a new concept where global prior emissions are estimated using inversions and enhanced with national source category data. Benefits include focusing on climate-relevant concentration data, overcoming accuracy limits of bottom-up estimates, and providing independent verification. Top-down estimates could play a stronger role in future by focusing bottom-up methods on emission hotspots to reduce uncertainty.
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Carlos Cruz-Gaistardo from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico
The 2018 drought significantly impacted the carbon, water and energy dynamics of a mature Sitka spruce forest and a recently restocked clear-felling site located on organo-mineral soil. At both sites, low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates during the drought led to soil water depletion that did not recover by the end of 2018. This caused reduced photosynthesis, higher water stress, and lower carbon sink strength compared to previous years. Specifically, the mature forest shifted from a strong carbon sink to neutral, while the restocked site became a carbon source. The drought also increased heat losses through transpiration and latent heat flux at both sites.
GSOC17 Introduction, Product specifications, Existing SOC maps and methodologiesFAO
The document provides information on developing national soil organic carbon (SOC) maps according to Global Soil Partnership specifications. It outlines the methodological considerations for a country-driven approach, including compiling national SOC measurements, developing SOC soil grids using digital soil mapping, and delivering 1km version 0 SOC maps. Detailed specifications are provided for sharing national SOC data and auxiliary information. The document also discusses capacity planning and sharing examples from other national SOC inventories to support the creation of a cookbook for developing SOC maps.
Monitoring tropical peatlands GHG emissions: Is current scientific knowledge ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc’h, Senior Scientist, CIFOR, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
This presentation underlined existing gaps in data and knowledge on GHG emissions accounting for tropical peatland after restoration efforts. She also shared insights about how GHG emissions can arise from a range of human activities and microbial activities.
Peatland hydrological drought and fire risk assessment in changing climateCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Muh. Taufik, lecturer of Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
This speaker shared information about research on the assessment of the hydrological condition and fire risk in degraded peatland and restored peatland. This presentation also showed the importance of peatland rewetting and elevating groundwater table in reducing fire hazards in tropical peatlands.
Towards a Tier 3 approach to estimate SOC stocks at sub-regional scale in Sou...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Roberta Farina, from CREA - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Neil McKenzie from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia
This document discusses New Zealand's reporting obligations under the Kyoto Protocol for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). It outlines how New Zealand will calculate and report carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas fluxes from 1990 to 2012 using land use mapping, permanent forest plots, LiDAR scanning, and satellite imagery. Methods are being developed to estimate carbon stocks in forests, croplands, and grasslands to meet UNFCCC reporting requirements.
Nick Willenbrock, DoW CoP Manager at CL:AIRE
Currently Nicholas leads the delivery of industry initiatives, produces industry guidance, organising workshops and develops and delivers training (online and classroom based). Most notably this includes the CL:AIRE Definition of Waste Development Industry Code of Practice (DoW CoP) which he has managed since its formation and launch in 2008 and has allowed the successful reuse of over 130,000,000m3 of excavated materials. His work includes the formation and oversight of CL:AIRE Auditing & Compliance team which carries out continuous review of DoW CoP projects.
He is responsible for the joint delivery of the ReCon Soil research project - Reconstructed Soils from Waste. The ReCon Soil project which is funded by the European Regional Development Fund via the Interreg France (Channel) England (FCE) Programme.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Rainer Baritz, GSP Secretariat
The Global Ecosystem Center has developed a tool called GeoCarbon that uses satellite imagery and IPCC guidelines to produce accurate estimates of terrestrial carbon storage at a high 30-meter resolution globally. It can calculate existing carbon storage, track changes over time, and model scenarios. A case study for Vietnam found that a 2% decrease in forest cover would result in a loss of 104 million metric tons of carbon, equivalent to $7.2 billion on the carbon market. Comparisons showed GeoCarbon estimates were consistent with other studies but provided more detailed data due to its higher resolution. GeoCarbon is presented as a useful decision-making tool for evaluating development impacts on carbon storage.
