Larry Selinker introduced the concept of interlanguage in 1972, building on Corder's earlier work on language learners' errors. Interlanguage refers to the transitional rule-based linguistic system that language learners develop between their native language and the target language they are learning. It is accepted as a basic principle in the field of second language acquisition. A learner's interlanguage preserves features of their first language and can overgeneralize rules of the target language as they progress toward proficiency but have not yet mastered it.
Product Syllabus : product syllabuses are those in which the focus is on the knowledge and skills which learners should gain as a result of instruction.
4.2. process syllabuses are those which focus on the learning experiences themselves.
. Synthetic syllabus: segment the target language into discrete linguistic items.
Different parts of language are taught separately.
4.4 . Analytic Syllabi: focus on the learner and his needs and on the kinds of linguistic
performance necessary to achieve those goals .
4.5. Type A: This type deals with what should be learned in a second language classroom.
4.6. Type B : Consider the question of how a second language should be learned.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
A lecture about Individual Differences in SLA & SLL (Motivation & Attitude) B...Mohammed Mallah
second language learning and language teaching (vivian cook) Ch 8
brief presentation about motivation and attitude and their role in second language learning
Product Syllabus : product syllabuses are those in which the focus is on the knowledge and skills which learners should gain as a result of instruction.
4.2. process syllabuses are those which focus on the learning experiences themselves.
. Synthetic syllabus: segment the target language into discrete linguistic items.
Different parts of language are taught separately.
4.4 . Analytic Syllabi: focus on the learner and his needs and on the kinds of linguistic
performance necessary to achieve those goals .
4.5. Type A: This type deals with what should be learned in a second language classroom.
4.6. Type B : Consider the question of how a second language should be learned.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
A lecture about Individual Differences in SLA & SLL (Motivation & Attitude) B...Mohammed Mallah
second language learning and language teaching (vivian cook) Ch 8
brief presentation about motivation and attitude and their role in second language learning
The influence of Stephen Krashen on language education research and practice is undeniable. First introduced over 20 years ago, his theories are still debated today. In 1983, he published The Natural Approach with Tracy Terrell, which combined a comprehensive second language acquisition theory with a curriculum for language classrooms. The influence of Natural Approach can be seen especially in current EFL textbooks and teachers resource books such as The Lexical Approach (Lewis, 1993). Krashen’s theories on second language acquisition have also had a huge impact on education in the state of California, starting in 1981 with his contribution to Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework by the California State Department of Education (Krashen 1981). Today his influence can be seen most prominently in the debate about bilingual education and perhaps less explicitly in language education policy: The BCLAD/CLAD teacher assessment tests define the pedagogical factors affecting first and second language development in exactly the same terms used in Krashen’s Monitor Model (California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 1998).
This presentation is meant to acquaint the reader with the basics of narrative prose and prose fiction. Hope the readers will benefit from it and enjoy it. Rozi Khan
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
SLA-Inter-language presentation
1. INTERLANGUAGE
• LARRY SELINKER IS PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF
LINGUISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
AND FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY'S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTITUTE.
• IN 1972, SELINKER INTRODUCED THE CONCEPT
OF INTERLANGUAGE, WHICH BUILT UPON PIT
CORDER'S PREVIOUS WORK ON THE NATURE OF
LANGUAGE LEARNERS' ERRORS.
• CORDER'S AND SELINKER'S WORK BECAME THE
FOUNDATION OF MODERN RESEARCH INTO
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION , AND
INTERLANGUAGE IS ACCEPTED AS A BASIC
PRINCIPLE OF THE DISCIPLINE.
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
2. DEFINING INTERLANGUAGE
INTERLANGUAGE IS THE TERM
FOR A DYNAMIC, RULE-BASED
LINGUISTIC SYSTEM THAT HAS
BEEN DEVELOPED BY A
LEARNER OF A SECOND
LANGUAGE (L2) WHO HAS
NOT YET REACHED
PROFICIENCY. A LEARNER'S
INTERLANGUAGE PRESERVES
SOME FEATURES OF THEIR
FIRST LANGUAGE (L1), AND
CAN ALSO OVERGENERALIZE
SOME L2 WRITING AND
SPEAKING RULES.
INTERLANGUAGE IS A
LANGUAGE CREATED BY
LEARNERS OF A SECOND
LANGUAGE WHICH IS
BETWEEN THE TARGET
LANGUAGE AND THE
LEARNER'S FIRST LANGUAGE
(L1). IT’S A TRANSITORY
STAGE TOWARDS FINAL
PROFICIENCY OF THE
SECOND LANGUAGE.
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
3. DEFINING INTERLANGUAGE
(CONTINUED)
• INTERLANGUAGE CAN BE
VARIABLE ACROSS DIFFERENT
CONTEXTS; FOR EXAMPLE, IT
MAY BE MORE ACCURATE,
COMPLEX AND FLUENT IN
ONE DOMAIN THAN IN
ANOTHER.
• TO STUDY THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INVOLVED, ONE CAN
COMPARE THE
INTERLANGUAGE
UTTERANCES OF THE
LEARNER WITH THE
FOLLOWING:
1.UTTERANCES IN THE NATIVE
LANGUAGE (L1) TO CONVEY THE
SAME MESSAGE PRODUCED BY
THE LEARNER.
2.UTTERANCES IN THE TARGET
LANGUAGE (L2) TO CONVEY THE
SAME MESSAGE, PRODUCED BY A
NATIVE SPEAKER OF THAT
LANGUAGE.
