I hope you will get some insight about the art of poetry from it. Poetry that nourishes

1. 66th FEFA Course (IFEC-03)At The University of Peshawar ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

2. In The Name Of Allah The Compassionate And Merciful. LET`S TEACH POETRY ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

4. Introduction

5. Types

6. Prosodic Features

7. Stanza and Verse Forms

8. Figurative Language

9. Writing about PoetryROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

11. Difficult to define conclusively

12. It is the type of thing the poet writes (Robert Frost)

13. Poetic texts have a tendency to:

14. Relative brevity (with some exceptions)

15. Dense expression

16. Express subjectivity more than other texts

17. Display a musical or songlike qualityROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

19. Be syntactically and morphologically overstructured

20. Deviate from everyday language

21. Aesthetic self-referentiality ( which means that they draw attention to themselves as art form both through the form in which they are written and through explicit references to the writing of poetry)ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

24. Poetry can be categorized into a number of types depending on the theme, subject matter or structure of the poem. It is useful to keep two general distinctions in mind: lyrical poetry and narrative poetry.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

26. A lyrical poem is a subjective, comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents an idea, state of mind or an emotional state.

27. Lyric poetrytypically describes the poet's innermost feelings or candid observations and evokes a musical quality in its sounds and rhythms.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

29. Elegy: It is a formal lament for the death of a particular person (for example Tennyson`s ‘In Memoriam’). More broadly defined, the term elegy is also used for solemn meditations often on questions of death, such as Grey`s ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

33. LYRICAL POETRY (Continued) Sonnet: A love poem of 14 lines, dealing with the lover`s sufferings and hopes. Of Italian origin, became popular in England through Wyatt and Earl of Surrey who imitated the sonnets of Petrarch (Petrarchan sonnet). Used for topics other than love, as for religious experience (by Donne & Milton), reflections on art (by Keats & Shelley), or even the war experience (by Brooke & Owen). A series of sonnets linked by the same theme, is called sonnet cycle (for instance Petrarch, Spencer, Shakespeare) which depict the various stages of a love relationship. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

35. LYRICAL POETRY (Continued) Dramatic monologue: A lyric poem in which a speaker, who is explicitly someone other than the author, makes a speech to a silent auditor in a specific situation and at a critical moment. Without intending to do so, the speaker reveals aspects of his temperament and character. Browning`s “My Last Duchess” and “Porphyria's Lover’ are examples of this type. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

37. LYRICAL POETRY (Continued) Epithalamium : From the Greek 'epi' meaning 'upon' and 'thalamium' meaning 'nuptial chamber'. It is a wedding poem in honour of a bride and bridegroom. The best example of Epithalamium in Greek literature is the ‘18th Idyll of Theocritus’, that celebrates the marriage of Menelaus and Helen. The famous work "Epithalamium" was written by Edmund Spenser in honor of his marriage in 1594.Dryden`s “Annus Mirabilis” and R. Graves` “A Slice of Wedding Cake” are other examples of this form. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

38. LYRICAL POETRY (Continued) Example of Epithalamium Form - Excerpt A Slice of Wedding Cakeby Robert Graves Why have such scores of lovely, gifted girlsMarried impossible men?Simple self-sacrifice may be ruled out,And missionary endeavor, nine times out of ten. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

40. Example of Epigram A Lame Beggar By John Donne I am unable, yonder beggar cries, To stand, or move; if he say true, he lies. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

42. It is always told by a narrator and the narrative may be a love story (like Tennyson`s ‘Maud’), the story of a father and son (like Wordsworth`s ‘Michael’), the deeds of a hero or heroine (like Scott`s ‘Lay of the Last Minstrel’), or the story of man`s fall from Eden (like Milton`s ‘Paradise Lost’). Subcategories of narrative poetry are for example: epic, mock-epic, and ballad.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

45. Example of Ballad Poems - Excerpt The Mermaid by Unknown author Oh the ocean waves may roll, And the stormy winds may blow, While we poor sailors go skipping aloft And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below And the land lubbers lay down below. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

47. Didactic poems are meant to teach in a restrictive (James Thompson`s ‘The Seasons’)or in a general (Popes` ‘Essay on Criticism’)way. Horace famously demanded that poetry should combine prodesse (learning) and delectare (pleasure).ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

50. The recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in poetry. Depending on how sounds are arranged, the rhythm of a poem may be fast or slow, choppy or smooth.