New Measurement and Mapping of SOC in Australia supports national carbon acco...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Raphael Viscarra-Rossel from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
The wealth of scientific data to support FOLU Net Sinks 2030CIFOR-ICRAF
This document contains summaries of the work packages for a project on forests and climate. It discusses generating data to support transparency frameworks and developing refined emission factors for key ecosystems like peatlands. It also outlines mapping REDD+ finance mechanisms in Indonesia and analyzing how safeguards and rights-based approaches can be implemented. The final work package aims to integrate findings across work packages to propose interventions and increase stakeholder engagement through a diagnostic framework and policy scenarios.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Measurement of Carbon content in plots under SFM and SLM in the Gran Chaco Am...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Matías Bosio, from PASCHACO - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses technical considerations for measuring and monitoring reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from avoided deforestation. It notes that quantifying such reductions requires measuring changes in forest cover and carbon stocks over time. Satellite imagery is the primary method for measuring forest area changes at national scales, and various digital analysis techniques can be used depending on factors like national capabilities. Measuring forest degradation is more challenging than deforestation but improving. Guidelines exist for carbon accounting but uncertainties remain that new technologies may help reduce. Several developing countries have national deforestation monitoring systems, but capacity and data access are still issues that need international coordination to address.
How can process-based modelling improve tropical peat greenhouse gas emission...CIFOR-ICRAF
The document discusses how process-based modeling can improve greenhouse gas emission factors for tropical peatlands. It summarizes that tropical peatlands store a large amount of carbon but disturbances can trigger high GHG emissions. Current IPCC emission factors are based on limited data. The study uses the DNDC model to simulate carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from peat soils in oil palm plantations and forests in Indonesia over 30 years. The modeling results show that IPCC default emission factors may overestimate CO2 emissions and underestimate N2O emissions from older plantations. Secondary forests exhibited higher CO2 emissions than primary forests, indicating more accurate accounting is needed. Process-based modeling can generate more detailed emission factors to improve
Process-based modelling of peat greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesian peatlandsCIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study that used the DNDC process-based model to simulate greenhouse gas emissions from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland in Indonesia. The model was calibrated using field measurements of biomass, water tables, soil properties, and gas fluxes from three oil palm plots. The model reasonably simulated water tables and total soil respiration but overestimated heterotrophic respiration. Model runs indicated that default IPCC estimates overestimate long-term net CO2 emissions from peat decomposition in older oil palm plantations. Improving the soil temperature and carbon sub-pool simulations were noted as areas for further refinement of the model.
Peatland Diversity and Carbon Dynamics (September 2010)mgwhitfield
This document summarizes research on peatland diversity and carbon dynamics. Peatlands store a large amount of the global soil carbon but are threatened by climate change. The research aims to understand relationships between plant diversity, microbial communities, and greenhouse gas emissions across different peatland landforms. Preliminary results show differences in vegetation composition, peat depths, carbon stocks, and microbial communities between open moorland, eroded areas, and gullies. Monthly greenhouse gas flux measurements are ongoing to compare landforms and depths. Relationships found will help predict ecosystem-scale carbon cycling and emissions from biodiversity data.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Re-wetting drained peatlands can reduce large greenhouse gas emissionsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. He Hongxing, from University of Gothenburg - Sweden, in FAO Hq, Rome
Re-wetting drained peatlands can reduce large greenhouse gas emissionsStankovic G
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. He Hongxing, from University of Gothenburg - Sweden, in FAO Hq, Rome
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and ...Surendra Bam
The journal article is based upon the need of sustainable land use management of different land use types for improving their carbon sequestration and hence supporting to mitigate climate change impacts.
