The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. ... The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
vertebrate integument and its derivative
development general structure and function of integument and its derivative
gland, scales,horns, claws,nails, hooves, feathers and hairs.
This presentation provide information about salient feature of cyclostomata with proper examples and explanation why they are classified in this class.
vertebrate integument and its derivative
development general structure and function of integument and its derivative
gland, scales,horns, claws,nails, hooves, feathers and hairs.
This presentation provide information about salient feature of cyclostomata with proper examples and explanation why they are classified in this class.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
INTRODUCTION
The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth.
It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting.
There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws.
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency.
The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria:
The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of
= a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw,
= and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw.
The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid.
The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. this is brief study on skeletal system ,that i prepared for my academic purpose .
please comment
thank u
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Unlike other animals, mammals have body hair, have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes), and nourish their young with milk that females produce in modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.
Reptiles are a group (Reptilia) of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles, ... The reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the amphibians. ... between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida)
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Skeleton
• The word skeleton derived from Gr . word the sclero means hard
• The term skeleton refers to the hard framework of animal body
• In vertebrate it is composed of cartilage , bone or combination of
both
3. Function
• Support the animal body
• Attachment of muscle
• Protection of certain delicate vital organ
5. Axial skeleton
Which part of the endoeskeleton lies the
mid axis of the body is called the axial
skeleton Composed of -
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Sternum
• Ribs
6. Comparative account of skull of
amniotes
Reptiles Aves Mammals
In reptilethe skull is
elongated and flattened.
Fig. skull 0f crocodile
In aves the skull is long and
dorsally convex.
Fig.skull 0f dove
In mammals the skull is
elongated and dorsally
convex except human.
Fig. skull of cat
Skull is composed of bone
except the nasal region.
Skull is composed of thin
dermal bone which full of
air for flight
adaptation,also bears
neurocranium.
Skull is composed of thin
dermal bone with
neurocranium.Some bone
is spongy.
Only one occipital condyle
present.
Only one occipital condyle
present.
Two occipital condyle
present
7. Reptiles Aves Mammals
Small crenium present Crenium is small but
elongated
Large and rounded
cranium present.
The skull roof composed
of paired frontal and
paired parietal bone
with parietal foramen.
Skull roof composed of
frontal and parietal bone
with parietal
foramen.
One frontal and one
parietal bone combined
to form skull roof
without parietal
foramen
Foramen magnum lies
posteriorly and
composed of one supra
occipital , two exo-
occipital and one basi-
occipital bone.
Foramen magnum
composed of same four
bone as reptiles but lies
the ventrally.
Four occipital bone
combined to form a
single bone , the
foramen magnum lies
the ventral side of skull.
8. Reptiles Aves Mammals
Auditory capsule
composed of
epiotic,opisthotic and pro-
otic bones.
Auditory capsule mainly
composed of pro-otic
bone.
Auditory capsule
composed of the pro-
otic,epiotic and opisthotic
bone.
Two soft nasal bone
present.
Two large “Y” shaped nasal
bone present.
Two long, narrow nasal
bone present.
Lacrimal bone small and
porous.
Lacrimal bone long and
porous.
Lacrimal bone small and
non-porous.
Homodont and pleurodont
teeth present on the pre
maxilla,maxilla and
dentaries.
Teeth absent. Teeth present on the pre
maxilla, maxilla and
dentaries.
9. Comparative account of vertebral column of
Amniotes
• In Reptiles the vertebral column is gastrocentrus type.
• Most of turtles and crocodilian vertebral column divide into-
Cervicle
Thoracic
Lumber
Sacrum
Caudal
In Sphenodon it is found a single short structure.
“V” shaped chevron bones present in ventral side of the caudal vertebra.
All kinds of centrum present in Reptiles.
• In Birds the vertebrae attached hardly one another form a strong structure.
The cervical region is movable and modified to add wings for flying adaptation.
The vertebrae of thoracic, lumber,sacral and caudal region are fused together and form
synsacrum.
The synsacrum is plays a vital role for flying.
