This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy harvesting wireless sensor node using a programmable timer and long range radio access technology. The sensor node is designed to harvest energy from a solar panel using a BQ25570 energy management chip. Energy is stored in a supercapacitor. A programmable timer is used to power on the microcontroller, sensors, and LoRa transceiver only when needed, in order to reduce energy consumption compared to existing deep sleep mechanisms. Experimental results showed the sensor node could operate for over 7 days on a single charge in low light conditions. The use of a programmable timer provides a more efficient power optimization approach than existing deep sleep methods.
Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
Much research on wireless networks have focused on the power consumption of the wireless
nodes, while at the same time how to acquire power from ambient environment is another
direction to extend the battery lifetime. Though, mostly extending the lifetime of WSNs rely on
making the electronic circuitry power efficient by incorporating advances in node architecture,
transceivers, access protocols and on finite energy sources like batteries. In contrast, WSNs
Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting can also prove to be useful and economical in the longterm
as they can operate for very long periods of time until hardware failure, because ambient
energy can be harvested from the environment perpetually. Although cellular networks account
for a rather small share of energy use, lowering their energy consumption appears beneficial
from an economical perspective. In the strive for lessening of the environmental impact of the
information and communication industry, energy consumption of communication networks has
recently received increased attention. The paper discusses the various techniques for increasing
the life of WSNs.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Energy Harvesting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks – A SurveyFarwa Ansari
It is a Self effort done under the supervision of my Respected Supervisor Dr. A Rehman, to surveyed out all the techniques for Energy harvesting in WSNs. Harvesting Systems are basically subdivided into two types. One in which ambient energy is converted to required electrical energy directly without any storage and the other is where storage of converted energy is required before supplying. So for these sub-systems different energy harvesting techniques are proposed which are Radio Frequency based, solar based, thermal based, flow based from source of ambient environment and from external sources of mechanical based & human based. Flow based are further classified into wind based and hydro based. Each energy harvesting technique’s source has its own capability to harvest energy and can effectively overcome the issues of energy consumption.
Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
Much research on wireless networks have focused on the power consumption of the wireless
nodes, while at the same time how to acquire power from ambient environment is another
direction to extend the battery lifetime. Though, mostly extending the lifetime of WSNs rely on
making the electronic circuitry power efficient by incorporating advances in node architecture,
transceivers, access protocols and on finite energy sources like batteries. In contrast, WSNs
Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting can also prove to be useful and economical in the longterm
as they can operate for very long periods of time until hardware failure, because ambient
energy can be harvested from the environment perpetually. Although cellular networks account
for a rather small share of energy use, lowering their energy consumption appears beneficial
from an economical perspective. In the strive for lessening of the environmental impact of the
information and communication industry, energy consumption of communication networks has
recently received increased attention. The paper discusses the various techniques for increasing
the life of WSNs.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Energy Harvesting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks – A SurveyFarwa Ansari
It is a Self effort done under the supervision of my Respected Supervisor Dr. A Rehman, to surveyed out all the techniques for Energy harvesting in WSNs. Harvesting Systems are basically subdivided into two types. One in which ambient energy is converted to required electrical energy directly without any storage and the other is where storage of converted energy is required before supplying. So for these sub-systems different energy harvesting techniques are proposed which are Radio Frequency based, solar based, thermal based, flow based from source of ambient environment and from external sources of mechanical based & human based. Flow based are further classified into wind based and hydro based. Each energy harvesting technique’s source has its own capability to harvest energy and can effectively overcome the issues of energy consumption.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
A Passive Islanding Detection Method for Neutral point clamped Multilevel Inv...IJECEIAES
Presently renewable energies have taken a special place in the world and most of the Distributed Generations (DGs) used in the interconnected power system are utilized, renewable energy resources. Due to the DG‟s advantages, including use of renewable energy such as, clean nature, does not pollute environment and having endless nature the use of these renewable resources to produce electrical energy in the world are increasing in day to day life. One problem with such Distributed generators is an unintentional islanding phenomenon. Islanding occurs when a Distributed Generation continues to energize an isolated part of a power system even after it was disconnected from the main grid, which is surrounded by unpowered lines. Since islanding can cause hazardous conditions for people and equipment which is connected to it. As per IEEE 1547 DG Interconnection standards, islanding should be quickly detected within 2 seconds, by protective relays and inverters that are part of the DG system. In this paper, a new passive method to identify islanding states has been proposed, based on the rate of change of frequency analysis (ROCOF) for a multilevel inverter based solar distributed generation systems. This method is efficient for both connecting DGs to the network with or without the Inverter. This method is more efficient than the existing methods and reducing the Non Detection Zone (NDZ), which is the disadvantage of existing passive methods and also clearly differentiating between the Islanding and Non-islanding events. The simulation results, which are carried on the MATLAB/Simulink environment shows the performance of the proposed method
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
