The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract
maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation
has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental
advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy
conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV
system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were
published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in
details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results
such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
The two basic topologies of switch mode DC-DC converters (Buck and Boost) are analyzed with a view of their use in PV (photovoltaic) systems, as the photovoltaic generator exhibits non-linear characteristics due to the change in environmental condition and load variation. As the efficiency of PV panels is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at a given period of time. Several MPPT algorithms with different types of converters are being proposed for extracting maximum power from the PV panel. It is found that the nature of load plays an important role in the choice of topology. This paper investigates the implementation issues of Incremental Conductance method with Buck and Boost Converters. Mathematical analysis and desirable steady-state operating point of the converters are derived to give satisfactory maximum power point tracking operation.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling of Photo Voltaic Module under Partial Shaded Conditions Using PSO MP...IJMTST Journal
In this paper a modified BOOST converter is presented for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with PI
controller to improve the performance of PV system. SEPI converter is proposed as interface between load and
PV module array as DC-DC converter. Whichis more advantageous over boost converter for step up and step
down operations. The P&O and PSO based BOOST converter proposed are main key factors for high
efficiency output at foul weather conditions. The MATLAB/SIMULINK power system tool box will be used to
stimulate the proposed system.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Modelling and Simulation of Perturbation and Observation MPPT Algorithm for P...IJMTST Journal
Renewable energy has too much attention over past few years specially solar energy. Photovoltaic is a
technique in which solar energy is converted into electrical energy (DC). As we know conventional energy is
limited so we are trying to improve the uses of renewable energy like solar energy, hydel energy, and tidal
energy. A single cell of photovoltaic has still very low output so it is necessary to improve the performance
and reduce the cost. The model of photovoltaic presented in this paper can be used to visualize its output
characteristics which are I-V characteristics and P-V characteristics under different irradiation level and
temperature. In this paper MPPT- Maximum power point tracking is a method in which changing the ratio
between current and voltage delivered to get power by tracking one maximum power point from array input.
Here the system developed by combining (PV) photovoltaic module and DC-DC boost converter. There is a
detail discussion of DC-DC boost converter and perturbation and observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm.
Perturbation and observation (P&O) principal is to create a perturbation by increasing or decreasing the duty
cycle of DC-DC boost converter and observe the change in PV output. Used algorithm is to track MPPs because
it performance very small control under rapid changes. This is experimentally verified by modelling the PV
system with MPPT algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink Software.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
The two basic topologies of switch mode DC-DC converters (Buck and Boost) are analyzed with a view of their use in PV (photovoltaic) systems, as the photovoltaic generator exhibits non-linear characteristics due to the change in environmental condition and load variation. As the efficiency of PV panels is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at a given period of time. Several MPPT algorithms with different types of converters are being proposed for extracting maximum power from the PV panel. It is found that the nature of load plays an important role in the choice of topology. This paper investigates the implementation issues of Incremental Conductance method with Buck and Boost Converters. Mathematical analysis and desirable steady-state operating point of the converters are derived to give satisfactory maximum power point tracking operation.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling of Photo Voltaic Module under Partial Shaded Conditions Using PSO MP...IJMTST Journal
In this paper a modified BOOST converter is presented for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with PI
controller to improve the performance of PV system. SEPI converter is proposed as interface between load and
PV module array as DC-DC converter. Whichis more advantageous over boost converter for step up and step
down operations. The P&O and PSO based BOOST converter proposed are main key factors for high
efficiency output at foul weather conditions. The MATLAB/SIMULINK power system tool box will be used to
stimulate the proposed system.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Modelling and Simulation of Perturbation and Observation MPPT Algorithm for P...IJMTST Journal
Renewable energy has too much attention over past few years specially solar energy. Photovoltaic is a
technique in which solar energy is converted into electrical energy (DC). As we know conventional energy is
limited so we are trying to improve the uses of renewable energy like solar energy, hydel energy, and tidal
energy. A single cell of photovoltaic has still very low output so it is necessary to improve the performance
and reduce the cost. The model of photovoltaic presented in this paper can be used to visualize its output
characteristics which are I-V characteristics and P-V characteristics under different irradiation level and
temperature. In this paper MPPT- Maximum power point tracking is a method in which changing the ratio
between current and voltage delivered to get power by tracking one maximum power point from array input.
Here the system developed by combining (PV) photovoltaic module and DC-DC boost converter. There is a
detail discussion of DC-DC boost converter and perturbation and observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm.
Perturbation and observation (P&O) principal is to create a perturbation by increasing or decreasing the duty
cycle of DC-DC boost converter and observe the change in PV output. Used algorithm is to track MPPs because
it performance very small control under rapid changes. This is experimentally verified by modelling the PV
system with MPPT algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink Software.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
Fast photovoltaic IncCond-MPPT and backstepping control, using DC-DC boost c...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present our contribution in photovoltaic energy optimization subject. In this research work, the goal is to determinate fastly the optimal PV Module working point, allowing maximum power extraction. In this work we use DC-DC Boost converter to control the working point, by adjusting PV voltage trough duty cycle. In order to achieve our goal, we use the combination of incremental conductance MPPT technique and DC-DC Boost converter backstepping control. The validation of this control is made by Matlab simulation; the obtained results prove its effectiveness and its good maximum power tracking dynamics for different irradiance and temperature profiles.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Performance Comparison of PID and Fuzzy Controllers in Distributed MPPTIJPEDS-IAES
With an increase of Green Technology applications, Photovoltaic have
emerged as the most appropriate solution for electricity generation purposes.
