These slides are about classical and operant conditioning described with examples.

1. PSYCHOLOGY
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT
CONDITIONING
Presented by Hunsah Qaiser
Roll-no 14
Presented to Sir Arslan
Class-Introduction to Psychology
Department of literature & linguistics
BS-3
Government Post Graduate College,
Mirpur A.K

2. INTRODUCTION
Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts
central to behavioural psychology.
Behavioural psychology
A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviours are
acquired through conditioning.Conditioning occurs through
interaction with the environment.

3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
• Russian physiologist.
• did Nobel prize-winning work
on digestion.
• Known for: classical
conditioning, transmarginal
inhibition, behaviour
modification

4. DEFINITION
• Classical conditioning is the process of forming an
association between a naturally existing stimulus and a
previously neutral stimulus.

5. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
(THE SPECIFIC MODEL )
• A stimulus will naturally (without learning) bring about a reflexive
response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
(THE SPECIFIC MODEL )
• Neutral Stimulus (NS) does not bring about the response of interest
•This stimulus is a neutral stimulus since it does not bring about the
Unconditioned Response.

7. FOUR COMPONENTS OF CONDITION
The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally,naturally
and automatically triggers
a response
The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs
naturally in response to the unconditioned response
The conditioned stimulus is previously natural stimulus that, after
becoming associate with the unconditioned stimulus ,eventually
comes to trigger a conditioned response.
The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously
natural stimulus

9. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
The Neutral Stimulus (the sound of the bell) is
repeatedly paired
with the Unconditioned/Natural Stimulus (food).

11. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
• but after repeated pairing
The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is transformed into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
•That is, when the CS is presented by itself, it alone causes the CR (Conditioned Response) .

13. OPERANT CONDITIONING
(INTRODUCTION)
Was discovered by B.F Skinner (1904-
1990)
An American psychologist, behaviourist,
author,inventor, and social Philosopher.
Known for: Operant conditioning,
Operant conditioning chamber, Radical
behaviourism.

14. DEFINITION
Operant conditioning can be described as the process that
attempts to modify behaviour through the use of reinforcement and
punishment.
In operant conditioning,an individual forms an association between
a particular behaviour and its consequence.

15. SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT

16. After repeatedly gaining food by pulling lever, the rat will learn
that he will get food only by pressing lever.
The rat
Food is the reward here. And
the behaviour performed to get
that reward is the pressing of
the lever.

17. W I T H T H E U S E O F
R E I N F O R C E M E N T &
P U N I S H M E N T

19. REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement is a response to a behaviour which is designed to
increase the likelihood of a particular behaviour being repeated

20. REINFORCEMENT
Positive Reinforcement
is where a pleasant stimulus (such as food is
provided) follows the desired behaviour.
Negative Reinforcement
is where a negative stimulus is
taken away following the desired behaviour.

21. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Dog fetches ball and the owner gives
him food as reward.
Teacher praises the student on her good
behaviour.

22. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
A man takes aspirin to get rid of his headache.

23. PUNISHMENT
Punishment is a response to a behaviour which is designed to
decrease the probability of behaviour being repeated.

24. PUNISHMENT
Positive Punishment
is where negative stimulus is added fowling the undesired
Behaviour.
Negative Punishment
is where positive stimulus is taken is taken away fowling
the undesired behaviour (such is dessert after dinner).

25. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
You get beat because of your bad behaviour. You get extra chores because of your bad behaviour.

26. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Your mom takes away your favourite food because of your bad behaviour.

27. Thank you...!!