Smart textile introduction

1. Smart Textiles
Thefuture of fibres &fabrics

2.  Smart/interactive textiles (SIT) are materials
and structures that sense and react to
environmental conditions or stimuli, such as
those from mechanical, thermal, chemical,
electrical, magnetic or other sources.
1. Introduction1. Introduction
 SIT are no longer a science-fiction fantasy. For
example, there are in the market self-cleaning
carpets, memory-shaped and environment-
responsive textiles, and anti-insomniac micro-
fibers.
 Smart materials appear to “think” and some have
“memory” as they revert back to their original
state.

3. Processing
Trigger or
Stimuli
Sensing
Actuatio
n
Response
or Action
CONTROLLING
Thesensors provide anerve
system to detectsignals
Theprocessor analyzesand
evaluates the signals
Theactuators act upon the
detected and evaluated
signal either directly orfrom
acentral control unit

4. 2. Types of smart textiles2. Types of smart textiles
Smart textiles can be divided in to four types based on their functions.
1. Passive smart materials are materials or systems which only sense the
environmental conditions or stimuli.
• They are just sensors. They show up what happened on them, Such as
changing color, shape, thermal and electrical resistivity. e.g. a shirt with in-
built thermistors to log body temperature over time.

5. 2. Active smart materials: that can both sense and respond to the
external conditions or stimuli.
• If actuators are integrated in the passive smart textile, it becomes an
active smart textile as it may respond to a particular stimulus,
• e.g. the temperature aware shirt may automatically rolls up the sleeves
when body temperature becomes elevated.

6. 3.Very smart materials: are materials and systems which can
execute triple functions; First, they are sensors which can receive
stimuli from the environment; Secondly they are able to give reaction
based on the stimuli; Thirdly they can adapt and reshape
themselves accordingly to the environmental condition.
4.Materials with even higher level of intelligence develop artificial
intelligence to the computers.
• These kinds of materials and systems are not fully achieved in the
current investigation of human beings.
• This may be achieved from the coordination of those Very smart
(intelligent) materials and structures with advanced computer
interface.

7. 3. Materials for smarttextiles3. Materials for smarttextiles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Metal fibers
Conductive inks
Quantumtunneling
composites-changefrom
insulator to conductor
Inherently conductive
polymers
Optical fibers
Nanoparticles
Organicsemi-conductors
Shapememory fabrics
smartmaterials have appropriate responses
– photochromic glass
• darkens in bright light
– low melting point wax inafire
sprinkler
• blocks the nozzle until it gets hot
– acoustic emission
• sounds emitted under highstress
– embedded optical fibres
• broken ends reflect light back
– microporous breathable fabrics

8. 4. Relation and difference with
technical textiles
4. Relation and difference with
technical textiles
• Before the existence of smart and interactive textiles, technical and
functional textiles served the human race in all aspectsof applicationareas.
• Tents, ropes, ship guiding fabrics, military garments, curtains, bandages and
others were used in the past many centuries. Still these and other technical
and casualclothing‘s are on usemany folds times.
• It is undeniable before the development of smart textile; the functional
textiles were the advancedtextiles.
• However whatever they perform they are not active.Theyare passive.They
are not designed to regulate themselves. No smart material is applied to
them.
• Theycan be protective cloth but cannot be asthe smart protectiveclothing.

9. • All smart materials involve an energy transfer from the stimuli to response given out
by the material. Theyare integrated and complexmaterials.
• Theyhave the ability do some sort of processing, analyzing and responding. Even
they can adapt to the environment. Theycanbe described astextile materialsthat
think for themselves.
• Theygot full ability to change themselves depending on —temperature, pressure,
density, or internal energy—will change. The amount of energy transferred to make
this changeis determined by the properties of the material. Thisrelationship
between the amount of energy required and the degree of the specific change
governs the behavior ofall materials, including smart ones.
• In technical, high performance and conventional textiles materials, the properties
scale the relationship between state change and energy transfer is notacomplicated.
It is straight forward.
• If they get energy or any stimuli from the outer environment they do not do any
change on it .They just resist it.Or absorb it.

10. Engineered Textile Materials
Durability
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
Comfort Protection
Appearance
Retention
Sustainable Resource No Environmental
Harm
Safe Human Use

11. 5. Some applications of smart textiles5. Some applications of smart textiles
Sportsand Human Performance
• Thesports sector, through seeking to improve athleticperformance,
personal comfort and protection from theelements
• e.g. breathable waterproof fabrics suchasGoretex®and moisture
management textiles like Coolmax®.
• It is even possible tomaintain constant body temperature using phase-
change technology

12. PersonalizedHealthcare
• Theconcept of personalized healthcare empowers the individual with the
management and assessmentof their own healthcareneeds.
• Wearable devices allow physiological signals to be continuously monitored
during normal daily activities. This canovercome the problem of infrequent
clinical visits that can only provide a brief window into the physiological status of
the patient.
• Smart clothing serves an important role in remote monitoring of chronically ill
patients or those undergoingrehabilitation.
• It also promotes the concept ofpreventative healthcare.

