Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
Comparison of upqc and dvr in wind turbine fed fsig under asymmetric faultselelijjournal
This paper presents the mitigation of faults in wind turbine connected fixed speed induction generator using unified power quality conditioner and static compensator. The UPQC consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the UPQC to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed UPQC is based on Id-Iq theory. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the DVR to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on
hysteresis voltage controlThe proposed wind turbine fed fixed speed induction generator is evaluated and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with UPQC and DVR under asymmetric faults
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses the use of solid state transformers (SST) in wind energy systems. SST can effectively replace conventional transformers and reactive power compensators, increasing the flexibility of wind energy systems. SST integrate rectification, isolation, and inversion stages to provide voltage conversion as well as reactive and active power compensation. The document also describes how SST can be interfaced with wind energy systems to provide benefits such as power factor control, fast isolation during faults, and regulation of both AC and DC loads.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
This document reviews optimization techniques for power quality improvement using DSTATCOM with a neural network approach. It discusses how DSTATCOM and other custom power devices like DVR, UPQC can be used to improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and reactive power. It also presents the configuration of a DSTATCOM system and a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract fundamental active and reactive power components and estimate harmonic currents for compensation under nonlinear loads. The proposed neural network control approach for DSTATCOM is aimed to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics, reactive power, and providing zero voltage regulation.
The document summarizes research on Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability for wind power systems. It discusses LVRT requirements specified in grid codes that require wind turbines to remain connected during faults and provide reactive power support. It then reviews different wind turbine generator topologies and their responses to faults. Several control strategies and technologies to enable LVRT capability are presented, including chopper resistors, energy storage, and derated generator operation. Simulation results validating one control scheme are shown through various graphs. The conclusion states that combining multiple technologies can help implement LVRT and connect wind power systems to the grid more effectively.
SOLID STATE TRANSFORMER - USING FLYBACK CONVERTERAbhin Mohan
FUTURISTIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROJECT.
A Device that can step up as well as step down coltage and get output as both DC or AC. Total flexibility of Power using DC link by Flyback Coverter.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
Comparison of upqc and dvr in wind turbine fed fsig under asymmetric faultselelijjournal
This paper presents the mitigation of faults in wind turbine connected fixed speed induction generator using unified power quality conditioner and static compensator. The UPQC consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the UPQC to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed UPQC is based on Id-Iq theory. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the DVR to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on
hysteresis voltage controlThe proposed wind turbine fed fixed speed induction generator is evaluated and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with UPQC and DVR under asymmetric faults
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses the use of solid state transformers (SST) in wind energy systems. SST can effectively replace conventional transformers and reactive power compensators, increasing the flexibility of wind energy systems. SST integrate rectification, isolation, and inversion stages to provide voltage conversion as well as reactive and active power compensation. The document also describes how SST can be interfaced with wind energy systems to provide benefits such as power factor control, fast isolation during faults, and regulation of both AC and DC loads.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
This document reviews optimization techniques for power quality improvement using DSTATCOM with a neural network approach. It discusses how DSTATCOM and other custom power devices like DVR, UPQC can be used to improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and reactive power. It also presents the configuration of a DSTATCOM system and a control algorithm using a backpropagation neural network to extract fundamental active and reactive power components and estimate harmonic currents for compensation under nonlinear loads. The proposed neural network control approach for DSTATCOM is aimed to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics, reactive power, and providing zero voltage regulation.
The document summarizes research on Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability for wind power systems. It discusses LVRT requirements specified in grid codes that require wind turbines to remain connected during faults and provide reactive power support. It then reviews different wind turbine generator topologies and their responses to faults. Several control strategies and technologies to enable LVRT capability are presented, including chopper resistors, energy storage, and derated generator operation. Simulation results validating one control scheme are shown through various graphs. The conclusion states that combining multiple technologies can help implement LVRT and connect wind power systems to the grid more effectively.