However, due to variable temperature and irradiance, under the partial or
shaded conditions Maximum Power Point Tracking is needed to determine
highest efficiency of the system. The paper describes dynamic modeling and
control of variable temperature and irradiance on solar panel in SIMULINKMATLAB
environment. The implementation of Buck Converter is used for
power switching and impedance matching on connecting the panel to the
load. The effectiveness of the model, with enhanced efficiency through
voltage stabilization, is performed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative and
Fuzzy-Logic-Controllers. A comparative study is made for PID and FLC on
the basis of outputs to deal with online set point variations. FLC gives closer
results to Standard Test Conditions when compared with PID. The Fuzzy
system developed, using tested membership functions serve as a platform for
sustainable standalone and grid-based applications using distributed MPPT.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
A literature review on industrially accepted MPPT techniques for solar PV systemIJECEIAES
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy and it is available around 89,000 TW on the earth surface. To get maximum power from a solar PV system with minimum power transfer loss is one of the main design objectives of an energy transferring network. Power electronic devices perform a very important character for an efficient PV power tracking system control and either incorporates to transfer the generated power to the ac/dc grid or battery storage system. In this case the duty of the power electronics devices used in PV system is to track maximum power point under different operating conditions of environment, so that power tracking efficiency of solar PV system can be improved. This paper encapsulates based the on performance comparisions on the behavior of MPP under uniform and nonuniform operating conditions and selects the optimum duty cycle for industrially accepted MPPT techniques with their algorithm.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
The main objective of this research work is to develop KY conveter topology for renewable energy sources.Solar energy is the readily available and is the cheapest form of energy. It is non-polluting and environment friendly. The development of high static gain DC-DC converters is an important research area due to the crescent demand of this technology for several applications supplied by low DC output voltage power sources. It is used to provide the uninterruptable power supply and battery powered to the system. So here, step-up DC-DC converters based on the KY converter are proposed for LED lighting systems. The proposed topologies present high voltages and high efficiency for low input voltage and high output voltage applications. The simulation results of the proposed topology have been presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
Development of a Novel Robust Differential Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT...IJSRP Journal
The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasingly growing in importance since they involve an exploitation of solar radiation constituting an energy source which is renewable, available in most places, and pollution-free. Despite their numerous advantages, PV systems have two major drawbacks: low energy conversion efficiency and loss of energy due to variations in meteorological conditions; for this reason, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control techniques play a key role in exploiting the maximum energy caught by PV modules. The output characteristic of a photovoltaic array is nonlinear and changes with solar irradiation and the cell’s temperature. Therefore, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to draw peak power from the solar array to maximize the produced energy. In this study we have analyzed the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method and finding out a new and easier way to track maximum power point (MPP) and also our study is focused to overcome the drawbacks of MPPT. This research paper presents a novel MPP tracking method for tracking exact Maximum Power Point (MPP) if the irradiation or load changes.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
Fast photovoltaic IncCond-MPPT and backstepping control, using DC-DC boost c...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present our contribution in photovoltaic energy optimization subject. In this research work, the goal is to determinate fastly the optimal PV Module working point, allowing maximum power extraction. In this work we use DC-DC Boost converter to control the working point, by adjusting PV voltage trough duty cycle. In order to achieve our goal, we use the combination of incremental conductance MPPT technique and DC-DC Boost converter backstepping control. The validation of this control is made by Matlab simulation; the obtained results prove its effectiveness and its good maximum power tracking dynamics for different irradiance and temperature profiles.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Performance Comparison of PID and Fuzzy Controllers in Distributed MPPTIJPEDS-IAES
With an increase of Green Technology applications, Photovoltaic have
emerged as the most appropriate solution for electricity generation purposes.
However, due to variable temperature and irradiance, under the partial or
shaded conditions Maximum Power Point Tracking is needed to determine
highest efficiency of the system. The paper describes dynamic modeling and
control of variable temperature and irradiance on solar panel in SIMULINKMATLAB
environment. The implementation of Buck Converter is used for
power switching and impedance matching on connecting the panel to the
load. The effectiveness of the model, with enhanced efficiency through
voltage stabilization, is performed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative and
Fuzzy-Logic-Controllers. A comparative study is made for PID and FLC on
the basis of outputs to deal with online set point variations. FLC gives closer
results to Standard Test Conditions when compared with PID. The Fuzzy
system developed, using tested membership functions serve as a platform for
sustainable standalone and grid-based applications using distributed MPPT.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
A literature review on industrially accepted MPPT techniques for solar PV systemIJECEIAES
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy and it is available around 89,000 TW on the earth surface. To get maximum power from a solar PV system with minimum power transfer loss is one of the main design objectives of an energy transferring network. Power electronic devices perform a very important character for an efficient PV power tracking system control and either incorporates to transfer the generated power to the ac/dc grid or battery storage system. In this case the duty of the power electronics devices used in PV system is to track maximum power point under different operating conditions of environment, so that power tracking efficiency of solar PV system can be improved. This paper encapsulates based the on performance comparisions on the behavior of MPP under uniform and nonuniform operating conditions and selects the optimum duty cycle for industrially accepted MPPT techniques with their algorithm.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
The main objective of this research work is to develop KY conveter topology for renewable energy sources.Solar energy is the readily available and is the cheapest form of energy. It is non-polluting and environment friendly. The development of high static gain DC-DC converters is an important research area due to the crescent demand of this technology for several applications supplied by low DC output voltage power sources. It is used to provide the uninterruptable power supply and battery powered to the system. So here, step-up DC-DC converters based on the KY converter are proposed for LED lighting systems. The proposed topologies present high voltages and high efficiency for low input voltage and high output voltage applications. The simulation results of the proposed topology have been presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
Development of a Novel Robust Differential Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT...IJSRP Journal
The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasingly growing in importance since they involve an exploitation of solar radiation constituting an energy source which is renewable, available in most places, and pollution-free. Despite their numerous advantages, PV systems have two major drawbacks: low energy conversion efficiency and loss of energy due to variations in meteorological conditions; for this reason, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control techniques play a key role in exploiting the maximum energy caught by PV modules. The output characteristic of a photovoltaic array is nonlinear and changes with solar irradiation and the cell’s temperature. Therefore, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to draw peak power from the solar array to maximize the produced energy. In this study we have analyzed the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method and finding out a new and easier way to track maximum power point (MPP) and also our study is focused to overcome the drawbacks of MPPT. This research paper presents a novel MPP tracking method for tracking exact Maximum Power Point (MPP) if the irradiation or load changes.
Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN PandO Based MPPT Controller to Enhance E...ijtsrd
Solar energy is a potential energy source in Myanmar and its application is ever increasing. In solar PV application, the photovoltaic module is needed to harvest this kind of energy. The PV module exhibit nonlinear I–V and P– V characteristics. The maximum power produced varies with both irradiance and temperature. The maximum efficiency is achieved when PV works at its maximum power point which can be obtained by using suitable MPPT algorithm. Most of PV systems use conventional MPPT methods such as incremental conductance IC and perturb and observe P and O . With the advanced in control technology, the intelligent control techniques are commonly used in all areas. A conventional MPPT controller is used to maximise the conversion efficiency under normal conditions but fails in abnormal conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent ANN PandO MPPT controller for the Boost converter that utilises the effective regions of both ANN and PandO methods to identify the global maximum point in order to improve the conversion efficiency of a PV system and a comparative simulation study of three MPPT algorithms specifically i perturb and observe, ii artificial neural network ANN , and iii NN – PandO. MATLAB SIMULINK software is used to test how well the controller works in unusual situations and compare it to its individual counterparts. Shubham Dwivedi | Poonam Jounjare "Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN - P&O Based MPPT Controller to Enhance Efficiency of Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50589.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50589/analysis-and-implement-of-hybrid-ann--pando-based-mppt-controller-to-enhance-efficiency-of-photovoltaic-system/shubham-dwivedi
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PV SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) system isa renewable form of energy, using direct sunlight and converting it into electrical power PV cells which are coupled as an array to generate usable electrical energy constitute the most critical parts of this system. Electronic converters are required to transform the output of system current &voltage into an appropriate form if consider the situation of system load & its requirements. The electronic converter more typically employed is a DC-DC converter with a solar cell low voltage generating high voltage. This paper looks at the DC/DC converters & PV system with references to both cases: the first case is, The design of the system as a loop system closed in the first case because the system's scenario is dependent on an different types of algorithm separately for MPPT, that captures the sunlight higher amount to produce the highest optimized electrical power. Although the system was created with MPPT in mind, the simulation was carried out with different a controller such as P&O, PSO, Inc and fuzzy logic. The simulation& execution results for such instances are shown to demonstrate the ability of o/p voltage to return to steady-state if the input voltage impact changed. There is also evidence of a brief settling time & overshoot in the output voltage return and comparative result shown that PSO and fuzzy algorithm found accepted results means best result compassion with the existing algorithm. This optimization was carried out with the assistance of MATLAB 2018(a)
Enhancing Solar Photovoltaic System Efficiency A Comparative Analysis of Inte...ijtsrd
Solar energy is a potential energy source in India and its application is ever increasing. In solar PV application, the photovoltaic module is needed to harvest this kind of energy. The PV module exhibit nonlinear I–V and P– V characteristics. The maximum power produced varies with both irradiance and temperature. The maximum efficiency is achieved when PV works at its maximum power point which can be obtained by using suitable MPPT algorithm. Most of PV systems use conventional MPPT methods such as incremental conductance IC and perturb and observe P and O . With the advanced in control technology, the intelligent control techniques are commonly used in all areas. A conventional MPPT controller is used to maximise the conversion efficiency under normal conditions but fails in abnormal conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent ANN PandO MPPT controller for the Boost converter that utilises the effective regions of both ANN and PandO methods to identify the global maximum point in order to improve the conversion efficiency of a PV system and a comparative simulation study of three MPPT algorithms specifically i perturb and observe, ii artificial neural network ANN , and iii NN – PandO. MATLAB SIMULINK software is used to test how well the controller works in unusual situations and compare it to its individual counterparts. Bashab Mazumder | Samina Elyas Mubeen "Enhancing Solar Photovoltaic System Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis of Intelligent ANN-P&O MPPT Controller against Traditional Algorithms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61318.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/61318/enhancing-solar-photovoltaic-system-efficiency-a-comparative-analysis-of-intelligent-annpando-mppt-controller-against-traditional-algorithms/bashab-mazumder
A Feasible MPPT Algorithm for the DC/DC Boost Converter: An Applied Case for ...phthanh04
One of the most promising forms of renewable energy is solar energy. However, efficient exploitation of this energy form is a
topic of great interest, especially in obtaining the maximum amount of power from the solar photovoltaic (PV) system under changing
environmental conditions. To solve this problem, it is necessary to propose an optimal algorithm. Therefore, this paper presents a feasible
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for DC/DC boost converters applied in load-connected stand-alone PV systems
to extract the maximum available power. This proposed method is based on the combination of the modified perturb and observe
(P&O) and fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV) algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified via time-domain
simulation of the load-connected stand-alone PV system using PSIM software. The simulation results show a tracking efficiency with
an average value of 99.85%, 99.87%, and 99.96% for tracking the MPP under varying loads, irradiation, and simultaneously varying
temperature, load, and irradiation, respectively. In addition, tracking time is always stable at 0.02 sec for changing weather conditions in
the large range. Therefore, the results of the proposed method indicate advantages compared to the conventional method.