Behaviour of solar wireless sensor network in saharan region under different ...IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the Wireless Sensor Network comportment in the south west region precisely Bechar city. Algeria has the highest technical and economic potentials for solar power exploitation in the Middle East and North Africa region. In this paper, the focus is on the behaviour of Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) supplied by solar panel PV connected to node via boost converter (DC/DC) controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, using the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm to extract maximum power. In Our present work, many tests were carried out. The WSNs are examined under sever and different temperature and irradiation variation. The obtained result is satisfactory for our (WSNs) simulated in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The performances of the proposed strategy controller give a satisfactory simulation results.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
A Passive Islanding Detection Method for Neutral point clamped Multilevel Inv...IJECEIAES
Presently renewable energies have taken a special place in the world and most of the Distributed Generations (DGs) used in the interconnected power system are utilized, renewable energy resources. Due to the DG‟s advantages, including use of renewable energy such as, clean nature, does not pollute environment and having endless nature the use of these renewable resources to produce electrical energy in the world are increasing in day to day life. One problem with such Distributed generators is an unintentional islanding phenomenon. Islanding occurs when a Distributed Generation continues to energize an isolated part of a power system even after it was disconnected from the main grid, which is surrounded by unpowered lines. Since islanding can cause hazardous conditions for people and equipment which is connected to it. As per IEEE 1547 DG Interconnection standards, islanding should be quickly detected within 2 seconds, by protective relays and inverters that are part of the DG system. In this paper, a new passive method to identify islanding states has been proposed, based on the rate of change of frequency analysis (ROCOF) for a multilevel inverter based solar distributed generation systems. This method is efficient for both connecting DGs to the network with or without the Inverter. This method is more efficient than the existing methods and reducing the Non Detection Zone (NDZ), which is the disadvantage of existing passive methods and also clearly differentiating between the Islanding and Non-islanding events. The simulation results, which are carried on the MATLAB/Simulink environment shows the performance of the proposed method
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
Behaviour of solar wireless sensor network in saharan region under different ...IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the Wireless Sensor Network comportment in the south west region precisely Bechar city. Algeria has the highest technical and economic potentials for solar power exploitation in the Middle East and North Africa region. In this paper, the focus is on the behaviour of Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) supplied by solar panel PV connected to node via boost converter (DC/DC) controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, using the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm to extract maximum power. In Our present work, many tests were carried out. The WSNs are examined under sever and different temperature and irradiation variation. The obtained result is satisfactory for our (WSNs) simulated in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The performances of the proposed strategy controller give a satisfactory simulation results.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
Similar to Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using long range radio access technology (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using long range radio access technology
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 3869~3881
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3869-3881 3869
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless
sensor-node using long range radio access technology
Deepesh Prakash Guragain1
, Ram Kaji Budhathoki2
, Pramod Ghimire3
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal
3
Nepal Telecommunication, Kathmandu, Nepal
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 18, 2021
Revised Mar 19, 2022
Accepted Apr 2, 2022
Despite widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in
remote and inapproachable locations, energy consumption/storage of WSN
hindered its adoption. Similarly, the battery-powered sensor nodes are of no
use once the battery is depleted. To overcome this limitation, energy
harvesting is one of the key techniques. In this paper, an almost perpetual
self-powered sensor node is proposed. This sensor node uses a solar panel to
harvest energy while the entire energy management is accomplished by
BQ25570. Similarly, a super-capacitor is used as an energy storage unit with
long range radio access (LoRa) as a transceiver unit. We measured the
power generated/consumed continuously for 15 days with a transmission
interval of 10 minutes. The result shows that this sensor node can potentially
last for more than 7 days even at a low illuminance. Considering periodic
wakeup at every 10 seconds with a sleep interval of 3 sec, a timer-triggered
mechanism saves approximately 595 milliwatts of energy in one day
compared to a deep-sleep mechanism. Furthermore, it is found that the
application of the novel idea of external timer-driven technology in sensor
node reduces energy consumption and provides a much efficient power
optimization mechanism compared to the deep sleep mechanism that
prevailed in WSNs technology.
Keywords:
BQ25570
Energy harvesting
Long range radio access
Programmable timer
Super-capacitor
TPL5111
Wireless sensor node
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ram Kaji Budhathoki
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kathmandu University
Kavre, Nepal
Email: ram.budhathoki@ku.edu.np, ramkaji@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
With the rise of the internet of things (IoT), interest in wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting
of low-power devices has been increased drastically. These wireless networks have been used in many
application areas such as agriculture, medicine, transportation, environmental science, and military purposes.
In general, a wireless sensor network comprises static or mobile sensor nodes and low-power devices with
limited processing capacity to collect environmental information. The tasks of a typical sensor node include
sensing the environmental parameters, computing the information gathered, and transmitting them to the
gateways. The battery-powered sensor nodes ease the deployment of such sensor networks. However,
non-optimized medium access control (MAC) protocols for IoT and battery charging/discharging cycle are
bottlenecks for WSNs reducing the lifetime of sensor nodes [1]. Many energy-aware protocols are also
suggested to improve the network lifetime of sensor node [2]–[4].