SOLID STATE TRANSFORMER - USING FLYBACK CONVERTERAbhin Mohan
FUTURISTIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROJECT.
A Device that can step up as well as step down coltage and get output as both DC or AC. Total flexibility of Power using DC link by Flyback Coverter.
STATCOM for Improved Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms in Power Grid IJMER
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to
improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the
STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject the reactive power with power grid. Therefore,
the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring
the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or
wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller. The dynamic model of
the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed. To validate the
powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to
different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller
in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Impacts of Distributed Generation on Power QualityParth Patel
This paper studies the impacts of distributed generation, specifically solar and wind power, on power quality when interconnected to a distribution utility feeder. Multiple scenarios were modeled and simulated using the RSCAD/RTDS real-time simulation tool. The results show some increase in harmonic distortion and voltage fluctuations with the addition of distributed generation, but within acceptable limits. Harmonics were observed at higher orders which could impact power quality. Voltage fluctuations increased nearer to the distributed generation sources.
Variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are growing rapidly worldwide, with investments in renewable power exceeding those in non-renewable sources in recent years. As the share of variable renewable energy increases in many power systems, grid codes are playing an important role in facilitating their integration while maintaining reliability, security, and quality of supply. Grid codes set technical requirements for generators connecting to the grid. They aim to address challenges from the variability and uncertainty of renewable energy sources while allowing for sustainable growth. Requirements in grid codes need to be tailored to each country's power system characteristics and adapted over time as the system evolves.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
This document summarizes a research paper about using a Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) based STATCOM to enhance power quality in a thirty bus power system. It first provides background on power quality issues and how Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like STATCOMs can help address them. It then describes the components and operation of a conventional STATCOM and introduces the ZSI as an alternative inverter topology. The research presented in the paper models and simulates a thirty bus system both with and without a ZSI-based STATCOM to study improvements in voltage regulation and reactive power compensation.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and simulates a hybrid power generation system using renewable energy sources like solar and wind along with an active power filter to improve power quality. The system uses a four-leg voltage source inverter with both a conventional DC link controller and a fuzzy logic controller to regulate the DC link voltage and compensate for current harmonics from nonlinear loads. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed control scheme and active power filter configuration can effectively improve power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
Battery energy storage and power electronics based voltage and frequency cont...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a system for connecting a wind turbine to the electric grid using battery energy storage and power electronics for voltage and frequency control. The system includes an asynchronous generator, uncontrolled rectifier, PWM inverter, DC link capacitor, and battery storage. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the system's ability to generate grid-quality power from a wind turbine while regulating voltage and frequency. The battery storage compensates for fluctuations from the intermittent wind power and supports strengthening the generator's connection to the grid.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper about using a STATCOM to improve power quality for a grid-connected wind energy system supplying both balanced and unbalanced nonlinear loads. The paper introduces power quality issues caused by wind generation systems and describes how a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system can mitigate these issues. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the STATCOM is able to regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling and maintain unity power factor for both types of loads.
POWER QUALITY ISSUE WITH GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTRMRavijesh Kumar
The document discusses power quality issues that arise when connecting wind energy systems to the electric grid. Fluctuations in wind power generation can cause problems like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. The document proposes using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) together with a battery energy storage system to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power changes, improving power quality at the point where the wind system connects to the grid. Simulation results show the system is effective at relieving stress on the main power supply and improving power quality.
STATCOM for Improved Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms in Power Grid IJMER
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to
improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the
STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject the reactive power with power grid. Therefore,
the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring
the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or
wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller. The dynamic model of
the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed. To validate the
powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to
different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller
in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Impacts of Distributed Generation on Power QualityParth Patel
This paper studies the impacts of distributed generation, specifically solar and wind power, on power quality when interconnected to a distribution utility feeder. Multiple scenarios were modeled and simulated using the RSCAD/RTDS real-time simulation tool. The results show some increase in harmonic distortion and voltage fluctuations with the addition of distributed generation, but within acceptable limits. Harmonics were observed at higher orders which could impact power quality. Voltage fluctuations increased nearer to the distributed generation sources.
Variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are growing rapidly worldwide, with investments in renewable power exceeding those in non-renewable sources in recent years. As the share of variable renewable energy increases in many power systems, grid codes are playing an important role in facilitating their integration while maintaining reliability, security, and quality of supply. Grid codes set technical requirements for generators connecting to the grid. They aim to address challenges from the variability and uncertainty of renewable energy sources while allowing for sustainable growth. Requirements in grid codes need to be tailored to each country's power system characteristics and adapted over time as the system evolves.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
This document summarizes a research paper about using a Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) based STATCOM to enhance power quality in a thirty bus power system. It first provides background on power quality issues and how Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like STATCOMs can help address them. It then describes the components and operation of a conventional STATCOM and introduces the ZSI as an alternative inverter topology. The research presented in the paper models and simulates a thirty bus system both with and without a ZSI-based STATCOM to study improvements in voltage regulation and reactive power compensation.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and simulates a hybrid power generation system using renewable energy sources like solar and wind along with an active power filter to improve power quality. The system uses a four-leg voltage source inverter with both a conventional DC link controller and a fuzzy logic controller to regulate the DC link voltage and compensate for current harmonics from nonlinear loads. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed control scheme and active power filter configuration can effectively improve power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
Battery energy storage and power electronics based voltage and frequency cont...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a system for connecting a wind turbine to the electric grid using battery energy storage and power electronics for voltage and frequency control. The system includes an asynchronous generator, uncontrolled rectifier, PWM inverter, DC link capacitor, and battery storage. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the system's ability to generate grid-quality power from a wind turbine while regulating voltage and frequency. The battery storage compensates for fluctuations from the intermittent wind power and supports strengthening the generator's connection to the grid.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper about using a STATCOM to improve power quality for a grid-connected wind energy system supplying both balanced and unbalanced nonlinear loads. The paper introduces power quality issues caused by wind generation systems and describes how a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system can mitigate these issues. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the STATCOM is able to regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling and maintain unity power factor for both types of loads.
POWER QUALITY ISSUE WITH GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTRMRavijesh Kumar
The document discusses power quality issues that arise when connecting wind energy systems to the electric grid. Fluctuations in wind power generation can cause problems like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. The document proposes using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) together with a battery energy storage system to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power changes, improving power quality at the point where the wind system connects to the grid. Simulation results show the system is effective at relieving stress on the main power supply and improving power quality.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
Harmonic enhancement in microgrid with applications on sensitive loadsIJECEIAES
Power quality issues are an important and growing problem in microgrid. There are two reasons; the more active consumer is participating in the power sector, the use of renewable energy which having a great impact on voltage variation. This paper discusses power quality disturbance and especially harmonic distortion issues in microgrid, and suggests a solution to maintain the operation of the distribution system within power quality standard. To protect sensitive loads from harmonics produced by the grid and by renewable energy sources, passive harmonic filter has been proposed in this paper. The electrical system of a nuclear research reactor as sensitive loads is designed by using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The results show these technical issues are presented with their influence on electrical voltage and harmonic specter.
This document discusses power quality improvement in a multi-machine system using STATCOM. It begins with an abstract that outlines using STATCOM to maintain voltage stability and improve power factor and harmonic reduction with a wind turbine connected to the grid. It then discusses how wind power injection affects power quality according to IEC standards. The paper studies power quality issues caused by installing a wind turbine and proposes using STATCOM at the point of common connection to mitigate these issues. It simulates the STATCOM control scheme for the wind energy system using MATLAB to show its effectiveness in improving power quality by relieving the main supply of reactive power demands.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
1) The document discusses the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)-based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to enhance power quality and transmission capability.