• In Mammals
The vertebral column is gastrocentrus type.
Except Edentata all members of mammals provide seven cervical vertebrae.
10.
11. Comparative account of Sternum of Amniotes
Sternum of Reptiles:
• Rhomboidal and cartilazinous sternum present in
reptiles.
• Three pairs of ribs are attached with the sternum.
• Turtle, snakes and most of the leg less lizards have no
sternum.
12. Comparative account of Sternum of Amniotes
Sternum of Aves:
• Triangular sternum present in aves.
• In flying birds the mid-ventrall portion of sternum joint to
keel or carina and attach the flying muscle and gradually
it becomes “T” shaped to protect alimentary organ.
• In walking or running birds the sternum is rounded and
without keel.
13. Comparative account of Sternum of Amniotes
Sternum of Mammals:
• Lies the mid-ventrall side of pectoral girdle.
• Can be divided into three parts as-
Pre sternum
Menubrium
Meso sternum
• Seven pairs of ribs attached with the sternum
14. Comparative accounts of Ribs of
Amniotes
• Ribs is long or short rod like structure
made of cartilage or bone which is
attached with the vertebral column.
• In turtle having no definite structure,
cervicle ribs absent in turtle.
• Body ribs is one side is free and
another part attached with the costal
plates of carapace.
The ribs of birds is different in
structure.
The ribs are arranged one above is
another.
• Ribs of birds is so strong and able to
attached the flying muscle for flying
adaptation.
• In mammals para apophysis is absent
in some times.In this case the
capitulum attached both side to the
centrum.
Tuberculum reduced.
Middle side of the capitulum and
tuberculum form the thoracic region.
15. Comparative account of the pectoral girdle of Amniotes
Reptiles Aves Mammals
Made of cartilage or bone. Made of bone and modified for
flight.
Made of bone modified for
running and dig hole.
Equally divide into two parts and
ventrally attached one another.
“V” shaped in structure and both
arch are not attached.
Divide by two triangular portion
and not attached one another.
“T” shaped,lies mid portion
between clavicle and ribs.
“V” shaped. ‘’V’’ shaped
16. Comparative account of pelvic girdle
Reptile Aves Mammals
Bone joint present. Bone joint absent. Bone joint present.
Wide bone joint to the sacral bone
of vertebral column.
Broad ,wide and slightly curved, divide
into pre-acetabulum and post-
acetabulum.
It is long, thick and hard bone.End
of the bone is fan like and joint to
the sacram.
Obturator foramen incomplete. Obturator foramen long and large. Obturator foramen much large.
Hypoeschium present. Absent. Absent.
17. Comparative account of Forelimb
0f amniotes
Reptiles Aves Mammals
Composed of humerous,
redious,ulna,carpal , metacarpal
and phalanges.
Composed of humerous, redious
,carpometacarpal and phalanges.
Composed of humerous,
redious,ulna,metacarpal and
phalanges.
Humerous large and weighty. Humerous broad and wide. Humerous broad, large
Carpal bone ten in number. Carpal bone two in number. Carpal bone nine in number.
Metacarpal bone five in number. Metacarpal two in number. Metacarpal five in number.
18. Comparative account of Hind limb 0f
amniotes
Reptiles Aves Mammals
Composed of fimar, tibia and
fibula,tarsal,metatarsal and
phalanges.
Composed of fimer
,tibiotersous,fibula and tarso
metatarsal and phalanges.
Composed of fimer,tibio
fibula,metatarsal and phalanges.
Patella absent. Patella present on knee joint. Patella present on knee joint.
Metatarsal six in number. Metatarsal four in number. Metatarsal three in number.
19. REFERENCE
• 1.George C. Kent, Larry Miller, Comparative
Anatomy of vertebrates, Wm. C. Brown publishers,
P-288-309.
• 2.KOTPAL.R.L, Modern text book of zoology
vertebrates, Rastogi publications, Gangotri, shinaji
road, Meerut 25002, India.
• 3.Charles k. weichert, Anatomy of chordates,
fourth edition, Mc-graw Hill International Book
Company.