For the sustainable operation of sensor nodes, energy harvesting technology has garnered much
interest from the research community [1], [5]. If the sensor node can power itself by harvesting energy from
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3869-3881
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its environment, then this could potentially solve an energy supply problem. Harvesting energy from sources
like mechanical vibration [5], radio frequency (RF) [6], thermal differences [7], and solar [8] are promising
alternatives to batteries for sustainable WSNs. Solar energy is nearly everywhere, and it has the highest
power density (10% to 25%) [9] making it an ideal energy harvesting source to power WSN nodes. Although
this harvested energy can be utilized to power the sensor node directly, this is not always a viable method due
to the variation in power level emitted by the sources or in the absence of harvesting opportunity. Therefore,
super-capacitors and rechargeable batteries can be used to store energy maintaining uninterruptable supply to
WSN when the harvesting rate is higher than current usage [10]. Unlike rechargeable batteries that have a
typical lifetime of 1,000 cycles, super-capacitors can withstand unlimited charge-discharge cycles
maintaining stable performance [6]. Moreover, super-capacitors are not subjected to deep discharge which
reduces the need of protection circuits and reduces the system complexity. Likewise, its quick charging
nature makes it ideal for energy storage for WSN. Solar irradiance is non-uniform and so is the characteristic
of a solar cell which is also non-linear. Therefore, to harvest maximum energy from solar, the maximum
power point (MPP) path needs to be tracked which changes along with irradiance intensity [11]. Various
MPP tracking methods have been developed and used to track these MPP points to obtain higher efficiency
[12]. An energy management scheme attempts to increase the lifetime of a WSN by reducing the energy
consumed by computation, communication, sensing, and idling states [13]. Sleep/wake-up and external
timer-based interrupt schemes are mostly used schemes to minimize power consumption. The sleep/wake-up
scheme is based on controlling the duty cycle of the sensor node. Duty cycling aims at reducing the power
consumption of senor-node by periodically alternating between sleep and wake-up. Even in a sleep state, the
microcontroller draws a significant amount of power [14]. Figure 1 shows the typical energy consumption of
the sensor nodes [13]. To overcome this problem, an external timer-based interrupt scheme has been used.
The external timer creates an interrupt, and the microcontroller wakes up from deep sleep, does its work, and
again goes to the deep sleep state. Although this method utilizes much less power, it raises two major
problems.
Figure 1. Energy consumption of a sensor node
What if the timer expires before computation and transmission? What if computation and
transmission work is completed before the predefined set time. In the first case, there is a high chance of an
unsuccessful transmission to the gateway. While in the second case, the controller stays in the idle state even
after completing transmission, thereby consuming power unnecessarily. We aim to solve these problems by
using a programmable timer that enables the processor after a certain interval. Once processing and
transmission is completed, it turns off the entire circuitry consuming no power while continuing harvesting
energy. The only unit that is powered all the time is this programmable timer (TPL5111) which consumes a
very low current at a timing interval of interest [15].
This paper adopts a combination of hardware and software to selectively deactivate its
sub-components (sensing unit, the transmission unit, and processing unit) to improve the overall power
utilization and at the same time deploying energy harvester BQ25570 [16] from Texas instruments. BQ25570
includes two programmable converters: nano-power boost charger and nano-power buck converter which can
harvest energy even at low illuminance and have the capability to overcome the cold-start operation. Such an
arrangement maximizes node life as well as guarantees quality of services (QoS). In this paper, we have
26.67%
4.44%
33.33%
6.67%
24.44%
4.44%
Idle
Sleep
Tx
Processing
Rx
Sensing
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node … (Deepesh Prakash Guragain)
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designed and developed energy harvesting sensor nodes that enable long-distance communication using long
range radio access (LoRa) technology. A programmable timer triggered mechanism is used to power on/off
the entire circuitry. Ultra-low-power hardware is selected to reduce the overall power consumption.
Similarly, an analysis of the power utilization of the sensor node as well as the charging/discharging rate of
primary and secondary energy storage elements (super-capacitor/lithium polymer (Lipo) battery) has been
performed.
Numbers of research have been done over the past years to harvest ambient energy by converting
them into electric energy and to enable the sustainable operation of WSN. RF-powered sensor node has been
presented in [17]. To provide an uninterrupted power supply, energy harvester Enerchip CBC 3150 is
deployed. To decrease power consumption, the duty cycle is controlled and current consumption during the
different modes of operations is tabulated, and it shows good performance. The key problem with such RF
sources is that they provide a very small amount of energy and the received energy depends upon transmitted
RF intensity, which is also hindered by the separation distance. However, RF energy does not depend upon
seasons and such kind of sensor node is best applicable for intermittent applications where the sensor node
needs to send few packets to the gateway.
Lateral movement, rotation, and vibrational energy can also be harvested. In research [18],
piezoelectric is used as an energy harvester, MSP4330F2013 is used as a controller, CC22520 as the
transceiver, and LTC35588-1 is used as an energy manager. The accelerometer data is stored in flash
memory. The harvested energy is stored in a super-capacitor and secondary cell. The secondary cell is
charged via a super-capacitor which is used to power the entire node. Likewise, in case of power deficiency
of the super-capacitor, the secondary storage is used to drive the sensor node. Similar work is reported
in [17], where the sensor node is powered by mechanical vibrational energy as in [18]. Such applications are
more suitable to monitor industrial equipment, and suspension bridges where harvesting energy is obtained
from its vibrations.
