Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist who expanded on Jean Piaget's work to develop a theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning progresses through six sequential stages from a focus on obedience and punishment to a focus on justice, individual rights, and principles. While influential, his stage theory has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and Western philosophy over other factors like compassion.

3.  A psychologist who modified and expanded
upon Jean Piaget’s work to form a theory that
explained the development of moral
reasoning.
 Lawrence Kohlberg born in 1927.
 Grew up in Bronxville in, NewYork.
 He was married with two sons.

4.  Kohlberg became a professor of education
and social psychology at Harvard in 1968.
 His book of Moral Development is used
around the world to promote moral
reasoning.
 Died on January 17th ,1987 at the age of 59.

5.  Moral development
is the gradual
development of an
individuals concept of
right or wrong –
conscious, religious
values, social attitudes
and certain behaviour

6.  This theory is a stage theory. In other words, everyone
goes through the stages sequentially without skipping
any stage.
 However, movement through these stages are not
natural, that is people do not automatically move from
one stage to the next as they mature. In stage
development, movement occurs when a person notices
inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a
given moral dilemma.

7.  In Europe, a woman, a woman was near death. From a
special kind of cancer.There was one drug that the doctor
thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a
druggist in the same town had recently discovered.The drug
was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten
times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200 for
the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug.
The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he
knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together
about $1,000 which is half of what it cost.

8. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to
sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No,
I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it."
So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to
steal the drug for his wife.
 Should Heinz steal the drug?Why or Why
not?

10.  At the pre-conventional level (most nine-
year-olds and younger, some over nine), we
don’t have a personal code of morality.
Instead, our moral code is shaped by the
standards of adults and the consequences or
breaking their rules.
 Authority is outside the individual and
reasoning is based on the physical
consequences of actions.

11.  The child/individual
is good in order to
avoid being
punished.
 If a person is
punished, they must
have done wrong.

12.  Now there is not just
right way of doing
things; everything is
relative
 Different individuals
have different
viewpoints.

13.  At the conventional level (most adolescents
and adults), we begin to internalize the moral
standards of valued adult role models.
 Authority is internalized but not questioned
and reasoning is based on the norms of the
group to which the person belongs.

14.  The child/individual
is good in order to
be seen as being a
good person by
others.Therefore,
answers relate to
the approval of
others.

15.  The child/individual
becomes aware of
the wider rules of
society so judgments
concern obeying the
rules in order to
uphold the law and to
avoid guilt.

16.  Individual judgment is based on self-chosen
principles, and moral reasoning is based on
individual rights and justice. According to
Kohlberg this level of moral reasoning is as far as
most people get. Only 10-15% are capable of the
kind of abstract thinking necessary for stage 5 or
6 (post-conventional morality).That is to say
most people take their moral views from those
around them and only a minority think through
ethical principles for themselves.

17.  An Individual moral
judgment is more
motivated by
community, respect,
respecting social order
and respect for legally
determined laws.
 Thoughts consider the
rights and values a
society must uphold.

18.  At this stage
people follow
these
internalized
principles of
justice, even if
they conflict
with laws and
rules.

20.  Does moral reasoning is necessary lead to moral
behavior:
-Kohlberg theory is concerned to moral thinking, but
there is a big difference between knowing what we
ought to do versus our real actions.
 Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we
should consider:
-Critics have pointed out that Kohlberg theory of moral
development over emphasis the concept as justice
when making moral choices. Factors such as
compassion care and interpersonal feelings may plan
an important part in moral reasoning.

21.  Does Kohlberg theory over emphasis the Western
Philosophy:
-Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights
while collectivist cultures stress the importance of
society and community. Eastern cultures may have
different moral outlooks that Kohlberg's theory
does not account for.