The document discusses the skeletal system, specifically bones and bone structure. It covers the following key points:
1. Bones are made up of both inorganic and organic components that provide strength and structure. The inorganic component is calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and the organic is collagen.
2. Bones have several important functions including support and movement, protecting organs, housing marrow, and mineral metabolism.
3. Bones are formed through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification which forms bones in pre-existing cartilage.
4. The skeletal system includes many bone types and structures like the vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull that make
The document discusses the human movement and framework systems. It describes how motion systems in the body allow for movement through muscles and bones. It then explains the different types of bones in the human body based on their shapes, including pipe bones, flat bones, and small bones. Finally, it discusses joints and how bones connect to each other, including immovable and movable joint types.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including its classification, anatomy, functions, and related diseases. The skeletal system consists of both the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones provide structure, allow movement through joints, protect organs, produce blood cells in the bone marrow, and store minerals. Diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis affect the skeleton and its functions.
The skeletal system has five main functions: movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It is made up of bones and joints, with four basic bone shapes. The document describes the main bones in the skull, spine, shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. It also outlines the different joint types and connectors like ligaments and tendons. Common skeletal system problems are discussed like fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the endoskeleton. It has two divisions: the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. The skeleton contains over 200 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling through bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Joints allow movement and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints. Common skeletal conditions include osteoporosis which weakens bones, and curvatures of the spine like scol
The document discusses the human skeletal system. It begins by defining what skeletons are and noting that adults have 206 bones that make up 14% of body weight. As infants, humans have over 300 bones that fuse together during development. The skeleton provides structure, protects internal organs, and works with muscles to allow movement. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur; short bones in the wrists and ankles; flat bones like the parietal bone; irregular bones like vertebrae; and sesamoid bones embedded in tendons. In summary, the skeletal system gives the body its shape, shields internal structures, and enables mobility through coordination with muscles.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It begins by labeling the parts of a long bone, then describes the two groups that make up the skeletal system - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. It then details the specific bones that make up these areas. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. The document also outlines the functions of the skeletal system and describes the four types of bones. It defines anatomical terminology and discusses the roles of connective tissues like cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Finally
The document discusses the human movement and framework systems. It describes how motion systems in the body allow for movement through muscles and bones. It then explains the different types of bones in the human body based on their shapes, including pipe bones, flat bones, and small bones. Finally, it discusses joints and how bones connect to each other, including immovable and movable joint types.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including its classification, anatomy, functions, and related diseases. The skeletal system consists of both the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones provide structure, allow movement through joints, protect organs, produce blood cells in the bone marrow, and store minerals. Diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis affect the skeleton and its functions.
The skeletal system has five main functions: movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It is made up of bones and joints, with four basic bone shapes. The document describes the main bones in the skull, spine, shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. It also outlines the different joint types and connectors like ligaments and tendons. Common skeletal system problems are discussed like fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the endoskeleton. It has two divisions: the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. The skeleton contains over 200 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling through bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Joints allow movement and include hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints. Common skeletal conditions include osteoporosis which weakens bones, and curvatures of the spine like scol
The document discusses the human skeletal system. It begins by defining what skeletons are and noting that adults have 206 bones that make up 14% of body weight. As infants, humans have over 300 bones that fuse together during development. The skeleton provides structure, protects internal organs, and works with muscles to allow movement. There are five types of bones: long bones like the femur; short bones in the wrists and ankles; flat bones like the parietal bone; irregular bones like vertebrae; and sesamoid bones embedded in tendons. In summary, the skeletal system gives the body its shape, shields internal structures, and enables mobility through coordination with muscles.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It begins by labeling the parts of a long bone, then describes the two groups that make up the skeletal system - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. It then details the specific bones that make up these areas. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. The document also outlines the functions of the skeletal system and describes the four types of bones. It defines anatomical terminology and discusses the roles of connective tissues like cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Finally
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. There are several common bone problems that can occur like fractures, dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and a network of tissues that connect them. It performs vital functions of support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production, calcium storage, and hormone regulation. The skeletal system includes the skull, spinal cord, rib cage, shoulders, hips, and bones in the hands and feet. Cartilage cushions the ends of bones at joints like knees, elbows, and vertebrae. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to other bones and muscles to facilitate movement. The skeletal system enables the human body to survive through these various structural and functional roles.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
The skeletal system has several key functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement.