To improve the lifetime of a lithium-ion battery, different mechanisms have been proposed. Most
sensor nodes implement energy management in software. Li and Shi [19], proposed such energy management
in hardware, which is solar energy harvester based WSN. They also highlighted the deterioration problem of
a lithium-ion battery due to repeated charge-discharge cycles. A hardware-based solution for minimizing the
charge/discharge cycle has been proposed using an intelligent RS trigger mechanism that triggers the
charging unit when the battery voltage falls below a certain threshold, thereby reducing the charging cycle
significantly. The experimental results show a significant increase in the lifetime of the lithium battery.
Fuzzy logic-based solution is also proposed for energy management [20].
When it comes to monitoring environmental parameters and animal tracking, solar energy
harvesting methods offer the best advantages. In study [12], the architecture of the sensor node that harvests
energy from solar energy has been presented. This sensor node uses BQ25504 as an energy harvester, TI
MSP-EXP430F5438 development board as a controller unit, and CC2420 as a radio transceiver. To reduce
power consumption during communication, a time-synchronized channel hoping (TSCH) protocol was used.
The author reported microcontroller sleep-power, software stack size, and radio transmitter/receiver were the
most energy consumption units and improvement in these units would drastically improve sensor lifetime. To
reduce power consumption, a sensing rate dependent on a lookup table and lighting availability has been
proposed and implemented in [21] to maximize the life span of a WSN. It uses BQ25570 as an energy
harvester to harvest indoor light even at low lumen and utilizes TICC2650 as a transceiver. Depending on the
energy stored on super-capacitor and light intensity, the quality of service is traded. The paper claims
continuous operation of the node for 15 days for five different lighting conditions. In the last few years, much
work has been done on the relationship between energy and sensor life, which is a critical subject in wireless
sensor nodes. Most of the papers used short-range communication technology and are either battery-powered,
battery with energy harvesting mechanism, or with only harvested energy. In this paper, we aim to rely on a
super-capacitor for energy storage using BQ25570 as an energy management chip and have provision for
additional battery connection. Energy harvesting is done through solar and ultra-long-range communication
technology i.e., LoRa is used for communication. This sensor node uses the SX1278 transceiver that relies on
LoRaWAN protocol which is highly optimized for IoT. Similarly, it also possesses the ability to
communicate with FossaSat [22] which is one of the open-source satellites for IoT. This ability helps to solve
some of the biggest challenges in weather monitoring, disaster management, and warning systems.
Wireless networks comprising of low power devices have been used to collect the required
information from static or mobile sensor nodes. These sensor nodes alternate between active mode and sleep
mode. Power consumption of the sensor nodes is the serious issue to be considered. Different schemes are
used to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes. To this end, duty cycle control and interrupt triggered
mechanisms are used where the subcomponents of sensor node are active all the time. Therefore, it consumes
scanty power even during sensing, processing, and transmitting phase. External timer trigger though
drastically reduces power during sleep mode of the sensor node but still faces problems during the following
4. ISSN: 2088-8708
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conditions: the expiration of timer’s time before computation and transmission and both computation and
transmission tasks are completed before the timer time expires. Therefore, to address the above problems, the
concept and operation of programmable timer-triggered wireless sensor node along with energy harvesting is
discussed. It enables long-distance communication using LoRa and has programmable selective
activation/deactivation ability to solve the prevailing problems with timer trigger mechanism.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the method is discussed in section 2 which explains
sensor node architecture, software design algorithm, and hardware specification. Section 3 deals with result
and discussion where performance evaluation, power consumption test and comparison with other nodes
have been performed. Finally, conclusion is presented in section 4.
2. PROPOSED METHOD AND ARHITECTURE
Majority of sensor nodes are battery-powered. They do not have a selective switching mechanism
and spend significant dwelling time in sleep mode. It is very important to provide efficient energy
management in these sensor nodes. These factors play a key role while designing WSN architecture. We have
considered all these factors to design an energy efficient the sensor node. The architecture of proposed sensor
node is discussed in following sections.
2.1. Sensor node architecture
The proposed energy harvesting sensor node comprises of two components: wireless sensor nodes
(WSN) and gateway linked via LoRa transceiver. LoRa network uses a star topology as shown in Figure 2 in
which the sensor node sends a message to a central gateway. The central gateway was a low-cost raspberry pi
that communicates with the network server. The collected information from the gateway is further
transmitted to a webserver via WiFi which can be remotely monitored via internet access. ThingSpeak was
used as cloud platform for visualization of data. User can login to his/her portal and visualize the collected
information from the sensor node. Sensor node architecture includes energy harvesting and power
management unit, microcontroller, RF transceiver, sensor interfacing unit, programmable timer, and selective
power switching unit. The simplified design of the proposed sensor node and the prototype version are shown
in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Though low power controllers are available, Atmega328-au [23] (popular
among developers) was used as a controller to coordinate and control the sensor node.