The document discusses ICCC activities related to developing methodologies for monitoring drivers of fires and haze in Indonesia and estimating greenhouse gas emissions. Key outputs include protocols for monitoring drivers, an early warning system, and more accurate estimates of emissions, human health impacts, and patterns of drivers. It also summarizes challenges in detecting smoldering peatland fires using satellites and presents preliminary findings from a project using nighttime satellite data to estimate peatland fire emissions.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and climate change. It begins by defining greenhouse gases and explaining how their concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. It then discusses different greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. It explains factors driving emissions and concentrations of these gases. The document also discusses the Kyoto Protocol, carbon trading, and the Clean Development Mechanism as global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It concludes by mentioning the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, which monitors greenhouse gases from space.
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Global warming is causing soils to release carbon into the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important carbon pool that is sensitive to climate factors like temperature and precipitation. As temperatures rise due to global warming, it increases microbial decomposition of SOC, releasing more carbon dioxide. However, implementing strategies to sequester carbon in soils, like cover cropping, adding amendments, and reducing tillage, could help mitigate climate change by storing carbon long-term in SOC pools. Careful management of SOC is vital for protecting this important carbon sink and regulating greenhouse gas levels.
Preparation and Plant-growth Efficiency Assessment of BiocharsOdette Varela Milla
This Ph.D. dissertation examines the preparation and assessment of biochars from various feedstocks and their effects on plant growth. The document includes a literature review on biochar production methods and properties. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of adding municipal solid waste bottom ash and different biochar mixtures on the growth of corn plants and release of polyphenolic compounds. Soil was amended with bottom ash alone and in combination with biochars produced from rice husks and bamboo at different pyrolysis temperatures. The plants were harvested after one month and analyzed for dry biomass weight and total phenolic content.
Influence of Climatic Factors on the Δ13c Values of the C3, C4 And CAM Dicot ...QUESTJOURNAL
The document analyzes how climatic factors influence the δ13C values of C3, C4, and CAM plant species from the Centrospermeae family along an altitudinal gradient in western Kenya. Climatic data including temperature, rainfall, humidity, and radiation were measured at sites from 500 to 4000 meters above sea level. δ13C values were measured for plant species at each site and showed trends corresponding to altitude. Species at lower altitudes had δ13C values ranging from -10.6‰ to -16.65‰, while species at intermediate and high altitudes had more negative δ13C values, indicating more prevalence of C3 photosynthesis at higher elevations with cooler temperatures and
Study of Methane Emissions in the Marcellus, Haynesville and Fayetteville Sha...Marcellus Drilling News
A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Titled "Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions," the new study finds very little methane leakage in the Marcellus Shale region--less than 1/2 of 1%.
Effect of global warming on soil organic CarbonP.K. Mani
Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
Mejorando la estimación de emisiones GEI conversión bosque degradado a planta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h (Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Inclusión y transparencia como clave del éxito para el mecanismo de transfere...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Lauren Cooper and Rowenn Kalman (Michigan State University) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Avances de Perú con relación al marco de transparencia del Acuerdo de ParísCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Berioska Quispe Estrada (Directora General de Cambio Climático y Desertificación) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Land tenure and forest landscape restoration in Cameroon and MadagascarCIFOR-ICRAF
FLR is an adaptive process that brings people (including women, men, youth, local and indigenous communities) together to identify, negotiate and implement practices that restore and enhance ecological and social functionality of forest landscapes that have been deforested or degraded.