13. Military/security
•
• In extreme environmental conditions and hazardoussituations there is aneed
for real time information technology to increase the protection and
survivability ofthe people working in those conditions
Therequirements for suchsituations are to monitor vitalsignsand ease
injuries while also monitoring environment hazardssuchastoxic gases.
• Wireless communication to acentral unit allows medics toconduct remote
triage of casualties to help them respond more rapidly and safely.

14. Fashion/lifestyle
• Thedevelopment of high-tech advancedtextiles for initial high-value
applications suchasextreme sports will eventually find its way intostreet
fashion

15. Biomimetics
Speedo – ‘Fastskin’ – developed through the observation of the shark and how it swims fast
through water. Garment & fabric technologists worked with Marine biologists to stimulate a
sharkskin fabric and suit structure, together with computer scientists, using the latest body
scanning technology to create asecond skin.
Speedo’s Fastskin® swimsuit was developed
using V-shaped fibers which mimic the ridges
found on the skin of a shark
6. New smart textiles6. New smart textiles

16. Biomimetics:Lotus effect
•
•
• y)
most efficient self-cleaningplant
=great sacred lotus
(Nelumbo nucifera)
mimicked in paintsand
other surfacecoatings
pipe cleaning in oil refineries(Norwa
Imagesfrom
 http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
 http://www.villalachouette.de/william/lotusv2.gif
 http://www.nees.uni-bonn.de/lotus/en/vergleich.html

17. Functional
Functional Textiles are
Fabrics are now available to;
designed specifically for an end
purpose with added attributes.
for swimmersHelp protect exposure
Anti allergy, absorbent
to UV radiation
& antibacterial products used in
medical applications, Fabrics incorporating moisture
management systems – used for speedy evaporation of sweat,
Reflective textiles for safety garment ,Insulation & buoyancy
fabrics for activities in water.

18. Future
Seamlessly manage your music and mobile phone from a control panel, with
backlit digitaldisplay, located externally on your sleeve.
One-touch phone control including voice dial, receive and end a call and mute
function via Bluetooth wireless connection between your jacket and phone
One-touch iPod control, including playlist, artist, album and track navigation,
volume up/down and play/pause/stop via an intuitive click wheel style button
Removable control panel, speakers, mic and rechargeable battery Compatible
with any brand of Bluetooth 1.1 or 1.2-enabled mobile phone that supports
“headset” or “hands-free” Bluetooth profiles Compatible with any
Generation 3 or newer iPod with Docking Connector (Excluding iPod
Shuffle)
Burton and Motorola have launched the Burton
Audex line of winter jackets with a hidden network of wired and Bluetooth
connections that let you take mobile calls while listening to an iPod on the
slopes.A sleeve LCD panel features caller ID and track controls.

20. Light emitting
Luminex is anew fabric (non reflective) that can emit its own light.
The Luminex fibres are optical and emit light in darkened situations.

21. Life Saving
DuPont is part of an effort by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) to develop materials to equip the U.S. soldier of the future with
uniforms and gear that help heal, shield and protect them against
chemical and biological warfare Engineers and scientists will work to
develop ideas such as a uniform that is nearly invisible and soft clothing
that can become arigid cast when asoldier breaks his or her leg.

22. Change colour & shape
Fibres That Can Change Colour and Shape on
Command
Smart fibres can function as conductive "wires" and
react to signals from electricity, heat or pressure.
Researchers are experimenting with different fibre
profiles -- oval, square, or triangular -- that can be made
to contract or expand to loosen and tighten clothing to
make the wearer warmer or cooler.
For example, conductive fibres could change colour on
command from an electric signal that changes the
reflective quality of specially dyed fibre/cloth. Thereby
enhance fashion as well as function.

23. Emitting scents
The Smart Second Skin Dress – emitting scents depending on your
mood and requirements. A sleep suit has been developed to emit
lavender for insomniacs when they wake to calm the wearer and
send them back to sleep.
The dress mimics the body's circulation
system, the senses and scent glands. The
veins and arteries flow freely as the new
interactive fabric emitting a selection of
scents depending on your mood.

24. Waterproof clothing
(material or structure)
• Goretex®
• micro-porous expanded PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene)
discovered in 1969 by Bob Gore
• ~ 14 x 1012 micropores per m².
• each pore is about 700x larger than
a water vapour molecule
• water drop is 20,000x larger than a pore

25. Phase changing Materials for thermoregulation:
• PCM possesses the ability to change their state with a certain
temperature range.
• Textiles containing phase change materials react immediately with
changes in environmental temperatures, and the temperatures in
different areas of the body.
• When a rise in temperature occurs, the PCM microcapsules
react by absorbing heat and storing this energy in the liquefied
phase change materials.
• When the temperature falls again, the microcapsules release this
stored heat energy and the phase change materials solidify again

26. PCM-microcapsules

27. Shape Memory Materials
• There are two types of Shapememory materials . Thefirst classesare
materials stable at two or more temperature states. In these different
temperature states, they have the potential to assumedifferentshapes,
when their transformation temperatures have been reached. This
technology hasbeen pioneered by the UKDefenceClothing and Textiles
Agency.
• Theother types of shapememory materials are the electroactivepolymers
which can change shape in response to electrical stimuli. In the last decade
there have been significant developments in electroactive polymers (EAPs)
to produce substantial changein sizeor shapeand force generation for
actuation mechanisms in awide range of applications.