51. Poets use rhythm to create pleasurable sound patterns and to reinforce meanings.

52. Poetic metre and metrical deviations contribute to rhythm

53. Relates to the variation of speed in which a poem is likely to be read.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

55. Accentual metre: same stresses but different syllables

56. Syllabic metre: same syllables but different stresses

57. Accentual-Syllabic metre: equal number of stressed and non-stressed syllables per line. Most common metre in English poetry.

58. Free verse: irregular pattern of stress and syllables

59. The visual representation of the distribution of stress and non-stress in verse is called scansion. Stress syllable is denoted by ( ¹ ) and non-stress by ( º ).ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

61. Example from nursery rhymes: There was a crooked man and he went a crooked mile [0101010010101] He found a crooked sixpence beside a crooked stile [0101010010101] He had a crooked cat which caught a crooked mouse [010101010101] And they all lived together in a little crooked house [00100100010101] (From: Christie, ‘Crooked House’) ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

63. William Black, for instance, liked the so-called fourteener, a line with fourteen syllables:‘Twas on a Holy Thursday, their innocent faces clean, The children walking two and two, in red and blue and green, Grey headed beadles walked before with wands as white as snow, Till into the high dome of Paul`s they like Thames` waters flow. ( Blake`s Songs of Innocence: Holy Thursday) ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

74. Elisions & expansions

75. Vowel length

76. Consonant clusters

77. Modulation in speechROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

79. Repetition of sounds which create extra meaning include:

80. Rhyme (rime)

81. Alliteration

82. Assonance

83. OnomatopoeiaROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

85. The repetition normally involve the stressed vowel sound and any subsequent sounds that follows: shakes – lakes, going – blowing. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

90. It can also apply to stressed syllables within words, as in (Elflandfaintly)ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

91. SOUND PATTERNS ASSONANCE: Repetition of identical or similar stressed vowel sounds followed by different consonants, as in: (lake – fate, kill – kiss, snowy – old,). ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

93. SOUND PATTERNS ONOMATOPOEIA: Use of words whose sounds imitate, echo or suggest natural sounds or their meanings. Some general examples include: tweet, chirp, cluck, clink, and quack etc. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

95. It is a group of lines in a poem that follow an established pattern in meter, rhyme, and length and number of lines.

96. A stanza form is always used to some purpose, it serves a specific function in each poem.

97. Well-known stanza forms stand in a certain tradition, such as: sonnet or ballade.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

99. Stichic verse: It is a continuous run of lines of the same length and the same meter. Mostly used in narrative verse.

100. Blank verse: It is usually stichic, non-rhyming iambic pentameter. It is widely by Shakespeare for English dramatic verse, but it is also used, under the influence of Milton, for non-dramatic verse.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

102. A heroic couplet is a two line unit of iambic pentameter. It is marked with end-stopped lines, balanced syntax, and epigrammatic expression, as in:And, spite of pride, in erring reason`s spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right. (Pope) ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

104. Terza rima is a variant of tercet with chain rhyme (ababcbcdcetc.), used by Dante in his Divine Comedy. This type of rhyme is also used by Shelly in his “Ode to the West Wind”.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

106. When written in iambic pentameter and rhyming abab it is called heroic quatrain.

107. A quatrain with embracing rhyme abbaused by Tennyson in “In Memoriam” hasderived its name from this poem.

108. A quatrain with alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter lens is called ballad stanza. The rhyme scheme is usually abcb or abab.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

110. Ottava rima: An eight-line stanza, like the terza rima based on the Italian model, and rhyming abababcc. This stanza form is used by Byron in “Don Juan”.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