2. Bones act as levers for muscle attachments and movement.
3. Bones store minerals and act as sites for blood cell formation.
4. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton divided into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid shapes serving different functions. Bones are classified as either axial or appendicular. Surface markings on bones provide attachment points for muscles and allow for vascular and nerve passageways.
The document discusses the integumentary system and skeletal system. It describes the two main layers of the skin - the epidermis and dermis - and their functions in protecting the body. It then explains the roles and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and functions of the skeletal muscles in facilitating movement. The three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles - are also outlined according to their locations, structures, and voluntary or involuntary functions in the body.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and other functions for the body. It consists of both long bones and short bones, including those in the limbs, spine, skull, and pelvis. The skeletal system also produces blood cells and stores minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that can be classified by shape and location into groups like long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
a compiled resources mainly to facilitate learning outcomes
Identify types of muscle tissues
Describe types of skeletal system
Identify human skeletal system
Identify the component of human musculo-skeletal system
Explain how muscle contracts
Describe muscle and bone relationships
The document summarizes information about the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones that protect organs and give the body shape, while the muscular system contains around 630 muscles that work with the skeletal system to allow movement. Both systems are vital to normal body function and developing strength and mobility.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and protects vital organs like the brain, lungs, and heart. It has around 206 bones that provide structure, allow movement, protect internal organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limb bones, enabling locomotion. There are different joint types that permit various ranges of motion.
The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limb bones. The adult human skeleton has 206 bones, including 80 bones in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. Key bones of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column consisting of 26 vertebrae, and 12 pairs of ribs. The skull has 29 bones that form the cranium and face. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles, with the limb bones of the upper and lower limbs making up the remaining bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and joints which provide structure, protect organs, and enable movement. It includes elements like the skull, rib cage, backbone, and limbs. Joints are where two bones meet and are held together by ligaments, allowing movement except in the skull. There are different types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints. Muscles connect to bones via tendons and work with the skeletal system to produce movement, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, and movement for the body through its 206 bones, which give the body its basic framework. The bones also perform important functions like producing blood cells, storing minerals, and releasing hormones necessary for life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest, and the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the upper and lower limbs.
The Skeletal and Muscular System works together to achieve the great
Success of mechanics.
Malfunction or Dysfunction of this systems can be monitored by proper diagnostics tool with the help of biomedicine.
Treatment, Therapy, and Rehabilitation methods have been developed by bioengineers to enhance the success of these systems where failure is observed.
BME students (US) and researches are working, reading, researching and experimenting tirelessly for the greater success of our failing systems.
The skeletal system is made up of bones and cartilage and has several important functions including support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It consists of 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Compact bone is dense and strong while spongy bone is lightweight. Cartilage provides flexibility and connection between bones. The skeletal system works with other body systems by providing protection and attachment sites while receiving nutrients, hormones, and waste removal in return.
The document identifies the five functions of the skeletal system and discusses organ systems. It begins by asking what will be identified today. It then defines tissues and organs. An organ is made up of different kinds of tissue and performs specific jobs. Each organ is part of an organ system, which is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. It lists the main organ systems and discusses their importance, as understanding organ systems explains how the body functions and allows medical professionals to provide care.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The skeletal system has 5 main functions: providing shape, support, protection, assisting with movement, and producing blood cells. It is composed of 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular includes the upper and lower limbs. The bones of the skeletal system come in different shapes and serve important structural and protective roles for the body.
The skeletal system helps support the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, and stores minerals. There are several types of joints including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Bone is surrounded by periosteum and connected by ligaments, and contains bone marrow and Haversian canals.
There are three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and control movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control organs. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart.
Muscles contract through the interaction of the myosin and actin filaments when calcium ions are released following the transmission of an impulse from a motor neuron. Tendons connect muscles to bones so that
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, which includes the skeletal and muscular systems. It provides information on the key components and functions of these systems. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and joints. It works with the muscular system to enable movement, with muscles connecting to bones via tendons and ligaments. Together the skeletal and muscular systems interact with other body systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems to support movement and overall body function.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder allow bones to articulate. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles, which contract to create movement via actin and myosin interactions in the sarcomere. The musculoskeletal system works with three muscle types - cardiac, smooth, and striated skeletal muscle - to support the form and
Vertebrate skeletal systems have three main components: bones, cartilage, and joints. There are two types of bones - compact bone which forms the hard outer shell, and spongy bone found at the ends of long bones. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, and store minerals. They form through two processes - intramembranous ossification where bone develops in membranes, and endochondral ossification where bone forms within cartilage. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae which can be classified based on their structure and location along the body.