Figure 2. System architecture of LoRa sensor networks
The TPL5111 uses an external variable resistor (variable preset) to select timing intervals from
100 ms to 7200 s with a typical accuracy of 1%. Depending on the power gating (DRV) signal, the system
cycles between two states: on-state and off-state for a given time interval. During on-state, i.e., when the
DRV signal goes high, it enables the power supply to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then activates
the sensor interfacing unit by triggering the low-dropout (LDO) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) which in turn switches the power supply to sensors. After computation on collected
data, the transceiver was activated to send data to a gateway and after successful communication, the DONE
pin of the timer was pulled down by the microcontroller. Upon registration of the DONE signal, the entire
circuit was powered down. This process drastically reduced the overall standby current by partially switching
on the required units only at the time of need. The entire sensor node was powered via BQ25570 as an energy
management chip, which is a highly efficient boost converter module that converts microwatt to milliwatt
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node … (Deepesh Prakash Guragain)
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from photovoltaic elements. It extracts power from solar panels even at low luminance and can store them in
a super-capacitor or a secondary rechargeable cell. BQ25570 has an inbuilt battery management feature and
nano-power buck converter which provides power to the sensor node in the absence of solar radiation.
Figure 3. Block diagram of energy harvesting sensor node (TT-Mote)
Figure 4. Prototype of the timer-triggered mote (TT Mote)
2.2. Energy harvesting architecture
The energy harvesting unit is responsible for powering the entire circuitry. The energy management
was done by BQ25570 which extracts power from a low voltage harvester (solar cell) and stored it in a
super-capacitor/rechargeable battery. The BQ25570 from Texas instruments is a nano-powered high-efficient
boost charger and buck converter device having a conversion efficiency of 90% with maximum power point
tracking (MPPT). A low start-up voltage of 330 mV made the harvester suitable to harvest energy even at
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
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low luminance allowing the use of this architecture for indoor monitoring. The entire circuitry can be
powered either by a connected Lipo battery or supercapacitor.
Here, in our design, the entire system was powered via supercapacitor only but has a provision to
attach a LiPo battery too. The inbuilt battery management unit of BQ25570 takes care of the battery i.e.,
when the battery voltage drops under 2.85 V, the entire circuitry is switched off and when charged up to
3.25 V, the circuitry is switched on again. The BQ25570 also prevents the battery from overcharging i.e.
when the battery voltage rises above 4.06 V. When the battery is not connected, the internal super-capacitor
is used as a storage element. Two more pins can be used for enabling and disabling the microcontroller.
Setting the VOUT_EN pin of BQ25570 to a low level will disable the power supply to the microcontroller
while setting the VOUT_EN high will power the microcontroller without disturbing the harvesting process.
The status of the battery can be monitored at run-time via “Battery Good Output Flag” and can be transmitted
to the end server for online battery monitoring.
The external programmable timer can activate the output power by enabling/disabling enable
(VOUT_EN) pin of BQ25570. The TPL5111 nano timer with integrated MOSFET driver was used for power
gating the VOUT_EN pin. This timer consumes only about 37 nA and is powered by an independent
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) battery. This solves the problem of powering the
controller all the time and increases the lifetime of the sensor node. The timing interval of TPL5111 ranges
from 100 ms to 7200 s, can be utilized for power gating applications. For better energy optimization, the
board has three independent selectable powering sections for each RF transmitter, sensor interfacing unit, and
microcontroller. The microcontroller can selectively activate independent sections according to application
requirements. All these features make this architecture ideal for powering wireless sensor nodes. For RF
communication, SEMTECH’s LoRa transceiver, SX1278 was used. Its communication range is about 10 km
with an output power of +20 dBm and uses an advanced spread spectrum. Anti-blocking as well as low
power consumption makes it ideal for IoT applications.
2.3. Design of sensor node software
This sensor node adopts a periodic working and shutdown mechanism for power optimization.
Programmable timer TPL5111 was responsible for timekeeping, which is an ultra-low power-consuming
device. The software for the purpose of the testing was developed using open-source Arduino IDE. This
program is responsible to collect sensor data and send it to the gateway via the LoRa module. Once the
sensor data were collected, the sensor was powered off and the transceiver (LoRa) was powered on for data
transmission. After the data had been successfully transmitted, the entire sensor node went to an off-state and
was powered on only after the preset threshold time elapses. This process drastically reduces power
consumption and gives better power optimization than the deep-sleep method which is mathematically
explained in section 3.2. The sleep and wakeup time interval was decided by the programmable timer. One
should choose appropriate resistance to set timer interval. The sensor node has a provision of selective
independent switching of each unit. The programmer can use them as per their requirements. Figure 5 shows
the algorithm of developed software.
Figure 5. Software algorithm of sensor node in action
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node … (Deepesh Prakash Guragain)
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The transmitted data frame consists of the unique ID of each sensor node with corresponding
temperature and battery status. After sending the data to the gateway, the sensor node waits for
preprogrammed time and once the acknowledgment signal is received from the gateway after successful
transmission, the timer goes off. If there is packet loss due to interference or unsuccessful communication,
then the timer goes off after 5 seconds turning off the entire circuit and avoiding power consumption.