2) It presents simulation models of TCSC and TCR-SVC developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations show that these FACTS devices can effectively reduce voltage drops, electrical losses in long transmission lines, and improve stability.
3) Student feedback indicates the models are easy to use and effective for learning about controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensators, and reactive power/voltage
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Frequency control in a microgrid including controllable loadIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for frequency control in microgrids that includes renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and controllable loads. The microgrid model analyzed includes solar power, wind power, batteries, supercapacitors, and electric water heaters. The document describes the components of the microgrid, simulation parameters and assumptions. Frequency control is achieved by coordinating the energy storage devices and generators using optimized proportional-integral controllers. Electric water heaters can also help control frequency by adjusting their operating temperature setpoints in response to frequency deviations.
Wind energy conversion systems using fuzzy controlled statcom for power quaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates power quality issues when connecting a wind energy conversion system to a distribution system. A fuzzy controlled static compensator (F-STATCOM) is proposed to mitigate harmonics produced at the source and load sides. The F-STATCOM controller is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the F-STATCOM is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion and improving power quality by minimizing voltage variations and harmonics at both the source and load sides.
Energy Efficiency in Electrical Systems.pptxPoojaAnupGarg
The document discusses energy efficiency in electrical systems, including electricity billing, electrical load management, maximum demand control, power factor improvement, transformers, and capacitor performance assessment. It provides details on electromagnetic meter outputs, load curve generation, rescheduling loads, non-essential load shedding, and capacitor sizing, location, and performance evaluation to reduce maximum demand and improve power factor.
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1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This document summarizes a research paper on using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) with an LCL passive filter to compensate for reactive power and improve power quality in a grid-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) system. The D-STATCOM injects current to mitigate voltage fluctuations. Simulation results show improvements in three-phase output voltage at the transmission and distribution levels as well as increased power generation from both the transmission system and PV system. In conclusion, the integration of FACTS devices like the D-STATCOM can help maintain desired power quality standards while reducing distortions and improving the power factor.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
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TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH WIND PENETRATION
1. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
1
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO
IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER
SYSTEM WITH WIND PENETRATION
A.Y.Abdelaziz,M.A.El-Sharkawyand M.A.Attia
Department of Electrical Power & Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW. The system suffers from min voltage reduction, total loss
increases and violated of power and power angle limits. This paper found that series FACTS devices in
certain range are the best type to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.
Keywords
Flexible AC transmission systems, genetic algorithms, optimization ,wind.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is gaining increasing importance throughout the world. This fast development of
wind energy technology and of the market has large implications for a number of people and
institutions: for instance, for scientists who research and teach future wind power, and electrical
engineers at universities; for professionals at electric utilities who really need to understand the
complexity of the positive and negative effects that wind energy can have on the power system;
for wind turbine manufacturers; and for developers of wind energy projects, who also need that
understanding in order to be able to develop feasible, modern and cost-effective wind energy
projects [1].
All wind farms connected to grid shall endeavour to maintain the voltage wave form quality at the
grid connection point, also to keep voltage and frequency deviation in its permissible value
otherwise, the grid operator is authorized to disconnect the wind farm from the grid [2].
In this day and age, the world needs to look at the different natural energy sources available to us.
Global warming could be due our energy craving lifestyle, so we should look into more
environmentally friendly energy sources. But there are a range of advantages and disadvantages
of wind energy to look at, including the many problems associated with wind turbines [3].
2. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal
(EEIEJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2014
2
Advantages:
• Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment.
• Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station.
• Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations.
Disadvantages:
• The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In
many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or wind farm.
• Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife
during the build process.
• The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet
engine.
Wind turbine generators examples
• SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION GENERATORSSCIGs are described as fixed-
speed [4, 5].
• DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATORSThe main advantage for this type is
their ability to vary their operating speed in order to gain optimum power extraction from
the wind [4, 6].