This document provides a summary of vertebrate skeletal systems, including bone structure and function, the two types of bone (compact and spongy), and the processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. It then describes the dermal and endoskeleton structures across vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, focusing on elements like vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Key evolutionary trends in these skeletal elements are also summarized.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. There are several common bone problems that can occur like fractures, dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and a network of tissues that connect them. It performs vital functions of support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production, calcium storage, and hormone regulation. The skeletal system includes the skull, spinal cord, rib cage, shoulders, hips, and bones in the hands and feet. Cartilage cushions the ends of bones at joints like knees, elbows, and vertebrae. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to other bones and muscles to facilitate movement. The skeletal system enables the human body to survive through these various structural and functional roles.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
The skeletal system has several key functions:
1. It provides structure and support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows for movement.
2. Bones act as levers for muscle attachments and movement.
3. Bones store minerals and act as sites for blood cell formation.
4. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton divided into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid shapes serving different functions. Bones are classified as either axial or appendicular. Surface markings on bones provide attachment points for muscles and allow for vascular and nerve passageways.
The document discusses the integumentary system and skeletal system. It describes the two main layers of the skin - the epidermis and dermis - and their functions in protecting the body. It then explains the roles and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and functions of the skeletal muscles in facilitating movement. The three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles - are also outlined according to their locations, structures, and voluntary or involuntary functions in the body.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and other functions for the body. It consists of both long bones and short bones, including those in the limbs, spine, skull, and pelvis. The skeletal system also produces blood cells and stores minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that can be classified by shape and location into groups like long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
a compiled resources mainly to facilitate learning outcomes
Identify types of muscle tissues
Describe types of skeletal system
Identify human skeletal system
Identify the component of human musculo-skeletal system
Explain how muscle contracts
Describe muscle and bone relationships
The document summarizes information about the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones that protect organs and give the body shape, while the muscular system contains around 630 muscles that work with the skeletal system to allow movement. Both systems are vital to normal body function and developing strength and mobility.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and protects vital organs like the brain, lungs, and heart. It has around 206 bones that provide structure, allow movement, protect internal organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals. The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limb bones, enabling locomotion. There are different joint types that permit various ranges of motion.
The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limb bones. The adult human skeleton has 206 bones, including 80 bones in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. Key bones of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column consisting of 26 vertebrae, and 12 pairs of ribs. The skull has 29 bones that form the cranium and face. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles, with the limb bones of the upper and lower limbs making up the remaining bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and joints which provide structure, protect organs, and enable movement. It includes elements like the skull, rib cage, backbone, and limbs. Joints are where two bones meet and are held together by ligaments, allowing movement except in the skull. There are different types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints. Muscles connect to bones via tendons and work with the skeletal system to produce movement, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, and movement for the body through its 206 bones, which give the body its basic framework. The bones also perform important functions like producing blood cells, storing minerals, and releasing hormones necessary for life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest, and the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the upper and lower limbs.
The Skeletal and Muscular System works together to achieve the great
Success of mechanics.
Malfunction or Dysfunction of this systems can be monitored by proper diagnostics tool with the help of biomedicine.
Treatment, Therapy, and Rehabilitation methods have been developed by bioengineers to enhance the success of these systems where failure is observed.
BME students (US) and researches are working, reading, researching and experimenting tirelessly for the greater success of our failing systems.
The skeletal system is made up of bones and cartilage and has several important functions including support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It consists of 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Compact bone is dense and strong while spongy bone is lightweight. Cartilage provides flexibility and connection between bones. The skeletal system works with other body systems by providing protection and attachment sites while receiving nutrients, hormones, and waste removal in return.