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Compared to the traditional energy resources,photo voltaic (PV) system that uses the solar energy to produce electricity considered as one of renewable energies has a great potential and developing increasingly fast compared to its co unterparts of renewable energies. Such system can be either stand-alone or connected to ut ility grid. While,the disadvantage is that PV generation depended on weather conditions. The m ajor problem with photovoltaic (PV) systems is the amount of electrical power generated by solar arrays depends up on a number of conditions (i.e. solar irradiance,temperature a nd angle of incident light etc.). In order to maximize the output of a PV system,continuously tr acking the maximum power point (MPP) is necessary. In this seminar there is a different types implementation of maximum power point tracking (MPPTs) algorithm for a PV system so as to extract maximum power from the solar arrays during unfavorable condition,also the effect on V-I and V-P characteristics of PV array module due to change in irradiance and tem perature are delineated. MPPT algorithm plays an important role in increasing the efficiency of system. A proposed MPPT algorithm is implemented in boost converter and com pared with various MPPTs Algorithm.Few comparisons such as efficiency,volta ge,current and power output for each different combination has been recorded. Multi chan ges in irradiance,temperature by keeping voltage and current as main sensed parameter been d one in the simulation. Matlabsimulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point. Simulation will consider different solar irradiance and temperature variatio ns.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT OF PV SYSTEM WITH DIRECT CONTROL METHOD USING BUCK AND BUCKBOOST CONVERTERS
1. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
31
IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND
OBSERVE MPPT OF PV SYSTEM WITH DIRECT
CONTROL METHOD USING BUCK AND BUCK-
BOOST CONVERTERS
Ahmed M. Atallah, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, and Raihan S. Jumaah
Department of Electrical power & Machine, Faculty of Engineering,Ain Shams
University, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract
maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation
has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental
advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy
conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV
system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were
published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in
details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results
such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded. The
simulation has been accomplished in software of MATLAB Math works.
Keyword
Maximum Power Point Tracking, Perturb and Observe, DC-DC Converters, Photovoltaic System .
1. Introduction
The usage of modern efficient photovoltaic solar cells (PVSCs) has featured as an masterminding
alternative of energy conservation, renewable power and demand-side management. Due to their
initial high expensive, PVSCs have not yet been an exactly a tempting alternative for electrical
usage who are able to purchase less expensive electrical energy from the utility grid. However,
they have been used widely for air conditioning in remote , water pumping and isolated or remote
areas where utility power is not available or is high costly to transport. Although PVSC prices
have decreased considerably during the last years due to new developments in the film
technology and manufacturing process [1]. The harnessing of solar energy using PV modules
comes with its own problems that arise from the change in insulation conditions. Those changes
in insulation conditions strongly influence the efficiency and output power of the PV modules. A
great deal of research has been accomplished to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic
system. Several methods to track the maximum power point of a PV module have been suggested
to solve the problem of efficiency and products using these methods have been made and now
commercially available for consumers [2-3].
2. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
32
As the market is now flooded with species of these MPPT that are intentional to improve the
efficiency of PV modules under different isolation conditions it is not known how many of these
can actually provide on their promise under a diversity of field conditions. This research then
seems at how a different kind of converter affects the output power of the module and also
achieve if the MPPT that are said to be highly efficient and do track the true maximum power
point under the different conditions.
A maximum power point tracker is used for obtaining the maximum power from the solar PV
module and conversion to the load. A non isolated DC-DC converter (step up/ step down) offers
the purpose of conversion maximum power to the load. A DC-DC converter acts as an interface
between the load and the module. By varying the ratio of duty cycle the impedance of load as it
appears by the source is varied and matched at the peak power point with the source so as to
conversion the maximum power [4-5].
Therefore maximum power point tracker methods are required to maintain the PV array’s
working at its MPP. Many MPPT methods have been suggested in the literature ; example are the
Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods, Incremental Conductance (IC) methods and constant
voltage methods.. etc. [6-12]. In this paper the most popular of MPPT technique (Perturb and
Observe (P&O) method, Buck and Buck- Boost DC-DC converters will involve in
Implementation study (Figure 1) [13].
Some results such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been
discussed. The MPPT technique will be implemented, by using Matlab tool Simulink, considering
the variant of circuit combination.
Figure 1. PV module and dc/ dc converter with MPPT
2. Photovoltaic Cell
Photovoltaic generators are neither fixed current sources nor voltage sources but can be
approximated as current generators with dependant voltage sources. During darkness, the solar
cell is not an active device. It produces neither a current nor a voltage. A solar panel cell essential
is a p-n semiconductor junction. When exposed to the light, a current is generated (DC
current).The generated current change linearly with the solar irradiance. Figure 2 show the
equivalent electrical circuit of an ideal solar cell.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
32
As the market is now flooded with species of these MPPT that are intentional to improve the
efficiency of PV modules under different isolation conditions it is not known how many of these
can actually provide on their promise under a diversity of field conditions. This research then
seems at how a different kind of converter affects the output power of the module and also
achieve if the MPPT that are said to be highly efficient and do track the true maximum power
point under the different conditions.
A maximum power point tracker is used for obtaining the maximum power from the solar PV
module and conversion to the load. A non isolated DC-DC converter (step up/ step down) offers
the purpose of conversion maximum power to the load. A DC-DC converter acts as an interface
between the load and the module. By varying the ratio of duty cycle the impedance of load as it
appears by the source is varied and matched at the peak power point with the source so as to
conversion the maximum power [4-5].
Therefore maximum power point tracker methods are required to maintain the PV array’s
working at its MPP. Many MPPT methods have been suggested in the literature ; example are the
Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods, Incremental Conductance (IC) methods and constant
voltage methods.. etc. [6-12]. In this paper the most popular of MPPT technique (Perturb and
Observe (P&O) method, Buck and Buck- Boost DC-DC converters will involve in
Implementation study (Figure 1) [13].
Some results such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been
discussed. The MPPT technique will be implemented, by using Matlab tool Simulink, considering
the variant of circuit combination.
Figure 1. PV module and dc/ dc converter with MPPT
2. Photovoltaic Cell
Photovoltaic generators are neither fixed current sources nor voltage sources but can be
approximated as current generators with dependant voltage sources. During darkness, the solar
cell is not an active device. It produces neither a current nor a voltage. A solar panel cell essential
is a p-n semiconductor junction. When exposed to the light, a current is generated (DC
current).The generated current change linearly with the solar irradiance. Figure 2 show the
equivalent electrical circuit of an ideal solar cell.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
32
As the market is now flooded with species of these MPPT that are intentional to improve the
efficiency of PV modules under different isolation conditions it is not known how many of these
can actually provide on their promise under a diversity of field conditions. This research then
seems at how a different kind of converter affects the output power of the module and also
achieve if the MPPT that are said to be highly efficient and do track the true maximum power
point under the different conditions.
