The skeleton provides 5 major functions: shape, support, body movement, protection, and blood cell formation. There are 4 types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. Joints allow movement and come in 4 types: ball and socket, hinge, pivot, and gliding. Ligaments connect bones, tendons connect muscles to bones, and cartilage protects joints. Synovial fluid reduces friction in joints. A healthy skeleton requires calcium, phosphorus, weight-bearing exercise, and avoidance of osteoporosis.

1. Our Skeleton System

2. Learning Objectives
 5 Major Functions of the skeleton
 4 Different types of bones
 4 Different types of joints and their range of
movements
 Parts of a joint: Ligament, tendon, cartilage,
Synovial fluid
 Names of bones
 Healthy management of bones

3. How do you think we will look like
without skeleton?

4. Functions of skeleton
• Shape
• Support
• Body movement
• Protection
• Blood cell formation

5. Function 1: Shape
Bones provide basic shape and structure for the
body

6. Function 2: Support
 The skeleton supports the soft tissues of the
body as it forms a rigid framework to which
our muscle, tendons, ligaments attach.

7. Function 3: Body Movement
 Bones act as levers for muscle
attachment
 Our bones are levers which are
pulled by the muscles to cause
movement

8. Function 4: Protection
Our bones are very strong
and can provide
protection to the vital
organs.
e.g. the skull protects the
brain, and the ribs and
sternum protect the heart
and lungs

9. Function 5: Making Blood Cells
Inside long bones is
a substance called
bone marrow,
which makes new
blood cells.

11. Types of bones
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular

12. Long Bones
Any bone that is longer than its width
Eg: Femur, Humerus

13. Short Bones
As wide as they are long
Eg: Bones such as the Carpals and Tarsals
in the wrist and foot

14. Flat bones
Strong, flat pieces of bone
Can you think of others?

15. Irregular Bones
Do not fit into any of the other categories and
often have an unusual shape
Vertebrae Sacrum Mandible

16. Some interesting facts
1. How many bones do we have in our body?
206
2. How many bones does the hand have?
27
3. Giraffes and humans have the same number of
bones in their neck.
True or False

17. 22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all

18. Types of joints
 Ball and socket
 Hinge
 Pivot
 Gliding

19. Ball and Socket Joints
enables the bone to move in a 360°
angle.
Which other joint is also
ball and socket?

20. Hinge Joints - motion only in one plane
(backward and forward)
Which other joint is also
hinged?

21. Pivot Joints - moves by rotating
Which other joint is also
pivoted?

22. Gliding Joints - Flat or slightly flat
surfaces move against each other

23. Ligaments
A tissue that connects bone to bone
Video on Knee Anatomy

25. Tendons
A tissue that connects muscle to bone

26. Cartilage
A tissue that helps to prevent the bones from
rubbing against each other and wearing down
the bone.

27. Cartilages
Knees Cartilage - Menicus Intervertebral Disc Cartilage

28. Synovial fluid
 A fluid that reduce friction between the joints
during movement.

29. Name of bones
 Skull
 Mid Section
 Lower body (Pelvic)
 Upper Limb
 Lower Limb

30. Skulls

32. Rib Cage
Clavicle
(Collar Bone)
Sternum

33. Shoulder Blade and Collar Bone

34. Vertebral Column (Spine)

35. Bones of pelvis
Male pelvis: anterior view Female pelvis: anterior view

36. Arms
Humerus
Radius
Ulna Ulna

37. Femur (Thigh Bone)

38. Tibia and Fibula

39. Healthy Management of Bones
 Our bones start becoming thinner and lose
their density as we age.
 This will lead to Osteoporosis (A disease of
bones that leads to an increased risk of
fracture) if we do not keep our bone healthy
 This is especially for women after menopause

40. Solution
Calcium and phosphorous are minerals that give
strength to bones. People must obtain these
minerals from food. People who do not have
enough of these minerals will have brittle bones
and become stooped when they are old.

41. Top 8 food for Healthy, Stronger
bones
 Milk
 Yogurt and Cheese
 Sardines
 Green-leafy Vegetables
 Soy Foods (Tofu)
 Fortified Foods (Food that has essential minerals and
vitamins added eg: Orange Juice and Cereals)
 Calcium Supplements
 Nuts and Seeds (Almonds, Pistachios, sunflower
seeds, seaweeds)
http://www.themedguru.com/20100305/feature/top-8-foods-healthy-bones-86132627.html

42. Workout for Healthy Bones
 Aerobics
 Cycling
 Dancing - especially contra dancing, tap dancing, polka and
other folk dances that involve stomping, hopping etc.
 Gardening
 Gymnastics
 Jogging
 Jumping rope or doing Jumping Jacks
 Race Walking
 Tennis
 Stair climbing - going down stairs is best
 Weight Bearing Exercise
http://www.osteopenia3.com/bone-density-exercises.html