The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other connective tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton comprising the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Diseases like osteoporosis and fractures are common skeletal issues. The skeletal system works with muscles to support the body and enable movement.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
MOVEMENT OF BONES OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SYSTEM.pptxTaniyaMondal6
You can find here about the Movements of Bones of Axial and Appendicular System, Range of Motion, Bones, Joint Movements in Anatomy and Physiology with the help of 3D live images for better understanding and knowledge purpose. This presentation is made considering the new medical and nursing students. explained in an easy wasy. so that you can learn some effective knowledge through this slides.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
MOVEMENT OF BONES OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SYSTEM.pptxTaniyaMondal6
You can find here about the Movements of Bones of Axial and Appendicular System, Range of Motion, Bones, Joint Movements in Anatomy and Physiology with the help of 3D live images for better understanding and knowledge purpose. This presentation is made considering the new medical and nursing students. explained in an easy wasy. so that you can learn some effective knowledge through this slides.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. What is a Skeletal System?
The framework of the body, consisting of bones and
other connective tissues, which protects and
supports the body tissues and internal organs. The
human skeleton contains 206 bones, six of which are
the tiny bones of the middle ear (three in each ear)
that function in hearing.
3. Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system,
which consists of bones that are connected by
tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The skeleton not
only helps us move, but it's also involved in the
production of blood cells and the storage of calcium.
The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but
they aren't considered bones.
4. Functions of the Skeletal System
Support - framework that supports body and cradles
its soft organs
Protection - for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain
Movement - bones act as levers for muscles
Mineral storage - calcium & phosphate
Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis
5. Classification of Bones
Long Bones - The major bones of the arms (humerus,
radius, and ulna) and the legs (the femur, tibia, and fibula)
are all long bones.
Short Bones - include all of the metacarpals and phalanges
in the hands, the metatarsals and phalanges in the feet, and
the clavicle (collarbone).
Flat Bones - scapula (wingbone), the ribs, and the sternum
(breastbone).
Irregular Bones - bones in the vertebral column, the carpal
bones in the hands, tarsal bones in the feet, and the patella
(kneecap).
6.
7. Two distinctive parts of the Skeletal
System:
the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.
8. Axial Skeleton
with a total of 80 bones
consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage and the
skull.
transmits the weight from the head, the trunk and
the upper extremities down to the lower extremities
at the hip joints, which help humans maintain our
upright posture.
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19. Appendicular Skeleton
has a total of 126 bones
formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the
pelvic girdle and the lower limbs
functions are to make walking, running and other
movement possible and to protect the major organs
responsible for digestion, excretion and
reproduction.
20.
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32. Diseases related to the Skeletal System
The primary skeletal conditions are metabolic bone
diseases such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and a
few other rarer conditions.
33. Osteoporosis
Means “porous bones”
a medical condition in which the bones become
brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a
result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium
or vitamin D which makes them weak, brittle, and
susceptible to fractures.
Most common parts where fracture occurs are hips,
spine, and wrists.
34. will develop when bone resorption occurs too quickly
or when replacement occurs too slowly. Osteoporosis
is more likely to develop if you did not reach optimal
peak bone mass during your bone-building years.
40. Facts:
The skeletal system is also susceptible to breaks,
strains and fractures. While bones are meant to
protect the body’s vital organs, it takes about 10 to
16 pounds of pressure to break an average bone.
Bones such as the skull and femur are much tougher
to break.
Orthopedics is the medical specialty responsible for
treating entire skeletal system.
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
the bony healing tissue that forms around the ends of broken bone.
temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself
lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
