Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Description :
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Bone physiologynew /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lecture / discussion, students
should be able to show an understanding and
gain knowledge about the bone, types, growth
and structure of bones.
3. OBJECTIVES cont
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Definition of terms
Describe the bone, types, development
and structure.
Describe the hormonal regulation of
bone growth.
4. Definition of terminologies
applied to bones
Osteology: the study of bones
Proximal and Distal: These terms are used
describing the bones of the limbs. The
proximal end of the bone is the one nearest
the point of attachment of the limb, and the
distal end is farthest away.
A Cartilage is a resiliet, smoot elastic tissue
and rubber like padding.
Bony sinus: This is a hollow cavity within a
bone
5. Introduction
The skeleton of humans is composed of a
special connective tissue (tissue that joins
other tissues together) called bone.
The bone is a strong and durable type of
connective tissue.
Bones and their associated tissues -
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments - make
up the skeleton system.
The human skeleton system consists of
206 bones.
6. Introduction cont..
It consists of: water (25%), organic
constituents including osteoid (the carbon
containing part of the matrix) and bone cells
(25%).
inorganic constituents, mainly calcium
phosphate (50%).
Although bones are often thought to be static
or permanent they are highly vascular living
structures that are continuously being
remodelled.
7. Functions of bones
They provide the framework of the body
give attachment to muscles and tendons
permit movement of the body as a whole and
of parts of the body, by forming joints that are
moved by muscles
form the boundaries of the cranial, thoracic
and pelvic cavities, protecting the organs they
contain.
contain red bone marrow in which blood cells
develop: haematopoiesis.
provide a reservoir of minerals, especially
calcium phosphate.
8. Types of bones
Bones are classified as long, short, irregular,
flat and sesamoid.
Long bones. These consist of a shaft and
two extremities.
As the name suggests the length is much
greater than the width. Examples include the
femur, tibia and fibula.
Short, irregular, flat and sesamoid bones.
These have no shafts or extremities and are
diverse in shape and size.
9. Types of bones cont….
Examples include:
short bones —Tarsals, carpals (wrist)
14. Structure of a bone
A mature long bone - partially sectioned
15. General structure of a long
bone
These have a diaphysis or shaft and two
epiphyses or extremities. The diaphysis is
composed of compact bone with a central
medullary canal, containing fatty yellow bone
marrow. The epiphyses consist of an outer
covering of compact bone with cancellous
bone inside. The diaphysis and epiphyses are
separated by epiphyseal cartilages, which
ossify when growth is complete. Thickening of
a bone occurs by the deposition of new bone
tissue under the periosteum.
16. Cont…
Long bones are almost completely covered by
a vascular membrane, the periosteum. The
outer layer is fibrous and the inner layer is
osteogenic containing osteoblasts (bone-
forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-destroying
cells), which are involved in maintenance and
remodelling of bones; it gives attachment to
muscles and tendons and protects bones from
injury. Hyaline cartilage replaces periosteum on
the articular surfaces of bones forming synovial
joints.
17. Structure of short, irregular,
flat and sesamoid bones
These have a relatively thin outer layer of
compact bone with cancellous bone inside
containing red bone marrow
They are enclosed by periosteum except the
inner layer of the cranial bones where it is
replaced by dura mater.
Flat bones have both layers of compact bone
are covered by periosteum
21. Compact (cortical) bone
To the naked eye, compact bone appears
solid but on microscopic examination large
numbers of Haversian systems or osteons
are seen. These consist of a central
Haversian canal, containing blood and lymph
vessels and nerves, surrounded by
concentric rings or plates of bone (lamellae).
Between these are lacunae, tiny spaces,
containing tissue fluid and spider-shaped
osteocytes (mature bone cells).
22. Cont…
Canaliculi link the lacunae with each other
and with the central Haversian canal. The
tissue fluid nourishes the bone cells. The
areas between Haversian systems contain
interstitial lamellae, remains of older systems
partially broken down during remodelling or
growth of bone. The 'tubular' arrangement of
lamellae gives the bone greater strength than
a solid structure of the same size. Cancellous
(trabecular, spongy) bone.
23. Cont…
To the naked eye, cancellous bone looks like
a honeycomb. Microscopic examination
reveals a framework formed from trabeculae
(meaning 'little beams'), which consist of a
few lamellae and osteocytes interconnected
by canaliculi. The spaces between the
trabeculae contain red bone marrow that
nourishes the osteocytes.
24. Bone cells
The cells responsible for bone formation are
osteoblasts (these later mature into
osteocytes). Osteoblasts and chondrocytes
(cartilage-forming cells) develop from the
same parent fibrous tissue cells.
Differentiation into osteogenic cells, rather
than chondroblasts, is believed to depend
upon an adequate oxygen supply.