The document identifies the five functions of the skeletal system and discusses organ systems. It begins by asking what will be identified today. It then defines tissues and organs. An organ is made up of different kinds of tissue and performs specific jobs. Each organ is part of an organ system, which is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. It lists the main organ systems and discusses their importance, as understanding organ systems explains how the body functions and allows medical professionals to provide care.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The skeletal system has 5 main functions: providing shape, support, protection, assisting with movement, and producing blood cells. It is composed of 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular includes the upper and lower limbs. The bones of the skeletal system come in different shapes and serve important structural and protective roles for the body.
The skeletal system helps support the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, and stores minerals. There are several types of joints including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Bone is surrounded by periosteum and connected by ligaments, and contains bone marrow and Haversian canals.
There are three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and control movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control organs. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart.
Muscles contract through the interaction of the myosin and actin filaments when calcium ions are released following the transmission of an impulse from a motor neuron. Tendons connect muscles to bones so that
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, which includes the skeletal and muscular systems. It provides information on the key components and functions of these systems. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and joints. It works with the muscular system to enable movement, with muscles connecting to bones via tendons and ligaments. Together the skeletal and muscular systems interact with other body systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems to support movement and overall body function.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder allow bones to articulate. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles, which contract to create movement via actin and myosin interactions in the sarcomere. The musculoskeletal system works with three muscle types - cardiac, smooth, and striated skeletal muscle - to support the form and
Vertebrate skeletal systems have three main components: bones, cartilage, and joints. There are two types of bones - compact bone which forms the hard outer shell, and spongy bone found at the ends of long bones. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, and store minerals. They form through two processes - intramembranous ossification where bone develops in membranes, and endochondral ossification where bone forms within cartilage. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae which can be classified based on their structure and location along the body.
This document provides a summary of vertebrate skeletal systems, including bone structure and function, the two types of bone (compact and spongy), and the processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. It then describes the dermal and endoskeleton structures across vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, focusing on elements like vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Key evolutionary trends in these skeletal elements are also summarized.
The skeletal system is the most important organ system for studying vertebrate morphology. It provides shape, support, and protection to the body. The skeletal system consists of two main parts - the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton gives the body its basic form and protects the spinal cord and vital organs. It develops from cartilage that later ossifies into bone. The skull is made up of the neurocranium, dermatocranium, and splanchnocranium. Vertebrae come in different shapes depending on the number and fusion of centra. Ribs attach to vertebrae and form a protective rib cage in most vertebrates
The skeletal system functions to support the body, allow for movement, and protect internal organs. There are two types of skeletons - endoskeletons found in vertebrates which are inside the body, and exoskeletons which are outside. The human skeletal system is made up of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones provide structure through their composition of both spongy and compact bone tissue. Joints allow for movement and come in several types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.
The document provides information on the human skeletal system including:
- It describes the main types of skeletons in humans and animals - endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton.
- It explains the functions of the skeletal system which include protection, support, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.
- It outlines the main bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, forelimb bones, hindlimb bones).
The document discusses the three main types of skeletons - hydrostatic, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton. It provides examples of animals that have each type and describes their key characteristics. It then focuses on the human skeleton, describing the axial and appendicular parts and providing details on the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limbs. The roles and functions of the skeleton are also summarized.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and storage. The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage. There are two types of bones - compact bone which makes up the outer layer and is very dense, and cancellous bone which is less dense and found in the interior. Bones are composed of cells including osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissues that provide structure and support to the body. Bones are composed of compact bone on the outer surface and spongy bone on the inner surface. Red bone marrow is found within bones and produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and stem cells. There are several classifications of bones based on shape including long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The skeletal system allows for support, protection of organs, storage of minerals, blood cell production, and movement.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human skeletal system including its functions of support, movement, protection and blood cell production. It describes the main components of the skeletal system such as bones, joints and ligaments. It provides classifications of bones, joints and muscles. Key facts presented include that the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, and examples of the different types of joints like ball-and-socket and hinge joints.
The document summarizes the skeletal system, specifically the axial skeleton. It describes the main bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, and ribs. It discusses the classification of bones based on their microscopic appearance, developmental origin, shape, and location in the body. For each bone, it provides a brief definition and identifies its key features.
The document provides an overview of comparative vertebrate anatomy and chordate origins and phylogeny. It discusses key vertebrate characteristics like the notochord and dorsal hollow nervous system. It describes the subclasses within the phylum Chordata, including vertebrates, tunicates, and amphioxus. It also outlines the classes and characteristics of early jawless fishes and jawed fishes, as well as the evolution of land vertebrates.
