The skeletal system has several important functions: 1) It provides structure and support for the body, protects delicate organs, and acts as levers for muscle movement. 2) Bones also function in mineral storage and blood cell formation. 3) The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (which includes bones such as the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum) and appendicular skeleton (which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs).

1. General Zoology Class By: Sharnie Faye G. Buctuan Skeletal System

2. Functions of the Skeletal System Support - framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs. Protection - for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement - bones act as levers for muscles. Mineral storage - calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis

3. Bone Classification (e) Sesamoid bone (patella)

4. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow Epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Anatomy of a Bone Sharpey’s fibers

5. GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON Skeletal system is divided into two general divisions. Axial & appendicular skeleton.

6. Axial Skeleton

7. Appendicular Skeleton

8. Axial Skeleton

9. Axial Skeleton

10. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column Axial Skeleton

11. Cervical Vertebrae

14. Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage Axial Skeleton

15. Sacrum & Coccyx Axial Skeleton

16. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle Appendicular Skeleton

17. Appendicular Skeleton Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5 Metacarpals

18. Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis

19. Ischium Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis (lateral view)

20. Male Pelvic Girdle Female Pelvic Girdle Male vs Female Pelvis

21. Patella The Lower Limb (Legs) Appendicular Skeleton Femur Tibia Fibula 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals

22. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

23. Slightly Movable Joint (amphiarthrosis) Cartilagenous Joints

24. Immovable Joints (synarthrosis) Fibrous Joints (amphiarthrosis) suture pubis symphisis

25. Synovial Joints (diarthrosis)- freely movable femur ligaments pelvis

26. Synovial Joints femur pelvis hyaline cartilage synovial cavity joint capsule

27. Abduction Extension Rotation Flexion Adduction Synovial Joint Movement

28. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long) Fetal Skeleton

29. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months Adult Childhood Just before birth

30. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell Bone cells that aid in remodeling

31. hematoma callus bony callus Repair of Fractures bone remodeling

32. VERTEBRATES VS INVERTEBRATES Scientists divided the Animal Kingdom into two main groups: vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (animals without a backbone)

33. Similarities & d ifferences between Vertebrate & Invertebrate Invertebrate Vertebrate Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Chordata Chordata Size: Small and slow moving. Big in size. Number of species: 2 million 57,739 Examples: Insects, flatworms etc. Parrots, Humans, snakes etc About: Animals without a backbone Animals with an internal skeleton made of bone are called vertebrates. Physical Characteristics: Multicellular; no back bone; no cell walls; reproduce sexually; heterotrophic. Well-developed internal skeleton; highly developed brain; have advanced nervous system; outer covering of protective cellular skin. Species: 98% of animal species areinvertebrates. 2% of the animal species are vertebrates. Classification: 30 phyla Classified into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Subphylum: Vertebrata

34. Vertebrates Animals with backbones can be divided into five more groups: Mammals Birds Amphibians Fish Reptiles

35. Invertebrates Invertebrates don't have an internal skeleton made of bone. Many invertebrates have a fluid-filled, hydrostatic skeleton, like the jelly fish or worm. Others have a hard outer shell, like insects and crustaceans. There are many types of invertebrates. The most common invertebrates includes the following: Coelenterates Echinoderms Arthropods Worms Mollusks