Figure 6 shows the communication frame of WSN and gateway using LoRa protocol.
Figure 6. Communication frame between WSN and gateway
2.4. Hardware specification of sensor node
Owing to the requirement of low energy consumption and design complexity, following hardwares
were chosen in our design. To make the sensor-node easily replicable, all the hardwares were chosen which
are popular in open source community. Moreover, the software developed to test this sensor-node were
developed using open source development environment.
2.4.1. Microcontroller unit
Atmel ATMEGA328P-AU is used as controller which is a low power 8-bit microcontroller with
32 KB of flash memory powered by 3.3 V. The chip is clocked with an 8 MHz crystal and all the controlling
was done via this IC. This microcontroller is responsible for controlling and coordination with all the
peripherals.
2.4.2. Programmable timer
Always on unit, TPL5111 nano timer by Texas instrument with selectable timing interval, powered
by independent CMOS battery which consumes only 37 nA was used to trigger the entire sensor node. The
timer time out can be chosen based on the fine tunable variable resistors. Based on resistance values
appropriate time is generated.
2.4.3. Radio transceiver
Semtech SX1278 transceiver with selectable 137 to 525 MHz featuring the LoRa radio module with
long range communication is chosen. It has communication range of 10 km and more with integrated
+20 dBm amplifier. Low power consumption and long distance communication ability are its salient features.
2.4.4. Energy harvester unit
BQ25570 is designed by Texas instrument to efficiently acquire and manage microwatt to milliwatt
from various dc sources. Different input dc sources such as Piezoelectric, and RF can be interfaced with this
energy harvester. BQ25570 has inbuilt battery management with highly efficient MPPT tracker with
programmable output voltage as energy harvester unit.
2.4.5. Switching unit
Texas instrument TS5A3160, which offers low ON state resistance and consumes very low power. It
is designed to operate from 1.65 to 5.5 V and was used for selectively activating each independent unit. Such
switch finds its best application in low power design.
2.4.6. Solar cell
Solar cell of 4.1 V, with maximum power current of 200 mA, short circuit current of 0.55 A, open
circuit voltage of 5 V and output power of 200 mw with dimension 200×200 mm was used as solar harvester.
This solar cell is capable of harvesting enough energy during day light. The harvested energy is utilized to
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power the sensor node and also spare energy is stored in super capacitor to power the node in absence of
solar energy.
2.4.7. Energy storage unit
A super-capacitor rated 5.5 V with 4F was chosen as storage unit to store harvest energy from solar
cell to power the sensor node in absence of solar radiation. Such capacitor has relatively quick charge time.
Moreover, there is also secondary energy storage unit where small lithium-ion batteries can be interfaced.
2.5. Hardware specification of gateway
The transmitted data from the sensor unit were received, recorded, and finally transmitted to the
cloud via the gateway. The gateway consists of raspberry pi 3 as a master controller and SX1278 as the
transceiver. It was also equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) module to identify its location. A
python script was implemented in the gateway which just reads the packets, stores them, and finally
transmitted the required information to the sensor node. Not much optimization was done on the gateway
side as this study was focused only on power optimization of sensor-node. This timer-triggered energy
harvesting sensor node was developed considering the popularity of Arduino based on open-source library
and cheap hardware popular among hobbyist and research community. The components of sensor node are
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Components for sensor node
Components Description
Microcontroller Atmel ATMEGA328P-AU
Transceiver Ra-02 AI Thinker
Load Switch TI TS5A3160
Temperature/Humidity Sensor DHT22
Solar Panel 4.1Volt Chinese
Battery CR2025
Supercapacitor KEMET 5.5V/4F
Programmable Timer TI TPL 5111
Energy Management IC TI BQ25570 VQFN
Miscellaneous (Resistor,preset, capacitors,
connectors, headers, and others)
1% Tolerance Cap/Res
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the successful fabrication of the sensor node, an integrated test was carried out to evaluate its
performance. Similarly, power mode analysis was performed to investigate the power consumption of each
unit under different states. A comparative study was carried out to demonstrate power saving by timer
triggered mechanism over sleep mechanism.
3.1. Performance evaluation test
Several experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the fabricated sensor node.
Initially, the solar panel was disconnected, and the sensor node could send voltage drop status to the cloud.
The operating time and voltage status were logged. The sensor and transceiver were powered up all the time
and the data were logged in the cloud every second without any optimization in application code. In this
experimental setup, a 4F capacitor with 5.5 Volt was used as an energy source.
The capacitor was initially charged to its full capacity before powering the sensor node. It was found
that in each cycle, the super-capacitor can supply power to this sensor node for about 59 minutes without
charging it up again. Figure 7 shows the voltage drop when the sensor node was powered via supercapacitor
alone. The same experiment was repeated with a solar panel attached with all the features were enabled, i.e.,
individual switching of sensor interfacing unit, a transmitter unit, and the programmable timer was also
enabled. DHT22 (temperature and humidity sensor) was interfaced in the sensor interfacing unit and the
timer was set to 10 minutes. Figure 8 shows solar radiation that was recorded during experimentation and
Figure 9 shows the average charging time of the super-capacitor during experiment. All these data were
recorded externally in a local server.