28. Cont. …Cont. …
• Shapememory materials are alloys, suchasnickel-titanium for increased
protection against sourceof heat. It is in the shapeof springand integrated in
the layers of garment
• Electroactive polymers are polynorborene-based

29. Chromic Materials
• Are those which changetheir colour reversibly according to external
environmental conditions, for this reason they are also called chameleonfibres
• Chromic materials are the general term referring to materials which radiate the
colour, erasethe colour or just changeit becauseits induction causedby the
external stimulus,
• Photochromic:external stimulus is light.
• Thermochromic:external stimulus isheat.
• Electrochromic:external stimulus is electricity.
• Piezorochromic:external stimulus is pressure.
• Solvatechromic:external stimulus is liquid or gas.

30. Thermochromic Colour
Thermochromic textiles change
colour with heat. They are
engineered to change colour at a
particular temperature.
There are serious
medical uses as well
as novelty ones, e.g.
liquid crystal fabric
strip thermometers, &
baby sleep-suits to
monitor temperature.

31. Photo chromic dyes
Photo chromic dyes
react to UV light &
change colour. They
can be useful for
monitoring the
amount of time
children spend in the
sun, to prevent
sun-burn.

32. Pressure response Fabric
D3o is a new innovation
It is a soft malleable material
most of the time, but when it
comes into contact with force, it
hardens on impact
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKQxDo Xqc_I
Memory Foamis temperature &
pressure sensitive foam that moulds
to the shapeof the body & returns to
normal when pressure isremoved.

33. Interactive or ElectronicTextiles
An interactive fabric
incorporates
electronics that are
activated by a power
source. They are still
Smart fabrics, they
just require a power
source.

34. WEARABLEELECTRONICS
•
•
Theycan be used in wearable
textiles to dial telephones,
pager messagesand control
music from MP3players.
Examples include abusiness
suit with amobile phone
incorporated, achild’s anorak
with atracking device,
sportswear to monitor heart
rate, aerobic outfits with
music players incorporated,
and club wear which changes
colour etc.

35. Detection of VitalSignals
Sensatex is developing a SmartShirt™
System specifically for the protection of
public safety personnel, namely firefighters,
police officers, and rescue teams. Used in
conjunction with a wireless-enabled radio
system, the SmartShirt™ can monitor the
health and safety of public safety
personnel/victims trapped in a building or
underneath rubble with the ability to detect
the exact location of victims through
positioning capability. In addition to
monitoring vital signs, the system can
detect the extent of falls, and the presence
of hazardous gases; it also offers two-way
voice communication

36. Warning Signaling
A combination of sensors and small flexible light emitting displays
(FLED) can receive and respond to stimuli from the body, enabling a
warning signal to be displayed or sent. The sensors can monitor EKG,
heart rate, respiration, temperature, and pulse oximetry readings. If
vital signals were below critical values, a FLED would automatically
display, for example, a flashing red light, and a wireless
communication system could send a distress signal to a remote
location.

37. Global Positioning System(GPS)
Textiles integrated with sensory
devices driven by a GPS can detect a
user’s exact location anytime and in
any weather. Interactive electronic
textiles with integrated GPS enhance
safety by quickly locating the wearer
and allowing the suit to be heated.
GPS can provide added safety for
firefighters and emergency personnel
by facilitating offsite monitoring of
vitals

38. Wireless, hands-free communication
Fabric area networks (FANs) enable electronic devices to exchange
digital information, power, and control signals within the user’s
personal space and remote locations. FANs use wireless RF
communication links using currents measuring one nanoamp; these
currents can transmit data at speed equivalent to a 2400-baud
modem

39. Micro-encapsulation
Chemicals /
Fragrances are
captured in
microscopic
polymer bubbles
which are added
to natural or
microfibres.
When the fabric is
rubbed or comes into
contact with the skin,
the bubbles slowly
burst to release their
content

40. Nano Technology
• Nano-particles are permanently attached to cotton or synthetic
fibers. The change occurs at the molecular level, and the particles can
be configured to imbue the fabric with various attributes. Nano-
technology combines the performance characteristics associated with
synthetics with the hand and feel of cotton
• Nano-fibers 1/1000 the size of a typical cotton fiber are attached to
the individual fibers. The changes to the fibers are undetectable and
do not affect the natural hand and breathability of the fabric
Nano-fibers attached to
cotton fibers
Nano-fibers cause
liquids to roll off

41. Smart-fabric
• pine-cone model
• adapts to changing
temperatures
by opening when warmor
shutting tight ifcold