ReSI-NoC - Strategie de mise en oeuvre.pdfCIFOR-ICRAF
Re nforcer les S ystèmes d’ I nnovations
agrosylvopastorales économiquement
rentables, écologiquement durables et
socialement équitables dans la région du
No rd C ameroun
ReSI-NoC: Introduction au contexte du projetCIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les systèmes d’innovation agricole en vue de
promouvoir des systèmes de production agricole et
d’élevage économiquement rentables, écologiquement
durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord au Cameroun (ReSI-NoC)
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement renta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement rentables, écologiquement durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord Cameroun
Introducing Blue Carbon Deck seeking for actionable partnershipsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso (Principal Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with MangrovesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral (CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Presented by Citra Gilang (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Peat land Restoration Project in HLG LonderangCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Hyoung Gyun Kim (Korea–Indonesia Forest Cooperation Center) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Sungsang Mangrove Restoration and Ecotourism (SMART): A participatory action ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Beni Okarda (Senior Research Officer, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Phidju Marrin Sagala (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Milkah Royna (Student Intern, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Cooperative Mangrove Project: Introduction, Scope, and PerspectivesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bora Lee (Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, NIFoS Jeju, Republic of Korea) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
2. Session 2
Peat Emission Factors:
Scientific Background
Erin Swails and Kristell Hergoualc’h
13 April 2020
3. Objectives
• Increase understanding of data requirements for
development of peat emission factors to estimate:
o Peat carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions/removals
§ Net peat decomposition loss
§ Dissolved organic carbon
§ Peat fire
o Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from peat
o Emissions from peat fire: CO2, CH4 and carbon monoxide (CO)
4. Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factors (EFs)
• Wetlands Supplement Ch 2 and Ch 3 Annexes
provide methodological steps and data sources for
deriving Tier 1 EFs
• Tier 2 EFs may be refined with country or region-
specific data, or by peat nutrient status, climate, etc.
• Models can be used to derive relationships with
environmental parameters for development of Tier 2
EFs
5. Peat CO2 emissions and removals
Net peat decomposition loss determined by the
balance of inputs from litterfall and roots and outputs
from heterotrophic (microbial) soil respiration
(Drösler et al. 2013)
6. Calculating CO2 emissions from net peat
decomposition loss
1. Change over time in C stock
2. Balance of C fluxes
Peat C stocks: high spatial
variability, sampling to
mineral soil – Not
recommended by IPCC
C transfer into and out of peat
Time 1, Stock 1 Time 2, Stock 2
Peat Peat
CIn COut
Photo credit: K. Hergoualc’h
7. Non-CO2 GHG emissions from peat
• Methane (CH4)
o Produced and consumed by soil microorganisms
o Wetland vegetation (e.g. rice plants) can act as conduit from the
soil to the atmosphere
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
o Produced and consumed by soil microorganisms
o High emissions can be expected as the result of N mineralization
and nitrogen fertilization in drained peatlands
• Global warming potential (GWP)
o Capacity of GHG to warm the
atmosphere
o 100 year time horizon (IPCC)
GHG CO2 CH4 N2O
GWP 20 years* 1 86 268
GWP 100 years* 1 34 298
*With climate carbon feedback (Myhre et al. 2013)
8. Soil GHG measurement using chambers
• High temporal variability of fluxes
o Minimum sampling intensity: every two
months over a year
o Evaluate diel variation in fluxes
o Intensive sampling required when high
emissions suspected – e.g. N fertilization
soilCH4flux
month
Photo credit: K. Hergoualc’h
9. Soil GHG measurement using chambers
• High spatial variability of fluxes
o Stratified sampling approach when
different spatial positions suspected to
consistently produce different emission
rates
§ Example 1. Peat swamp forest: hummock/hollow
§ Example 2. Oil palm on peat: close to/far from palm
o Minimum of three replicate chambers per
spatial position (Drösler et al. 2013)
Photo credit: K. Hergoualc’h
10. Upscaling soil GHG flux in time and space
• Temporal upscaling
o Annual budget calculated by integration
with linear interpolation between
measurement dates, especially if
intensive sampling is undertaken
• Spatial upscaling
o Example: Fertilized oil palm on peat
§ 2 spatial positions – Fertilized zone (FZ) and
Non-fertilized zone (NFZ)
§ Fluxes at the plot scale –
N2Oplot = 10%N2OFZ + 90%N2ONFZ
NFZ
1.5
m
FZ
soilCH4flux
month
Figure: K. Hergoualc’h
11. Gas sampling and GHG concentration analysis
• Chamber fanned manually previous to
each sampling
• Soil CO2 efflux: Portable infrared gas
analyzer (IRGA)
• Soil CH4, N2O
4 samples/chamber
(t0’, t10’, t20’, t30’)
Transportation to the laboratory
Analysis by gas chromatography
Photo credit: K. Hergoualc’h
12. Soil respiration partitioning
• Total soil respiration consists of root (autotrophic)
and microbial (heterotrophic) respiration
• Only heterotrophic respiration contributes to net
peat decomposition loss
• Partitioning methods: Incubation of root free soil
cores, respiration-root mass regression, root
trenching, isotopic discrimination
13. Other peat C fluxes
• Aboveground litter
o Litterfall collected in traps, ‘in situ’ litter
decomposition experiment
• Root dynamics
o Mini-rhizotrons, sequential coring,
ingrowth nets, ‘in situ’ root
decomposition experiment
• Dissolved organic carbon
o Total organic carbon analysis of water
samples
Photo credit: K. Hergoualc’h
14. Emissions from peat fire
• Which GHGs?