• DIRECT-DRIVE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORSwhich is connected to the
grid via a back-to-back voltage source converter [4, 7].
FACTS
A flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), in recent years, has become a well-known term for
higher controllability in power systems by means of power electronic devices. Several FACTS
devices have been introduced for various applications worldwide. The basic applications of
FACTS devices are [8, 9]: power flow control, increase of transmission capability, voltage
control, reactive power compensation, stability improvement and power quality improvement.
However, because of the considerable cost of FACTS devices, it is important to minimize their
number and obtain their optimal locations in the system.
• Series Facts
The TCSC is one of the series FACTS devices. It uses an extremely simple main circuit. In this
FACTS device, a capacitor is inserted directly in series with the transmission line to be
compensated, and a thyristor-controlled inductor is connected directly in parallel with the
capacitor; thus, no interfacing equipment, like high voltage transformers are required. This makes
the TCSC much more economic than other competing FACTS technologies [8, 10].
In [11], the TCSC may have one of the two possible characteristics - capacitive or inductive ,
respectively, to decrease or increase the overall reactance of line XL. It is modeled with three
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ideal switched elements connected in parallel: a capacitor, an inductor, and a simple switch to
short-circuit both of them when they are not needed in the circuit. The capacitor and the inductor
are variable, and their values are dependent on the reactance and power transfer capability of the
line in series with which the device is inserted. In order to avoid resonance, only one of the three
elements can be switched at a time. Moreover, in order to avoid overcompensation of the line, the
maximum value of the capacitance is fixed at -0.8XL. For the inductance, the maximum is 0.2XL.
The TCSC model presented in [11] is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Model of the TCSC
In [12], the TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator that consists of a series capacitor bank
shunted by a TCR to provide smooth control of the series capacitive reactance. A model of the
TCSC presented in [12] is shown in Figure 2. Another TCSC model was used in [13]. According
to this model, a variable reactance is inserted in series with the line to be compensated, which is
similar to the model used in [10]. This model, which is shown in Figure 3, is used in this work as
the TCSC capacitive range, and the reactance is assumed to vary in the range from -0.3XL to -
0.7XL.
Figure 2 Model of the TCSC [12]
Figure 3 Model of TCSC [10]
• Shunt devices [14]
The most commonly used FACTS-device is the SVC or the version with voltage source converter
called STATCOM. These shunt devices are operating as reactive power compensators. The main
applications in transmission, distribution and industrial networks are:
• Reduction of unwanted reactive power flows and therefore reduced network losses.
• Keeping of contractual power exchanges with balanced reactive power.
• Compensation of consumers and improvement of power quality especially with huge
demand fluctuations like industrial machines, metal melting plants railway or
underground train systems.
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• Compensation of thyristor converters e.g. in conventional HVDC lines.
• Improvement of static or transient stability.
The SVC may have two characters: inductive or capacitive. In the first case it absorbs reactive
power while in the second one the reactive power is injected. The SVC is modeled with two ideal
switched elements in parallel: a capacitance and an inductance as shown in Figure 4. It may take
values characterized by the reactive power injected or absorbed at the voltage of 1 p.u. . The
values are between -100 MVAr and 100 MVAr [14, 15].
Figure 4 SVC model
This model is used in this paper for shunt device but with range from -1000 MVAr
to 1000 MVAr
Below, main research areas regarding FACTS solutions for wind problems in power systems are
reviewed [16].