113. The Italian sonnet is divided in an octave and a sestet. The octave rhyme abbaabba, and the sestet rhyme cdecde or cdccdc.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

115. An important variant of the English sonnet is the Spenserian sonnet which links the quatrains with rhymes: ababbcbccdcdee. This sonnet type is used by Edmund Spenser in his sonnet cycle “Amoretti”ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

116. STANZA AND VERSE FORMS Villanelle: A French verse form with a rather intricate verse and rhyme pattern. It has five tercets rhyming aba and a final quatrain rhyming abaa. The tercet provide a kind of refrain, as the first line of the first tercet is repeated as the last line of the second and fourth, and the third line of the first tercet is repeated as the last line of the third and fifth. The first and last line of the first quatrain form the last two lines of the concluding quatrain. A famous example is Dylan Thomas`s poem “Do not go gentle into that good night”. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

118. Example of Limericks Limerick from the Book of Nonsense by Edward Lear There was an Old Man with a gong,Who bumped at it all day long;But they called out, 'O law!You're a horrid old bore!'So they smashed that Old Man with a gong. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

120. Example of Haiku Poetry Type None is travelling by Basho (1644-1694) None is travelling Here along this way but I, This autumn evening. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

122. Example:It is time to explain myself– let us stand up. What is known I strip away, I launched all men and women forward with me into the Unknown. The clock indicates the moment – but what does eternity indicate? (Walt Whitman) ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

124. Figurative language is divided into two main groups:Rhetorical schemes: arrangement of individual sounds, words, and syntax. Rhetorical tropes: figurative language, representing a deviation from common or main significance of a word or phrase (semantic figures) or include specific appeal to the audience ( pragmatic figures). ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

129. Keats starts his ode with a real nightingale, but quickly it becomes a symbol, standing for a life of pure, unmixed joy; then before the end of the poem it becomes only a bird again.ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

130. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Personification: A form of metaphor in which human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things. Personification offers the writer a way to give the world life and motion by assigning familiar human behaviors and emotions to animals, inanimate objects, and abstract ideas. For example: In Keats’s "Ode on a Grecian Urn," the speaker refers to the urn as an "unravished bride of quietness." ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

131. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Pun: A play on words that relies on a word’s having more than one meaning or sounding like another word. Shakespeare and other writers use puns extensively, for serious and comic purposes: In Romeo and Juliet (III.i.101), the dying Mercutio puns, "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man." ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

133. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Allusion: A brief reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature. It imply reading and cultural experiences shared by the writer and reader, functioning as a kind of shorthand whereby the recalling of something outside the work supplies an emotional or intellectual context ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

134. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Apostrophe: It is Addressing an abstraction or thing, present or absent, or addressing an absent person or entity. Examples: (1) Frailty, thy name is woman.–William Shakespeare. (2) Hail, Holy Light, offspring of heaven firstborn!–John Milton. (3) God in heaven, please help me.

136. Key words and phrases: Not all questions will be phrased in the same way, so look carefully at the key words to help you work out what you need to write about in your answer. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

143. Ideas and attitudes: When you've got to know the poem, you can begin to see what ideas and attitudes are in there. What else is happening in the poem? What are the feelings of the poet and/or the speaker(s)? You have to make up your mind what the poet's intention in writing the poem was and what they wanted to say. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

145. WRITING ABOUT POETRY Using quotations: You may need to be able to pick out quotations from the poem that illustrate the points that you make. The selection of a quotation is one way to know if you really understand the poem and if you are able to construct an argument and have thought about your ideas. Make sure you develop your point by commenting about the quotation you've selected - how it shows what you're saying. Remember this process: Point - Quotation - Comment Make a point, support it with a quotation and then explain how the language used helps to add to the line's effectiveness. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT

147. THE END By Rozi Khan The Department of English Govt. P.G. Jahanzeb College Saidu Sharif, Swat. ROZI KHAN GPGJC SWAT