o CO2, CH4, CO
• Amount of each GHG emitted
determined by:
o Area burnt
o Mass of peat available for
combustion (Simpson et al. 2016)
o Peat combustion factor – mass peat
combusted per mass peat burnt
(Konecny et al. 2015)
o Emission factor for each gas – grams
gas produced per kg peat combusted
(Christian et al. 2003, Setyawati et al.
2017)
CO2 COCH4
Photo credit: CIFOR/Rini Sulaiman
15. Refinement of emission factors for peat fires
• Mass of peat available for
combustion influenced by burn
depth
o Direct measurement
o Remote sensing
• Peat combustion and emission
factors
o Laboratory chamber experiments
Photo credit: Simpson et al. 2016
(Setyawati et al. 2017)
16. References
Blaine, D, Murdiyarso, D, Couwenberg, J, et al. 2014. Chapter 3: Rewetted organic soils. In Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, et al.
(eds) 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC
Comeau L-P, Hergoualc'h K, Smith J and Verchot LV. 2013. Conversion of intact peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation:
Effects on soil CO2 fluxes in Jambi, Sumatra. Working Paper 110. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
Drösler M, Verchot LV, Freibauer A, et al. 2014. Chapter 2: Drained inland organic soils. In Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, et al.
(eds) 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC
Christian, T, Kleiss, B, Yokelson, R et al. 2003. Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass-burning emissions: 1.
Emissions from Indonesian, African, and other fuels. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: doi:10.1029/2003JD003704
Konecny, K, Ballhorn, U, Navratil, P et al. 2015. Variable carbon losses from recurrent fires in drained tropical peatland.
Global Change Biology 22: 1469 - 1480
Hergoualc’h K and Verchot LV. 2014. Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use and land-use change in Southeast Asian
peatlands. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 19:789–807.
Hergoualc’h K and Verchot LV. 2011. Stocks and fluxes of carbon associated with land-use change in Southeast Asian
tropical peatlands: A review. Global Biochemical Cycles 25. doi:10.1029/2009GB003718
Ryan MG and Law BE. 2005. Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil respiration. Biogeochemistry 73:3–27.
Setyawati, W, Damanhuri, E, Lestari, P, Dewi, K. 2017. Emission factor from small scale tropical peat combustion. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 180. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012113
Simpson, J, Wooster, M, Smith, T, Trivedi, M, Vernimmen, R, Dedi, R, Shakti, M, Dinata, Y. 2016. Tropical peatland burn
depth and combustion heterogeneity assessed using UAV photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR. Remote Sensing 8.
doi:10.3390/rs8121000
17. Acknowledgements
The capacity building materials were made possible through a
grant given by the Norway’s International Climate and Forest
Initiative (NICFI) to the Center for International Forestry Research
(CIFOR) under the Agreement No. INS 2070-19/0010. While CIFOR
gratefully acknowledges the support, the information provided in
the materials do not represent the views or positions of the
Norwegian Government. CIFOR would like to recognize the support
by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
in generating some of information used in the materials.