A.Voltage stability
Reactive power consumptions of the connecting lines and loads may lead to a voltage collapse in
a weak heavily loaded system. Such situations are quite typical for wind generation, which is
often placed in remote areas and connected with long lines. If reactive power compensation
provided by Wind Power Plants (WPP) is not sufficient, generated active power might need to be
limited to avoid voltage instability [16, 17]. It is especially likely for a wind farm employing full
scale converter turbines (FSWTs), which not only does not provide compensation but also
consumes reactive power. Studies conducted in [16, 17] show that STATCOM applied at point of
common coupling (PCC) of such plant greatly enhances system voltage stability, when
connection to the main grid becomes weakened. Similar case was studied for DFIG based wind
farm in [18].[19], [20] also analyze transient voltage stability enhancement of DFIG-WT based
farms by a STATCOM. [20] Clearly shows proportional relation between STATCOM ratings and
level of support. In [19] influence of STATCOM control strategy on post-fault voltage evolution
was studied. Optimized neural network controller allows faster voltage restoration with smaller
overshoot and oscillations. In [21] voltage stability of 486 MW DFIG based offshore wind farm is
indirectly addressed through the compliance analysis with UK grid codes. Conclusion is made
that for short connection (20km), DFIG can comply with grid codes without additional support.
On the other hand, for 100km cable, STATCOM of at least 60MVAr would be needed to provide
adequate voltage support from the wind farm. However, authors suggest that in both cases it
could be beneficial, to cover whole reactive power demand by STATCOM, without relying on
WTGs capabilities. Control is faster and less complicated in case of one centralized device, when
compared to tens of turbines, distributed over a certain area. In such a light, more studies are
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needed, because in most of the publications usually WPP is modeled as one aggregated WTG
(e.g. [16, 18, and 20]).
B. Frequency stability
To maintain frequency close to the nominal value, balance between generated and consumed
power must be provided. When there is surplus of generated power, the synchronous generators
(which are the core of the power system), tend to speed up. In result synchronous frequency rises.
On the contrary, when there is not enough power generation to cover consumption, overloaded
synchronous machines slow down and grid frequency drops. There has been done lot of research
on adding energy storage for wind turbines to improve active power control (e.g. [16, 22] discuss
provision of frequency support, load leveling and spinning reserve). However, here particular
interest is when energy storage is incorporated in FACTS device. Such studies have been done in
[23], for STATCOM with Battery Energy Storage System connected in parallel to regular DC-
link capacitors. According to simulation results, 5MWh storage helps 50MVA SCIG based wind
farm to track ½ hour active power set point, which was based on wind prediction. Therefore need
for balancing power is reduced and wind power can be better dispatched. It is clear that energy
storage would bring benefits in terms of frequency control and inertia emulation. Still, primary
STATCOM control functions are maintained.
C. Power oscillations
In [19] it is shown that additional control loop for STATCOM controller can help to damp power
oscillations, while basic voltage support function is maintained. In [19] also optimized neural
network controller attenuates local plant oscillations of DFIG based wind farm, during post fault
period. Wind farms have not been considered yet in literature, to play specific role in the intra-
area or inter-area oscillations. On other hand FACTS devices are widely recognized as one so
such studies could be performed [16].
D. Power quality
In [24] is shown, that dynamic reactive power compensation device like STATCOM can solve
this problem. Very interesting issue is studied in [25]. Capacitances of low loss cables that are
used in wind farms together with main transformers inductance form poorly damped resonant
tank, with resonance frequency between 11th
and 35th harmonic. By proper controller gain
selection it can be ensured that real part of STATCOM complex impedance is negative for all
signals in desired frequency spectrum. What means that STATCOM would absorb active power
carried by harmonics and re-inject active power at fundamental frequency [16, 25].
This paper focuses on solving the steady state problems of wind penetration (such as total loss
increase and the need of generation reserve to cover wind variation) by using FACTS devices.
The main objective here is to reduce the total loss of the system by using FACTS which will give
a cover for wind generation variation. The wind generator is considered as a generator produces
active power and consumes reactive power.