From experiment, it was found that the charging time of a super-capacitor is less than 10 seconds.
Figure 10 shows the voltage drop profile of sensor node over time during continuous operation. It shows that
our sensor node was able to harvest and store enough energy to power the sensor-node for more than 10
consecutive days showing perpetual nature of sensor node.
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Figure 7. Discharge of super-capacitor when
connected to sensor node
Figure 8. Variation of solar radiation during
experiment
Figure 9. Average charging time of
super-capacitor
Figure 10. Charge/discharge cycle of the
super-capacitor during continuous operation
3.2. Power consumption comparison
In order to compare energy consumption between sleep mechanism and programmable timer
triggered mechanism, current consumed during the different operating modes of sensor nodes was calculated
and tabulated. The energy consumed during sleep mode is less, but its impacts are of great importance as the
sensor node spends a significant amount of time in sleep mode [20], [24], [25]. Moreover, energy
consumption depends upon microcontroller operating frequency, payload size as well as transmission range;
the same sensor node was used to compare in two different scenarios. For the first one, low power library
was deployed [25] to let the controller go to sleep mode after a complete communication cycle. Similarly, for
the second one, timer triggered power off mechanism was considered.
Window size of 10 secs was taken and average current consumption during different operating
modes was noted. Figure 11 shows current consumption of the sensor node during the sleep mechanism and
Figure 12 shows current consumption during the timer trigger mechanism. In both scenarios, all the
peripherals were powered by the same voltage, i.e., 3.3 V. A simple, intuitive empirical mathematical model
was developed to calculate total energy consumption. Total energy consumption during the complete
communication cycle is given by (1):
𝐸𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 + 𝐸𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 (1)
where 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 and 𝐸𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 denotes energy consumption during active and sleep mode, respectively. 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 and
𝐸𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 can also be expressed in terms of power in active and sleep interval as:
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𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (2)
𝐸𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 = 𝑃𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑇𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 (3)
where 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 and 𝑃𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 are power consumed during active and sleep mode and 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑇𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 are active and
sleep time interval, respectively.
Total energy consumed during active mode is the accumulation of energy consumed during
processor’s ideal state, sensor activation state, processing state, and transceiving state. Mathematically it can
be expressed as in (4):
𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝐸𝐼𝑑 + 𝐸𝑆𝑒𝑛 + 𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐 + 𝐸𝑇𝑥 + 𝐸𝑅𝑥 (4)
where, 𝐸𝐼𝑑, 𝐸𝑆𝑒𝑛, 𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐, 𝐸𝑇𝑥, 𝐸𝑅𝑥 are respectively energy consumed during processor ideal state, sensing state,
processing state, transmitting state, and receiving state. 𝐸𝐼𝑑, 𝐸𝑆𝑒𝑛, 𝐸𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐, 𝐸𝑇𝑥, 𝐸𝑅𝑥 can also be expressed in
terms of power times active interval:
𝐸𝐼𝑑 = 𝑃𝐼𝑑𝑇𝐼𝑑 (5)
Also, 𝑃𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑑 (6)
Similarly, other expressions for sensing, processing, transmitting and receiving can also be deduced.
Since, sensor node typically spends around 99% of its lifetime in sleep mode and around 1% in active mode.
Owing to this assumption, if we consider power consumption in both the scenarios then the power
consumption in the prevailing method i.e., deploying sleep mechanism will consume significantly higher
energy than the timer trigger activation method.
Figure 11. Current consumed in 10 s interval
deploying sleep mechanism
Figure 12. Current consumed in 10 s interval
deploying timer triggered mechanism
3.3. Energy consumption tests
Individual units were partially powered up and the energy consumption of the sensor node was
measured. Unlike other sensor nodes, this sensor node does not emphasize software for power optimization.
Moreover, there is no sleep and deep-sleep mode, and the application can switch individual units respectively
for optimization. The sensor node was either in an idle state or in an off state while only TPL5111 was
always powered on. Figure 5 shows the simplified algorithm that was implemented in the ATMEGA328-AU
microcontroller to carry out necessary actions. In off state, all power sections were switched off, except
TPL5111 which was always on, therefore, the only energy consumption was due to TPL5111 timer IC. The
current absorbed by this timer chip was 37 nA. In an idle state, the microcontroller was only active, and each
unit was selectively activated/deactivated by it for data collection and communication. Table 2 shows the
average power utilization of various units of the sensor node during their operation.
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Table 2. Average power consumption
Hardware Average Current Operation Duration
TPL5111 37 nA Always active -
ATMega328P 3.62 mA During active Period 5sec
DHT22 1.5 mA During active 2sec
SX1278 (Tx) 80 mA Average Power during transmission 2sec
SX1278 (Rx) 12.5 mA Average Power during reception 1sec
3.4. Comparison of some selected sensor nodes
There are multiple sensor nodes developed by different manufacturers and individuals. These
sensor-nodes have both pros and cons. We have highlighted some of the important comparison parameters
with existing nodes. The most important limitation of our sensor node is that triggering event is manual. One
must measure resistance to set triggering interval. However, we have fine tunning trimmer to ease the
process. Table 3 shows the comparison of TT-mote with different proposed motes.