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the skeletal system across vertebrates. It provides details on the skeletal system of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The skeletal system evolved for support and movement on land. Key adaptations include the diapsid skull in reptiles and birds, fused bones and reduction of weight in birds, and the presence of both axial and appendicular skeleton in most vertebrate groups.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
Comparative anatomy involves comparing the body structures of different species to understand evolutionary relationships and physiological similarities and differences. The document discusses key topics in comparative anatomy including homologous and analogous structures, directional terms, skeletal systems in humans and other vertebrates like fish, birds and cattle. Examples are provided of skeletal features like pneumatic and medullary bones that are specialized adaptations for respiration and calcium storage.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, allow movement, and protect organs. Bones are connected by different types of joints like hinged, ball-and-socket, and fixed joints. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and long bones of the limbs. While males and females have slightly different skeletons, the skeleton overall supports the body, facilitates movement, and houses bone marrow.
This document discusses comparative vertebrate anatomy. It covers topics such as homology, the importance of understanding phylogeny, and the basic body plan of vertebrates. Key points include:
- Comparative vertebrate anatomy studies structure from an evolutionary perspective and examines anatomical developments and relationships through embryology.
- Vertebrates share four features - a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, and endostyle. They can be divided into subphyla including urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.
- The typical vertebrate body has a head, trunk and tail. It displays bilateral symmetry and segmentation. Structures like the
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The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that perform several important functions. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the head, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, clavicle, and bones of the upper and lower appendages. The skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, storage, and blood cell production for the body.
1. SISTEM RANGKA
Jumailatus Solihah, S.Si.
Biology Program
State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga
Yogyakarta
2. Bone
inorganic components of bone comprise
60% of the dry weight (largely calcium
hydroxy-appetite crystals) & provide the
compressive strength
The organic component is primarily
collagen, which gives bone great tensile
strength.
3. Function of Bone
provides support and movement
via attachments for soft tissue
and muscle
protects vital organs
is a major site for red marrow for
production of blood cells
plays a role in the metabolism of
minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus.
4. Bone Cells
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as
fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells
and bone-destroying cells
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and
secrete unmineralized ground substance and
are found in areas of high metabolism within the
bone.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells made from
osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around
themselves.
Osteoclasts are large cells that break down
bone tissue.
bone-lining cells are made from osteoblasts
along the surface of most bones in an adult
5.
6. Types of bone
Compact bone forms the outer shell of all bones
and also the shafts in long bones.
Spongy bone is found at the expanded heads of
long bones and fills most irregular bones.
Short bones are variable in size and shape.
These bones are generally compact in nature
and are distributed throughout the skeleton.
These include the entire vertebral column, carpal
bones, and tarsal bones
7.
8.
9. Intramembranous
ossification
is the process of
membrane bone formation. This process
give rise to:
bones of the lower jaw, skull, & pectoral girdle
dentin & other bone that develops in the skin
vertebrae in some vertebrates (teleosts,
urodeles)
10. Endochondral ossification
is the process in which
bone is deposited in pre-existing cartilage ,
& such bone is called REPLACEMENT
BONE
11. Dermal skeleton
skin of most living vertebrates has no hard
skeletal parts but dermal bone elements are
usually present in the head region
early vertebrates (ostracoderms) had so much
dermal bone they were called 'armored fishes'
after ostracoderms, fish continued to develop
