- B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how observable behaviors are influenced by consequences in the environment. - Key aspects of operant conditioning include reinforcement, which increases behaviors; punishment, which decreases behaviors; and neutral stimuli that do not affect behaviors. - Skinner applied his theory to education, believing that learning is influenced by consequences like praise or rewards following desirable behaviors in students. His work formed the basis for instructional techniques like direct instruction.