A maximum power point tracker is used for obtaining the maximum power from the solar PV
module and conversion to the load. A non isolated DC-DC converter (step up/ step down) offers
the purpose of conversion maximum power to the load. A DC-DC converter acts as an interface
between the load and the module. By varying the ratio of duty cycle the impedance of load as it
appears by the source is varied and matched at the peak power point with the source so as to
conversion the maximum power [4-5].
Therefore maximum power point tracker methods are required to maintain the PV array’s
working at its MPP. Many MPPT methods have been suggested in the literature ; example are the
Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods, Incremental Conductance (IC) methods and constant
voltage methods.. etc. [6-12]. In this paper the most popular of MPPT technique (Perturb and
Observe (P&O) method, Buck and Buck- Boost DC-DC converters will involve in
Implementation study (Figure 1) [13].
Some results such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been
discussed. The MPPT technique will be implemented, by using Matlab tool Simulink, considering
the variant of circuit combination.
Figure 1. PV module and dc/ dc converter with MPPT
2. Photovoltaic Cell
Photovoltaic generators are neither fixed current sources nor voltage sources but can be
approximated as current generators with dependant voltage sources. During darkness, the solar
cell is not an active device. It produces neither a current nor a voltage. A solar panel cell essential
is a p-n semiconductor junction. When exposed to the light, a current is generated (DC
current).The generated current change linearly with the solar irradiance. Figure 2 show the
equivalent electrical circuit of an ideal solar cell.
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Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell
The I-V characteristics of the solar cell circuit can be sets by the following equations [14]. The
current through diode is given by:
ID = IO [exp (q (V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] (1)
While, the solar cell output current:
I = IL – ID – I sh (2)
I = IL – IO [exp (q(V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] – ( V + IRS )/ Rsh (3)
Where,
I : Solar cell current (A)
IL : Light generated current (A)
IO : Diode saturation current (A)
q : Electron charge (1.6×10-19 C)
K : Boltzman constant (1.38×10-23 J/K)
T : Cell temperature in Kelvin (K)
V : solar cell output voltage (V)
Rs: Solar cell series resistance (Ω)
Rsh: Solar cell shunt resistance (Ω)
3. DC-DC Converter Analysis
3.1 Buck Converter
A buck converter or voltage regulator is also called a step down regulator since the output voltage
is lower than the input voltage. In a simple example of a buck converter, a diode is connected in
parallel with the input voltage source, a capacitor, and the load, which represents output voltage.
A switch is connected between the input voltage source and the diode and an inductor is
connected between the diode and the capacitor, shown in Figure 3 [15].
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Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell
The I-V characteristics of the solar cell circuit can be sets by the following equations [14]. The
current through diode is given by:
ID = IO [exp (q (V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] (1)
While, the solar cell output current:
I = IL – ID – I sh (2)
I = IL – IO [exp (q(V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] – ( V + IRS )/ Rsh (3)
Where,
I : Solar cell current (A)
IL : Light generated current (A)
IO : Diode saturation current (A)
q : Electron charge (1.6×10-19 C)
K : Boltzman constant (1.38×10-23 J/K)
T : Cell temperature in Kelvin (K)
V : solar cell output voltage (V)
Rs: Solar cell series resistance (Ω)
Rsh: Solar cell shunt resistance (Ω)
3. DC-DC Converter Analysis
3.1 Buck Converter
A buck converter or voltage regulator is also called a step down regulator since the output voltage
is lower than the input voltage. In a simple example of a buck converter, a diode is connected in
parallel with the input voltage source, a capacitor, and the load, which represents output voltage.
A switch is connected between the input voltage source and the diode and an inductor is
connected between the diode and the capacitor, shown in Figure 3 [15].
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Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell
The I-V characteristics of the solar cell circuit can be sets by the following equations [14]. The
current through diode is given by:
ID = IO [exp (q (V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] (1)
While, the solar cell output current:
I = IL – ID – I sh (2)
I = IL – IO [exp (q(V + I RS)/KT)) – 1] – ( V + IRS )/ Rsh (3)
Where,
I : Solar cell current (A)
IL : Light generated current (A)
IO : Diode saturation current (A)
q : Electron charge (1.6×10-19 C)
K : Boltzman constant (1.38×10-23 J/K)
T : Cell temperature in Kelvin (K)
V : solar cell output voltage (V)
Rs: Solar cell series resistance (Ω)
Rsh: Solar cell shunt resistance (Ω)
3. DC-DC Converter Analysis
3.1 Buck Converter
A buck converter or voltage regulator is also called a step down regulator since the output voltage
is lower than the input voltage. In a simple example of a buck converter, a diode is connected in
parallel with the input voltage source, a capacitor, and the load, which represents output voltage.
A switch is connected between the input voltage source and the diode and an inductor is
connected between the diode and the capacitor, shown in Figure 3 [15].
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Figure 3. Basic buck converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D)
3.2 Buck-Boost Converter
The last and most important type of switching regulator is the buck-boost converter. In this
converter, the buck and boost topologies covered earlier are combined into one. A buck-boost
converter is also built using the same components used in the converters covered before. The
inductor in this case is placed in parallel with the input voltage and the load capacitor. The switch
or transistor is placed between the input and the inductor, while the diode is placed between the
inductor and the load capacitor in a reverse direction, shown in Figure 4.The buck-Boost
converter provides an output voltage that may be less than or greater than the input voltage [15].
Figure 4. Basic buck-boost converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D).
4. Problem Overview
The MPPT method consider is to automatically find the current IMPP or voltage VMPP at which a
PV array should work to extract the maximum output power PMPP under a given temperature and
irradiance. Most of MPPT methods respond to variations in both irradiance and temperature, but
some are precisely more useful if temperature is approximately constant. Most MPPT methods
would automatically respond to various in the array due to aging, though some are open-loop and
would require periodic fine tuning. In our context, module will typically be connected to a power
converter that can vary the current coming from the PV array to the load [6, 11, 14, 16].