much bone in skin but that bone has become
'thinner' over time
12. Endoskeleton
Somatic - axial & appendicular skeletons
Visceral - cartilage or bone associated
with gills & skeletal elements (such as jaw
cartilages) derived from them
13. Dermal bone of fishes:
Basic structure includes lamellar (compact)
bone, spongy bone, dentin, &, often, a surface
with a layer of enamel-like material
Evolutionary 'trend' = large bony plates giving
way to smaller, thinner bony scales
Ancient armor - not found on living fish
Ganoid scales - found only on Latimeria (coelocanth)
& sturgeons
Placoid scales - elasmobranchs (diagram to the right;
pulp cavity > dentin layer > enamel)
Ctenoid & Cycloid scales - modern bony fish
15. Vertebral column:
Vertebrae - consist of a centrum (or body), 1 or
2 arches, plus various processes
Amphicelous
concave at both ends
most fish, a few salamanders (Necturus), & caecilians
Procelous
concave in front & convex in back
anurans & present-day reptiles
Acelous
flat-ended
mammals
16. Vertebral arches
Neural arch - on top of centrum
Hemal arch (also called chevrons) -
beneath centrum in caudal vertebrae of
fish, salamanders, most reptiles, some
birds, & many long-tailed mammals
17. Vertebral processes:
projections from arches & centra
some give rigidity to the column, articulate
with ribs, or serve as sites of muscle
attachment
18. Vertebral processes:
Transverse processes - most common type
of process; extend laterally from the base of a
neural arch or centrum & separate the epaxial &
hypaxial muscles
Diapophyses & parapophyses - articulate
with ribs
Prezygapophyses (cranial zygapophyses)
& postzygapophyses (caudal
zygapophyses) - articulate with one another &
limit flexion & torsion of the vertebral column
19. Vertebral columns of
tetrapods
Cervical region
Amphibians - single cervical vertebra; allows little head
movement
Reptiles - increased numbers of cervical vertebrae (usually 7) &
increased flexibility of head
Birds - variable number of cervical vertebrae (as many as 25 in
swans)
Mammals - usually 7 cervical vertebrae
Reptiles, birds, & mammals - 1st two cervical vertebrae are
modified & called the atlas & axis
atlas - 1st cervical vertebra; ring-like (most of centrum gone);
provides 'cradle' in which skull can 'rock' (as when nodding 'yes')
axis - 2nd cervical vertebra
Transverse foramen (#6 in above caudal view of a cervical
vertebra)
found in cervical vertebrae of birds & mammals
20. Vertebral columns of
tetrapods
Dorsal region
Dorsals - name given to vertebrae between
cervicals & sacrals when all articulate with
similar ribs (e.g., fish, amphibians, & snakes)
Crocodilians, lizards, birds, & mammals - ribs
are confined to anterior region of trunk
thoracic - vertebrae with ribs
lumbar - vertebrae without ribs
21. Vertebral columns of
tetrapods
Sacrum & Synsacrum
sacral vertebrae - have short transverse processes that brace
the pelvic girdle & hindlimbs against the vertebral column
Amphibians - 1 sacral vertebra
Living reptiles & most birds - 2 sacral vertebrae
Most mammals - 3 to 5 sacral vertebrae
Sacrum - single bony complex consisting of fused sacral
vertebrae; found when there is more than 1 sacral vertebra
Synsacrum
found in birds
produced by fusion of last thoracics, all lumbars, all sacrals, & first
few caudals
fused with pelvic girdle
provides rigid support for bipedal locomotion
22. Vertebral columns of
tetrapods
Caudal region
Primitive tetrapods - 50 or more caudal vertebrae
Present-day tetrapods
number of caudal vertebrae is reduced
arches & processes get progressively shorter (the last few
caudals typically consist of just cylindrical centra)
Anurans - unique terminal segment called the urostyle
(section of unsegmented vertebral column probably
derived from separate caudals of early anurans)
Birds - last 4 or 5 caudal vertebrae fused to form
pygostyle
Apes & humans - last 3 to 5 caudal vertebrae fused to
form coccygeal (or tail bone)
23.
24.
25.
26. Ribs
may be long or short, cartilaginous or bony; articulate medially
with vertebrae & extend into the body wall
A few teleosts - have 2 pair of ribs for each centrum of trunk
(dorsal rib separates epaxial & hypaxial muscles)
Most teleosts - ventral ribs only
Sharks - dorsal ribs only
Agnathans - no ribs
Tetrapods - ribs usually articulate with vertebrae in moveable
joints (see above drawing)
Early tetrapods - ribs articulated with every vertebra from the atlas
to the end of the trunk
Later tetrapods - long ribs limited to thoracic region
Thoracic ribs - most composed of a dorsal element (vertebral rib) & a
ventral element (sternal rib)
Sternal rib - may be ossified (birds) or remain cartilaginous (mammals);
usually articulate with sternum (except 'floating ribs')
Uncinate processes - found in birds; provides rib-cage with
additional support
27.