25. Osteoblasts
These are the bone-forming cells that secrete
collagen and other constituents of bone
tissue. They are present:
in the deeper layers of periosteum
in the centres of ossification of immature
bone
at the ends of the diaphysis adjacent to the
epiphyseal cartilages of long bones
at the site of a fracture.
26. Osteocytes
As bone develops, osteoblasts become
trapped and remain isolated in lacunae. They
stop forming new bone at this stage and are
called osteocytes. Osteocytes are nourished
by tissue fluid in the canaliculi that radiate
from the Haversian canals. Their functions
are not clear but they may be associated with
the movement of calcium between the bones
and the blood.
27. Osteoclasts
Their function is resorption of bone to
maintain the optimum shape. This takes
place at bone surfaces:
under the periosteum, to maintain the shape
of bones during growth and to remove excess
callus formed during healing of fractures
round the walls of the medullary canal during
growth and to canalise callus during healing.
A fine balance of osteoblast and osteoclast
activity maintains normal bone structure and
functions.
28. Development of bone tissue
(osteogenesis or ossification)
This begins before birth and is not complete
until about the 21st year of life. Long, short
and irregular bones develop from rods of
cartilage, cartilage models.
Flat bones develop from membrane models
and sesamoid bones from tendon models.
Many bones in a newborn baby are
composed almost entirely of cartilage.
“Soft spot" of a babies head!
29. Cont..
Later the cartilage cells will be replaced by
cells that form the bones.
The cartilage is replaced during ossification,
or the process of bone formation.
Ossification begins to take place up to seven
months before birth as mineral (calcium and
phosphorus) deposits are laid down near the
center of the bone (center of ossification) in
each bone.
30. Cont..
Bone development consists of two
processes:
Secretion of osteoid by osteoblasts, i.e.
collagen fibres in a matrix which gradually
replaces the original cartilage and membrane
models
calcification of osteoid immediately after its
deposition.
31. Development of long bones
In long bones the focal points from which
ossification begins are small areas of
osteogenic cells, or centres of ossification in
the cartilage model. This is accompanied by
development of a bone collar at about 8
weeks of gestation. Later the blood supply
develops and bone tissue replaces cartilage
as osteoblasts secrete osteoid components in
the shaft. The bone lengthens as ossification
continues and spreads to the epiphyses.
32. Cont..
Around birth, secondary centres of
ossification develop in the epiphyses and the
medullary canal forms when osteoclasts
break down the central bone tissue in the
middle of the shaft. After birth, the bone
grows in length by ossification of the
diaphyseal surface of the epiphyseal
cartilages and growth is complete when the
cartilages become completely ossified.
34. Hormonal regulation of bone
growth
Hormones that regulate the growth and
consistency of size and shape of bones
include the following
Growth hormone and the thyroid hormones,
thyroxine and triiodothyronine, are especially
important during infancy and childhood;
deficient or excessive secretion of these
results in abnormal development of the
skeleton.
35. Cont..
Testosterone and oestrogens influence the
physical changes that occur at puberty, i.e. the
growth spurt and masculinising or feminising
changes of specific parts of the skeleton, e.g. the
pelvis.
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland and parathyroid
hormone from the parathyroid glands are involved
in homeostasis of blood and bone calcium levels
required for bone development.
Parathyroid Hormone (Parathyroid gland):
increases blood calcium levels, stimulates
osteoclast activity.
36. Cont..
Although the length and shape of bones does
not normally change after ossification is
complete, bone tissue is continually being
remodelled and replaced when damaged.
Osteoblasts continue to lay down osteoid and
osteoclasts reabsorb it. The rate in different
bones varies, e.g. the distal part of the femur
is replaced gradually over a period of 5 to 6
months.
37. Effects of Vitamins
Vitamin A: activates osteoblasts
Vitamin C: normal synthesis of collagen
Vitamin D: absorption and transport of
calcium and phosphate
38. summary
Bones are an important part of the
musculoskeletal system and serve many core
functions, as well as supporting the body's
structure and facilitating movement. Bone is a
dynamic structure, which is continually
remodelled in response to stresses placed on
the body.
The skeleton is strong which makes up only
one-sixth of an adult's weight. The framework
of hard bones, tough ligaments and bendable
cartilage shapes and supports the body.
39. References
David S, Jackie B and Ricki L. (2003), Hole’s
Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology, International edition, McGraw-
Hill Higher Education, New York, USA
Scanlon V. C. & Sanders T. (2007).
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 5th
Edition. F. A. Davis Company. Philedelphia.
Waugh. A & Grant. A. (2001). Ross and
Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health
and Illness. 9th Edition. Churchill Livingstone.
Toronto.