5. MPPT Control Algorithm
The weather and load changes cause the operation of a PV system to vary almost all the times. A
dynamic tracking technique is important to ensure maximum power is obtained from the
photovoltaic arrays. The following algorithms are the most fundamental MPPT algorithms, and
they can be developed using micro controllers.
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Figure 3. Basic buck converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D)
3.2 Buck-Boost Converter
The last and most important type of switching regulator is the buck-boost converter. In this
converter, the buck and boost topologies covered earlier are combined into one. A buck-boost
converter is also built using the same components used in the converters covered before. The
inductor in this case is placed in parallel with the input voltage and the load capacitor. The switch
or transistor is placed between the input and the inductor, while the diode is placed between the
inductor and the load capacitor in a reverse direction, shown in Figure 4.The buck-Boost
converter provides an output voltage that may be less than or greater than the input voltage [15].
Figure 4. Basic buck-boost converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D).
4. Problem Overview
The MPPT method consider is to automatically find the current IMPP or voltage VMPP at which a
PV array should work to extract the maximum output power PMPP under a given temperature and
irradiance. Most of MPPT methods respond to variations in both irradiance and temperature, but
some are precisely more useful if temperature is approximately constant. Most MPPT methods
would automatically respond to various in the array due to aging, though some are open-loop and
would require periodic fine tuning. In our context, module will typically be connected to a power
converter that can vary the current coming from the PV array to the load [6, 11, 14, 16].
5. MPPT Control Algorithm
The weather and load changes cause the operation of a PV system to vary almost all the times. A
dynamic tracking technique is important to ensure maximum power is obtained from the
photovoltaic arrays. The following algorithms are the most fundamental MPPT algorithms, and
they can be developed using micro controllers.
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(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
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Figure 3. Basic buck converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D)
3.2 Buck-Boost Converter
The last and most important type of switching regulator is the buck-boost converter. In this
converter, the buck and boost topologies covered earlier are combined into one. A buck-boost
converter is also built using the same components used in the converters covered before. The
inductor in this case is placed in parallel with the input voltage and the load capacitor. The switch
or transistor is placed between the input and the inductor, while the diode is placed between the
inductor and the load capacitor in a reverse direction, shown in Figure 4.The buck-Boost
converter provides an output voltage that may be less than or greater than the input voltage [15].
Figure 4. Basic buck-boost converter and its dc conversion ratios M(D).
4. Problem Overview
The MPPT method consider is to automatically find the current IMPP or voltage VMPP at which a
PV array should work to extract the maximum output power PMPP under a given temperature and
irradiance. Most of MPPT methods respond to variations in both irradiance and temperature, but
some are precisely more useful if temperature is approximately constant. Most MPPT methods
would automatically respond to various in the array due to aging, though some are open-loop and
would require periodic fine tuning. In our context, module will typically be connected to a power
converter that can vary the current coming from the PV array to the load [6, 11, 14, 16].
5. MPPT Control Algorithm
The weather and load changes cause the operation of a PV system to vary almost all the times. A
dynamic tracking technique is important to ensure maximum power is obtained from the
photovoltaic arrays. The following algorithms are the most fundamental MPPT algorithms, and
they can be developed using micro controllers.
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The MPPT algorithm operates based on the truth that the derivative of the output power (P) with
respect to the panel voltage (V) is equal to zero at the maximum power point. In the literature,
various MPP algorithms are available in order to improve the performance of photovoltaic system
by effectively tracking the MPP. However, most widely used MPPT algorithms are considered
here, they are:
1. Perturb and Observe (P&O)
2. Incremental Conductance (InCond)
3. Constant Voltage Method.
5.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
The most commonly used MPPT algorithm is P&O method. This algorithm uses simple feedback
arrangement and little measured parameters. In this approach, the module voltage is periodically
given a perturbation and the corresponding output power is compared with that at the previous
perturbing cycle [17]. In this algorithm a slight perturbation is introduce to the system. This
perturbation causes the power of the solar module various. If the power increases due to the
perturbation then the perturbation is continued in the same direction. After the peak power is
reached the power at the MPP is zero and next instant decreases and hence after that the
perturbation reverses as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b).
When the stable condition is arrived the algorithm oscillates around the peak power point. In
order to maintain the power variation small the perturbation size is remain very small. The
technique is advanced in such a style that it sets a reference voltage of the module corresponding
to the peak voltage of the module. A PI controller then acts to transfer the operating point of the
module to that particular voltage level. It is observed some power loss due to this perturbation
also the fails to track the maximum power under fast changing atmospheric conditions. But
remain this technique is very popular and simple [7].
Figure 5(a). Graph Power versus Voltage for Perturb and Observe Algorithm
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The MPPT algorithm operates based on the truth that the derivative of the output power (P) with
respect to the panel voltage (V) is equal to zero at the maximum power point. In the literature,
various MPP algorithms are available in order to improve the performance of photovoltaic system
by effectively tracking the MPP. However, most widely used MPPT algorithms are considered
here, they are:
1. Perturb and Observe (P&O)
2. Incremental Conductance (InCond)
3. Constant Voltage Method.
5.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
The most commonly used MPPT algorithm is P&O method. This algorithm uses simple feedback
arrangement and little measured parameters. In this approach, the module voltage is periodically
given a perturbation and the corresponding output power is compared with that at the previous
perturbing cycle [17]. In this algorithm a slight perturbation is introduce to the system. This
perturbation causes the power of the solar module various. If the power increases due to the
perturbation then the perturbation is continued in the same direction. After the peak power is
reached the power at the MPP is zero and next instant decreases and hence after that the
perturbation reverses as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b).