• UTTERANCES COMPLETELY NEW
THAT POSSESS FEATURES OF
NEITHER THE L1 NOR THE L2.11/22/2014Rozi Khan
4. INTERLANGUAGE RULES
• INTERLANGUAGE DOES
NOT ABIDE ANY STABLE
RULES, BUT IT EVOLVES
AND MODIFIES ALL THE
TIME, THEREFORE…
O RULES ARE ALTERED
O RULES ARE DELETED
O RULES ARE ADDED
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
5. THE CONTINUUM OF
INTERLANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
BASILANG
THE EARLIEST FORM OF
TARGET LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
MESOLANG
THE INTERMEDIATE STAGE
OF TARGET
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
ACROLANG
THE FINAL STAGE OF
TARGET LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
FROM NATIVE LANGUAGE FORMS TO TARGET LANGUAGE FORMS
INCLUDES THREE STAGES
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
9. INTERLANGUAGE FOSSILIZATION
DEFINITION PHENOMENON PHENOMENON
“FOSSILIZABLE LINGUISTIC
PHENOMENA ARE LINGUISTIC
ITEMS, RULES, AND
SUBSYSTEMS WHICH
SPEAKERS OF A PARTICULAR
NATIVE LANGUAGE WILL
TEND TO KEEP IN THEIR
INTERLANGUAGE RELATIVE
TO A PARTICULAR TARGET
LANGUAGE, NO MATTER
WHAT THE AGE OF THE
LEARNER OR AMOUNT OF
EXPLANATION OR
INSTRUCTION HE RECEIVES
IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE”
INTERLANGUAGE
FOSSILIZATION IS A STAGE
DURING SECOND
LANGUAGE LEARNING.
IT OCCURS WHEN
CERTAIN MISTAKES
SEEM TO BE IMPOSSIBLE
TO CORRECT IN SPITE OF
THE
ABILITY AND
MOTIVATION, LEARNERS
CANNOT
RECTIFY AND REPLACE IT
WITH CORRECT USAGE
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
11. SELINKER’S FIVE FOSSILIZATION
PROCESS STEPS
O OVER-GENERALIZATION
O TRANSFER OF TRAINING
O LANGUAGE TRANSFER
O STRATEGIES OF SLL
O STRATEGIES OF SL COMMUNICATION
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
12. 1) OVER-GENERALIZATION
LEARNER MAKES THEIR OWN RULES OF LANGUAGE
THE ACT OR PROCESS OF OVER-GENERALIZING
THE PROCESS OF EXTENDING THE APPLICATION OF A RULE
LEARNERS USE RULES FROM SECOND LANGUAGE
EXAMPLE:
I WALKED TO PRODUCE FORMS LIKE */ GOED OR */
RIDED.
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
13. 2) Trans
~ The lack o
~ Fossilization
~ Result of i
performan
~ Fossilizatio
the instruct
the SL
fer of Training
f formal instruction in English
n of incorrect language forms
nitial learning process on the
ce of the later activities
n due to certain features found in
ion via which the learner is taught
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
14. 3) Lang
The errors i
L1and the d
the reason
uage Transfer
n theuse of L2 result mainly from
ifference between L1and the L2 is
for the occurrence of errors
Positive
Transfer
Negative
Transfer
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
15. Fossilization due to some approaches to the
learning of L2 material adopted by the learner
It involves Incorrect Learning strategies
fossilization of some features (phonological,
morphological, syntactic, lexical,
psycholinguistics, or sociocultural)
4) Strategies of SLL
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
16. 5) STRATEGIES OF SL
COMMUNICATION
CONCERN WHEN THE COMMUNICATION IS GOING ON
PAYS ATTENTION TO THE FLUENCY RATHER THAN
ACCURACY IN THE COMMUNICATION
LEARNER TRIES TO SIMPLIFIES THE TL RULES
FOSSILIZATION DUE TO SOME APPROACHES USED THE
LEARNER WHEN COMMUNICATING WITH L2 NATIVE
SPEAKERS
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
18. Inter-language is the productionof
SL and FL learners
In language learning learner's language is
caused by several process like
,
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
19. Characteristics of Inter-language
Production
SL speakers rarely conform the production of
native speaker
Inter-language productions are not exact
translation of native language utterances
Utterances in second language are not
randomly produce
Inter-languages are spoken either by adults or
by children, when second language acquisition
is not simultaneous with that of the first
language.
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
21. Good Points
Natural and systematic Theory of language
like L 1 acquisition
Learner becomes active participant to
construct the rules by himself
This study can help to determine what a
learner already knows about the rules
The concept of IL has liberated language
teaching methods
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
22. It determines what a leaner has taught and
when and how in a particular SL teaching
programme.
Good Points
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
23. Bad Points
Limited explanatory power
EA improves errors in IL but too much
correction can lead to lack of motivation
The learner needs to be restricted to
important errors only
This theory cant determine the exact
position of the learner in between L 1 or L2
Will be interpreted
11/22/2014Rozi Khan
24. CONCLUSION
THE THEORY OF IL WAS THE FIRST MAJOR ATTEMPT TO
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF SLL, IN TERM OF MENTALIST
PERSPECTIVES. IT HAS BEEN GRADUALLY DEVELOPED BY
THE HANDS OF NUMEROUS RESEARCHES AT THIS TIME IT
BECOMES MUCH REFINED THEORY AND ALSO
CONTRIBUTED A LOT IN DEVELOPING MANY OTHER
THEORIES OF SLA
11/22/2014Rozi Khan