it is the study of bones

1. ANATOMY CLASS
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM

2. SKELETAL
SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is
composed of 206 bones that, along with
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments,
make up the framework or skeleton of
the body.

3. 2 division of Human skeletal system
1.Axial Skeleton
2.Appendicular

4. • It is made up of the 80 bones within the central core of your
body. This includes bones in your head, neck, back and chest.
Your axial skeleton protects and cushions your brain, spinal
cord and organs.
• It also composed of skull and associated bones, thoracic cage,
and vertebral column.
AXIAL SKELETON

6. • The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones. The primary bones
of this skeleton are the shoulder or pectoral girdle, arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs, and feet.
• The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is to facilitate
movements made by the human body
• it composed of pectoral girdles , upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower
limbs.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

8. • Provides shape and support for the body
• Protect internal Organs
• Provides attachments for major muscles
• Produces blood cells in the red marrow of certain bones
• Bones serve as a storage place for minerals such as salts,
calcium, and phosphorus.
FUNCTION OF THE BONES AND
JOINTS

9. Four types of bones
1.Long bones
2.Flat bones
3.Short bones
4.Sesamoid bones

10. • Long banes are those bones found in the legs and arms. They
are hollow, yet strong and lightweight. These bones' length
exceeds their width.
• They are thickest toward the middle of the bone because the
strain is greatest at this region.
LONG BONES

11. • Found in ribs, breastbone, sh pelvis, bones of the skull, and
shoulder bones (scapula). They are thin in appearance, which is
ideal for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or
vital organs of the body.
FLAT BONES

12. • like those in the hands and feet, support weight and allow
many Dmall movements. Irregular bones are irregularly
shaped.
• The wrist bones (carpals), ankle bones (tarsals), and
vertebrae are eamples of irregular bones.
SHORT BONES

13. • Sesamoid bones are small and rounded in appearance.
They assist in the proper functioning are of the muscles.
These bones are enclosed in a tendon and among the
sesamoid bones. adjacent to joints.
• The patella or knee cap is the largest among the sesamoid
bones
SESAMOID BONES

14. Periosteum
-Made up of connective tissues and bone forming cells involved in the
growthandrepairof thebone.
Compact bone
-Compact bone is a dense connective tissue that provides support. It
contains bone cells, blood vessels, and a flexible protein base, which
keeps bonefrombecomingtoobrittle.

15. Spongy bone
-Spongy bone is a loosely structured network of
separated connective tissues, which looks like a
honeycomb. Spongy bone has many small open spaces,
so it is much lighter in weight and softer than compact
bone. Spongy bone is mostly found at the ends of long
bones, like the humerus and femnur. Some cavities in a
spongy bone are filled with a soft tissue called bone
marrow.
Cartilage
-a flexible nonvascular tissue that acts like a cushion
that absorbs shock at the joints and reduces friction.
allowing easier movement.

16. JOINTS: FASTEN BONESTOGETHER
• Bones do not simply work on their own. Almost all of the 206 bones of the human body are
connected to one another. These connections are called joints.
• As mentioned earlier, the end of each bone is covered by a tough, smooth, shiny substance
called cartilage.
• The cartilage-coated bone ends are kept apart by a thin film of slippery fuid called the
synovial fluid, which works like oil in a car. This ensures that your bones will not scratch
and bump against each other when you move, and withstand great pressure and stress
brought about by daily activities.
• Bones are also held together by strong, stretchy bands called ligaments. They help stabilize
joints and prevent joints from moving too far in one direction. Most sports-related injuries
are caused by an impact that causes the joints to overextend and force ligaments to
stretch beyond their limits.
• Bones are also connected to muscles by a dense connective tissue called tendons.

17. 3 Types of joints
1.Immovable joints
2.Slightly movable joints, and
3.Freely movable joints.

18. 1.Fixedorimmovablejoints
• occur when bones are fused together by a protein called
collagen, thus little or no movement is allowed. Immovable joints
hold the bones of the adult human skull and the bones of the
pelvistogether.
• The cranial bones of the skull are joined by a type of immovable
joint called sutures, in which the bones are divided only by a thin
layerofconnectivetissuethat laterfuse

19. 2.Slightlymovablejoints
• permit bones to have limited movement. The vertebrae
of the spine are joined by cartilaginous joints, which are
a kindofslightlymovablejoint.
• They help you absorb vertebral shocks like when you fall
outofatreeandlandonyourfeet.
• Slightly movable joints are also located between the
bonesoftheribcage.

20. 3.Freelymovablejoints
• The human body has a wide range of
motion due to the presence of freely
movable joints: ball-and-socket, hinge,
pivot, gliding,and saddlejoints.
• Ligaments, which are connective tissues
that are able to stretch, connect the bones
in movable joints. Freely movable joints
includeelbows,hips,shoulders,and knees.

22. COMMON BONE DISEASES,THEIR
SYMPTOMS,ANDPOTENTIAL
TREATMENTS:

23. 1.Osteoporosis:
-Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a
fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a
break. Osteoporosis-related breaks most commonly occur in the hip, wrist
or spine. Bone is living tissue that is constantly being broken down and
replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep
up with theloss of old bone.
Risk Factors: It most commonly affects non-Hispanic white females and
Asian females, with therisk increasing with age.

24. Symptoms: There typically are no symptoms in the early stages of bone
loss. But once your bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, you might
have signs and symptoms that include:
•Back pain, caused bya broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
•Loss of height overtime.
•A stooped posture.
•Abone that breaks much moreeasily than expected.
Treatment: Lifestyle modifications (exercise, calcium, vitamin D),
medications toimprove bone density, and fall prevention strategies

25. 2.Osteopenia:
-Osteopenia is a loss of bone mineral density (BMD). Lower BMD indicates
you have fewer minerals in your bones than you should,which makes bones
weaker.
Symptoms: Typically asymptomatic. Osteopenia has no signs or symptoms,
but a painless screening test can measure bone strength. Certain lifestyle
changes can help you preservebone density and prevent osteoporosis.
Treatment: Similar to osteoporosis management, including lifestyle
changes and monitoring bone health