When the stable condition is arrived the algorithm oscillates around the peak power point. In
order to maintain the power variation small the perturbation size is remain very small. The
technique is advanced in such a style that it sets a reference voltage of the module corresponding
to the peak voltage of the module. A PI controller then acts to transfer the operating point of the
module to that particular voltage level. It is observed some power loss due to this perturbation
also the fails to track the maximum power under fast changing atmospheric conditions. But
remain this technique is very popular and simple [7].
Figure 5(a). Graph Power versus Voltage for Perturb and Observe Algorithm
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
35
The MPPT algorithm operates based on the truth that the derivative of the output power (P) with
respect to the panel voltage (V) is equal to zero at the maximum power point. In the literature,
various MPP algorithms are available in order to improve the performance of photovoltaic system
by effectively tracking the MPP. However, most widely used MPPT algorithms are considered
here, they are:
1. Perturb and Observe (P&O)
2. Incremental Conductance (InCond)
3. Constant Voltage Method.
5.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
The most commonly used MPPT algorithm is P&O method. This algorithm uses simple feedback
arrangement and little measured parameters. In this approach, the module voltage is periodically
given a perturbation and the corresponding output power is compared with that at the previous
perturbing cycle [17]. In this algorithm a slight perturbation is introduce to the system. This
perturbation causes the power of the solar module various. If the power increases due to the
perturbation then the perturbation is continued in the same direction. After the peak power is
reached the power at the MPP is zero and next instant decreases and hence after that the
perturbation reverses as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b).
When the stable condition is arrived the algorithm oscillates around the peak power point. In
order to maintain the power variation small the perturbation size is remain very small. The
technique is advanced in such a style that it sets a reference voltage of the module corresponding
to the peak voltage of the module. A PI controller then acts to transfer the operating point of the
module to that particular voltage level. It is observed some power loss due to this perturbation
also the fails to track the maximum power under fast changing atmospheric conditions. But
remain this technique is very popular and simple [7].
Figure 5(a). Graph Power versus Voltage for Perturb and Observe Algorithm
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Figure 5(b). P&O Algorithm
5.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
The perturb oscillation around peak power point of the perturb and observe method to track the
peak power under fast varying atmospheric condition is overcome by IC method. The Incremental
Conductance can determine that the MPPT has reached the MPP and stop perturbing the
operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the MPPT operating point must
be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship between dI/dV and –I/V This relationship is
derived from the truth that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT is to the right side curve of the
MPP and positive when it is to the left side curve of the MPP. This algorithm has advantages over
P&O in that it can determine when the MPPT has reached the MPP, where P&O oscillates around
the MPP. Also, incremental conductance can track rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance
conditions with higher precision than perturb and observe. The disadvantage of this algorithm is
the increased complexity [7, 18, 19, 20, 21].
5.3 Constant Voltage Method
The Constant Voltage method (CV), also in some literature called Open voltage Ratio method,
uses the fact that the MPP voltage at different irradiance is approximately equal, as shown in
Figure 6.
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Figure 5(b). P&O Algorithm
5.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
The perturb oscillation around peak power point of the perturb and observe method to track the
peak power under fast varying atmospheric condition is overcome by IC method. The Incremental
Conductance can determine that the MPPT has reached the MPP and stop perturbing the
operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the MPPT operating point must
be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship between dI/dV and –I/V This relationship is
derived from the truth that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT is to the right side curve of the
MPP and positive when it is to the left side curve of the MPP. This algorithm has advantages over
P&O in that it can determine when the MPPT has reached the MPP, where P&O oscillates around
the MPP. Also, incremental conductance can track rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance
conditions with higher precision than perturb and observe. The disadvantage of this algorithm is
the increased complexity [7, 18, 19, 20, 21].
5.3 Constant Voltage Method
The Constant Voltage method (CV), also in some literature called Open voltage Ratio method,
uses the fact that the MPP voltage at different irradiance is approximately equal, as shown in
Figure 6.
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Figure 5(b). P&O Algorithm
5.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
The perturb oscillation around peak power point of the perturb and observe method to track the
peak power under fast varying atmospheric condition is overcome by IC method. The Incremental
Conductance can determine that the MPPT has reached the MPP and stop perturbing the
operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the MPPT operating point must
be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship between dI/dV and –I/V This relationship is
derived from the truth that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT is to the right side curve of the
MPP and positive when it is to the left side curve of the MPP. This algorithm has advantages over
P&O in that it can determine when the MPPT has reached the MPP, where P&O oscillates around
the MPP. Also, incremental conductance can track rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance
conditions with higher precision than perturb and observe. The disadvantage of this algorithm is
the increased complexity [7, 18, 19, 20, 21].
5.3 Constant Voltage Method
The Constant Voltage method (CV), also in some literature called Open voltage Ratio method,
uses the fact that the MPP voltage at different irradiance is approximately equal, as shown in
Figure 6.
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Figure 6. Constant Voltage Method in V-I curve
VOC represented the open circuit voltage of the PV panel. VOC depends on the property of the
solar cells. A commonly used VOC/VMPP value is 76%. This relationship can be described by
equation (4) below [22]:
VMPP = k * VOC (4)
where k ≈0.76 in this case.
The solar panels are always disconnected from the converter circuit for a short duration of time
for VOC measurement. The operating voltage of the MPP is then set to 76% of the measured VOC.
The major advantage of this method is that the MPP may be located very quickly. However at the
same time this method suffers from low accuracy, because the VOC is also affected by the
temperature of the solar cells which may change the VOC/VMPP ratio significantly. Any small
deviation of the VOC after the sampling can cause large difference in tracking the MPP during that
sampling period. Moreover, power is lost during the short sampling time, further reducing the
efficiency of constant voltage method.
6. MATLAB-SIMULINK Environment
The model shown in Figure 7 represents a block diagram of a PV array connected to a resistive
load through a dc/dc (buck or buck boost) converter with MPPT controller.