28. Sternum
strictly a tetrapod structure &, primarily, an
amniote structure
Amphibians - no sternum in early amphibians &,
among present-day amphibians, only anurans
have one
Amniotes
sternum is a plate of cartilage & replacement bone
sternum articulates with the pectoral girdle anteriorly
& with a variable number of ribs
29. The Vertebrate Skull
consists of:
1 - neurocranium (also
called endocranium
or primary braincase)
2 - dermatocranium
(membrane bones)
3 - splanchnocranium
(or visceral skeleton)
30. Neurocranium :
1 - protects the brain
2 - begins as cartilage that is partly or
entirely replaced by bone (except in
cartilaginous fishes)
31. Cartilaginous stage:
neurocranium begins as pair of parachordal &
prechordal cartilages below the brain
parachordal cartilages expand & join; along with the
notochord from the basal plate
prechordal cartilages expand & join to form an
ethmoid plate
Cartilage also appears in the
olfactory capsule (partially surrounding the olfactory
epithelium)
otic capsule (surrounds inner ear & also develops into sclera
of the eyeball)
Completion of floor, walls, & roof:
Ethmoid plate - fuses with olfactory capsules
Basal plate - fuses with otic capsules
Further development of cartilaginous neurocranium =
development of cartilaginous walls (sides of
braincase) &, in cartilaginous fishes, a cartilaginous
32.
33. Neurocranial ossification
centers
1 - occipital centers
cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum
may be replaced by as many as four bones:
basioccipital
exoccipital (2)
supraoccipital
Mammals - all 4 occipital elements typically
fuse to form a single occipital bone
Tetrapods - neurocranium articulates with the
1st vertebra via 1 (reptiles and birds) or 2
(amphibians and mammals) occipital condyles
34.
35. Neurocranial ossification
centers
2 - Sphenoid centers form:
basisphenoid bone
(anterior to basioccipital)
presphenoid bone
side walls above
basisphenoid &
presphenoid form:
orbitosphenoid
pleurosphenoid
alisphenoid
36. Neurocranial ossification
centers
3 - Ethmoid centers tend to remain
cartilaginous & form
anterior to sphenoid
cribiform plate of ethmoid & several
conchae (or ethmoturbinal bones)
37. The ethmoid region is clearly visible within the bisected skull above.
In most mammals, the nasal chamber is large & filled with ridges
from the ethmoid bones called the turbinals or ethmoturbinals.
These bones are covered with olfactory epithelium in life and serve
to increase the surface area for olfaction (i.e., a more acute sense of
smell). Another ethmoid bone, the cribiform plate, separates the
nasal chamber from the brain cavity within the skull.
38. Neurocranial ossification
centers
4 - Otic centers - the cartilaginous otic capsule
is replaced in lower vertebrates by several
bones:
prootic
opisthotic
epiotic
One or more of these may unite with adjacent
replacement or membrane bones:
Frogs & most reptiles - opisthotics fuse with
exoccipitals
Birds & mammals - prootic, opisthotic, & epiotic
unite to form a single petrosal bone; the petrosal,
in turn, sometimes fuses with the squamosal to
39.
40. DERMATOCRANIUM –
lies superficial to neurocranium &
forms:
1 - bones that form the roof of the brain &
contribute to the lateral walls of the skull
2 - bones of the upper jaw
3 - bones of the palate(s)
4 - opercular bones
41. Appendicular skeleton
consists of pectoral & pelvic girdles plus
skeleton of fins & limbs
Some vertebrates have no appendicular
skeleton (e.g., agnathans, apodans,
snakes, & some lizards) & in others it is
much reduced.
42.
43. Limbs
Starting with amphibians, vertebrates typically have 4
limbs. However, some have lost one or both pairs &,
in others, one pair is modified as arms, wings, or
paddles
typically have 5 segments:
Anterior limb
brachium (upper arm) - consists of humerus
antebrachium (forearm) - consists of radius & ulna
carpus (wrist) - consists of carpals
metacarpus (palm) - consists of metacarpals
digits - consist of phalanges
Posterior limb
femur (thigh) - consists of femur
crus (shank) - consists of tibia & fibula
tarsus (ankle) - consists of tarsals
metatarsus (instep) - consists of metatarsals
digits - consist of phalanges
44.
45. joint /articulation
Movable joints (like ball-and-
socket, hinge, gliding and pivot
joints)
Immovable joints (like the bones
of the skull and pelvis) which allow
little or no movement