Table. 3. Comparison of selected sensor nodes with our prototype (TT-Mote)
Characteristics Heliomote
[10]
Prometheus
[13]
Pible
[21]
WaspMote
[26]
TT-Mote (Our
prototype)
Solar Panel Rating 4 V/100 mA 4.5 V/100 mA 1.5 V/31 µA 12 V/300 mA 4.1 V/200 mA
Energy Storage Battery
Ni-MH
Supercapacitors
(5 V/22 F)
LiPo (200 mA)
Supercapacitor 1 F/3.6 V 3.3 V/6000 mA Supercapacitor
(4 F/5.5 V)
Energy Harvester
(MPPT)
N/A N/A YES
(TI-BQ25570)
N/A YES
(TI-BQ25570)
Transceiver Type - CC2420(ZIGB
EE)
CC2650 Semtech SX1272 Semtech SX1278
Communication
Range(distance)
- 10-100 Meters 30 Feet’s 21+ km (LOS) 10+ km (LOS)
Radio Standard - Zigbee (IEEE
802.15.4)
BLE(IEEE802.15.4) LoRaWAN LoRaWAN
Data Rate - 250 kbps - 250 to 5470 bps 250 to 5470 bps
Deep Sleep Mode - 2.6 µA 2.6 µA 33 μA 37 nA (Timer on)
Typical Tx Power - 17.4 mA 9.1 mA 50.26 mA 80 mA
Typical Rx Power - 19.7 mA 5.9 mA 49.56 mA 12.5 mA
Processor Type - MSP430 ARM Cortex-M3 ATmega1281 ATMEGA328P-AU
Processor ideal Power
consumption
- 5 mA 5 mA 17 mA 3.62 mA
Selective Switching
of subcomponents
N/A N/A N/A N/A YES
Typical Life Span 44 Hrs Almost
Perpetual
15 days Depends on Solar
and Battery
Almost perpetual if
used for intermittent
applications.
4. CONCLUSION
The lifetime of sensor-node and its performance is utmost in wireless sensor networks. To address
this issue, we have designed and showed the experimental outputs of self-powered wireless sensor node
which is useful for environmental, animal, and agricultural field monitoring applications. This sensor node
was equipped with SX1278 a low powered and long-distance transceiver (LoRa), sensor interfacing unit, and
trimmer to vary the wakeup time. An experiment conducted for 15 days shows that solar energy can be
harvested and can be utilized for powering the entire sensor node. The charging time of super-capacitor, a
primary energy storage element, was short during the day and this stored energy was enough to power the
sensor node for the entire day with a periodic wake-up of about 10 minutes. The sensor node was fabricated
and tested under different test conditions. The results showed that the power consumption of the sensor nodes
reduces thereby increasing the lifetime of the sensor node as compared to the deep sleep mechanism. It
implies that there is no need for a CMOS battery to power the TPL5111 and the supercapacitor has enough
energy to power the timer all the time without any secondary battery. We tapped the power rail of the
supercapacitor and connected it directly to the timer power rail without any degradation in the performance.
Therefore, in the revision version, battery can be eliminated to power the timer via supercapacitor alone.
Similarly, by adding another secondary storage, the developed system can resolve many issues related to
lifetime and performance of the sensor node. Moreover, it has a potential to be deployed for real-world
applications with a life span of about 10 years (i.e., lifetime of super-capacitor). Therefore, it can be used to
eliminate the battery replacement problem forever. Such long-distance communication finds its applications
where there is no telecommunication infrastructure and periodic battery replacement is difficult.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was supported by the Faculty Research Grant project funded by the University Grant
Commission, Nepal under UGC Award No. “FRG-74/75-Engg-3”.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Deepesh Prakash Guragain received his B.E. degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in 2012 and M.Tech degree specialized in Embedded Systems from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, JNTUH, India in 2015. He joined Nepal Engineering
College, Nepal in 2018 as an Assistant Professor. His research interest includes embedded
systems, IoT, digital design, deep neural network and low power design. He can be contacted at
email: deepeshprakashguragain@gmail.com.
Ram Kaji Budhathoki received the B.E. degree in electrical and electronics
engineering from Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal, in 2001 and the M. S. degree
in computer engineering from Pokhara University, Nepal, in 2009. He received the Ph.D degree
in electronics and information engineering from Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South
Korea, in 2015. From 2002 to 2018, he was a full-time faculty with the Nepal Engineering
College, Bhaktapur, Nepal. He has been an Associate Professor with the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Department, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal since
2018. His research interest includes memristor, neuromorphic applications of memristor, neural
networks and electronics in agriculture. He can be contacted at email: ramkaji@gmail.com.
Pramod Ghimire received B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India in 2008
and M.S in Electronic Design from Lund University, Sweden in 2013. He taught at Nepal
Engineering College from 2014-2017. He works as an engineer at Nepal Telecom where his
work is related to telecommunication data analytics currently. He can be contacted at email:
pramod2029@gmail.com.