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Figure 7. Block diagram of a PV array connected to the load
In Figure 8 the model of PV panel as a constant dc source created using the subsystem block from
Simulink library browser, which included all functions of PV panel. The model has three inputs
irradiance, temperature and voltage input that is coming as a feedback from the system and the
output of the block gives the current. This model generates current and receives voltage back
from the circuit.
Figure 8. Block diagram of a PV panel connected to the load.
Figures 9 and 10 present a SIMULINK® diagram of a both buck and buck-boost converters.
Figure 11 shows a SIMULINK® diagram of a Perturb and Observe maximum power point
tracking Algorithm, while Figures 12 and 13 show a SIMULINK® of complete diagram of both
buck and buck-boost converters plus P&O MPPT and PV module.
Figure 9. Simulink® model of buck converter
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Figure 10. SIMULINK® model of buck-boost converter
Figure11. SIMULINK® model of P&O Algorithm
Figure 12. SIMULINK® model of buck converter and P&O MPPT
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Figure 13. SIMULINK® model of buck-boost converter and P&O MPPT
7. Results and Simulation
The models shown in the above figures were simulated using MATLAB® / SIMULINK®.
Simulation and results for buck and buck-boost converters have been recorded to make sure that
comparison of the circuit can be obtained accurately. The voltage, current and output power is the
main points of comparison to take into account. The complexity and simplicity of the circuit have
been set based on the literature. Hardware required, convergence speed and range of effectiveness
are as in [23].
7.1 Buck Converter Simulation With Perturb and Observe Controller
The simulation result at constant temperature (T=50 degree) with changes in the insolation
(S=400 to 200 w/m²)
Figure 14. Output current, voltage and power of PV panel (insolation changed from 400 to 200 w/ m² at a
time of 4.915 sec.)
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From Figure 14, the results below including current, voltage and power:
At T=50 degree and S=400 w/ m²
I= 5.48 Ampere, V=84.1 volt and P=458 watt
At T=50 degree and S=200 w/ m²
I=4.85 Ampere, V=82.25 volt and P= 395 watt
Figure 15. Output current, voltage and power of buck converter with P&O algorithm
(Insolation changed from 400 to 200 w/ m² at a time of 4.915 sec.)
From Figure 15, the results below including current, voltage and power:
At T=50 degree and S=400 w/ m²
I= 6.26 Ampere, V=62.6 volt P=392 watt
At T=50 degree and S=200 w/ m²
I=6 Ampere, V=60.85 volt P= 370.5 watt
7.2 Buck-Boost Converter Simulation With Perturb and Observe Controller
The simulation result at constant temperature (T=50 degree) with changes in the isolation
(S=400 to 200 w/m²)
Figure 16. output current, voltage and power of PV panel
(Insolation changed from 400 to 200 w/ m² at a time of 5.017 sec.)
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It can be seen from Figures 14 and 16 that the output of the PV panels clearly changes due to the
change of the used converter as that variation of the converter affect of the output of the PV
panel.
From Figure 16, the results below including current, voltage and power:
At T=50 degree and S=400 w/ m²
I= 10Ampere, V=76.5 volt and P=712 watt
At T=50 degree and S=200 w/ m²
I=5.05 Ampere, V=86 volt and P= 395 watt
Figure 17. Output current, voltage and power of buck-boost converter with P&O algorithm
(Insolation changed from 400 to 200 w/ m² at a time of 5.017 sec.)
From the Figure 17, the results below including current, voltage and power:
At T=50 degree and S=400 w/ m²
I= -4.7 Ampere, V=-47 volt and P=470 watt
At T=50 degree and S=200 w/ m²
I=-3.8 Ampere, V=-38 volt and P= 350 watt
Comparing the results of Figures 15 and 17, it is clear that:
1- Perturb and Observe add oscillations to the output value, this is the main drawback of using
this technique.
2- Buck converter suppresses the oscillations more efficiently than buck-boost converter.
Table 1. P&O MPPT algorithm with buck and buck-boost converters
(Insolation=400 w/ m² and temperature=50 degree)
DC-DC
Converter
I in
(A)
Vin
(V)
Pin
(watt)
Iout
(A)
Vout
(V)
Pout
(watt)
Buck 5.48 84.1 458 6.26 62.6 392
Buck-Boost 10 76.5 712 -4.7 -47 470
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Table 2. P&O MPPT algorithm with buck and buck-boost converters
(Insolation=200 w/ m² and temperature=50 degree)
DC-DC
Converter
I in
(A)
Vin
(V)
Pin
(watt)
Iout
(A)
Vout
(V)
Pout
(watt)
Buck 4.85 82.25 395 6 60.85 370.5
Buck-Boost 5.05 86 395 -3.8 -38 350
From Tables 1&2, once the converters transfer the electrical power from the solar panel to the
load and the controller start function, output value of the solar panel do not provide same input
voltage value to controller (Vin). This is because the controller function that varies the value of
duty cycle will change the input value that sense by the controller. The input voltages of this
controller show a different each other. Input voltage of Buck that connected with P&O is 84.1 V
(82.25V at 200 w/ m²) while input voltage of buck-boost that connected with P&O is 76.5V (86V
at 200 w/ m²). The output value behaves as Buck and buck-boost converters behave. The buck
voltage will drop from 84.1V to 62.6V (82.25V to 60.85V at 200 w/ m²), while the buck-boost
voltage drop from 76.5V to -47V (86V to -38V at 200 w/ m²). This system show that perturb and
observe controller will work better with buck controller than buck-boost.
8. CONCLUSION
P&O MPPT method is implemented with MATLAB-SIMULINK for simulation. The MPPT
method simulated in this paper is able to improve the dynamic and steady state performance of
the PV system simultaneously. Through simulation it is observed that the system completes the
maximum power point tracking successfully despite of fluctuations. When the external
environment changes suddenly the system can track the maximum power point quickly. Both
buck and buck-boost converters have succeeded to track the MPP but, buck converter is much
more effective specially in suppressing the oscillations produced due the use of P&O technique.
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