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2. PROPOSED OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
The problem is to find the optimum numbers, locations and reactances of the TCSCs to be used in
the power system. This problem is a nonlinear multi-objective one. The GA method will be used
in this paper where it only uses the values of the objective function and less likely to get trapped
at a local optimum. The selected method is to use two genetic algorithms with number of
generations of 30, fitness limit of zero and the other parameters are taken as the default values in
MATLAB (e.g. population size = 20). The first one is to find the location and number of FACTS
devices by computing the minimum total loss after inserting FACTS devices in the system. After
location and number of the devices are obtained they have been given to another genetic
algorithm to obtain the best rating of them by also computing the total loss. Details of program
are as follows [26]:
• The program starts with a group of random population for the location in binary, Then
this random population is multiplied by the values of TCSCs in a specified range And
the result of the multiplication will change in the reactance of the system (in case of
shunt this random population is multiplied by the values of SVCs in a specified range
and the result of the multiplication will change in the charging susceptance of each bus.
• After that power flow is carried out for the system with TCSC or SVC all over the range.
• Then, the total loss is calculated and fitness function is computed.
• Finally stopping criteria is checked if it is not reached, another generation will start by
reproduction, crossover and mutation.
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Details of program are shown in figure 5.
Figure 5 Flow chart of the proposed optimization technique
The objective is to minimize the total losses
Total system losses = Sum of real loss of all system lines
Calculation of total loss is obtained by using MATLAB m-files in MATPOWER [27] to calculate
the power flow of the system and compute the sum of real losses.
In this paper the reactance of each branch in MATPOWER case is replaced by variable reactance
function of the value of TCSC reactance added as in equation (2) in case of series FACTS.
New reactance = Old reactance + X TCSC (2)
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In case of shunt FACTS the charging susceptance of each bus in MATPOWER case is replaced
by variable reactance function of the value of SVC added.
The program in [26] has been improved to make GA search for only the locations in the most
sever three lines and the lines around them in case of series and search for the most sever 9 buses
in case of shunt.
Ranking of lines:
Ranking is made according to the following technique:
1. Make outage of system lines one by one
2. Check min voltage of the system after each outage
3. The line which its outage cause lower min voltage than the others cause will
have the higher ranking.
4. Genetic algorithm is search in the higher three lines or any number according to
case and the lines surrounding them without considering transformers lines.
5.
For shunt devices ranking as follows:
1. The buses are arranged according to the magnitude of its active power
2. The bus with higher active power has higher ranking
3. Then genetic algorithm search in a number of first buses in ranking equal to the
number of location available in series case.
• For the IEEE 39 bus system under case study 1 conditions (outage of generator at bus 39
and wind reduction by 20% with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW )
the lines and buses for FACTS are as following:
Lines for series FACTS case study1:lines connected buses (1-39), (20-34), (5-8), (10-32)
and lines surrounding them.
Buses for shunt FACTS case study1:Buses (4, 34, 8, 36, 31, 33, 32, 35, 20 and 37)
• For the IEEE 39 bus system under case study 2 conditions (outage of generator at bus 39
and wind increase by 50% with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW )
the lines and buses for FACTS are as following:
Lines for series FACTS case study2:lines connected buses (8-9), (3-4), (6-31) and lines
surrounding them.
Buses for shunt FACTS case study2:Buses (4, 34, 8, 36, 31, 33, 32, 35, 20, 37, 38 and 39)
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3. CASE STUDY
• Case study 1
The modified IEEE 39-bus system is taken as the system under study. A one line diagram of the
system is shown in Figure 6. The data of the system is given in [27]. The system consists of 39
buses, 46 branches and 10 generators at buses 30, 31,32,33,34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39. The case
under study is an outage of the generator at bus 39 and reduction of wind generator at bus 37 by
20% with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW .This study is carried out for range
of TCSC from -30% to -70% of the line reactance and SVC with range -1000 MVAr to 1000
MVAr.
Figure 6 IEEE 39 bus system [28]
4. Simulation Results:
Results show that:
• Without FACTS : line 37 power are out of limit given in [29](100.55% )
• With series FACTS capacitive range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) : succeed to return line
37 power to inside its limits which given in [29] (99.687% )
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• With shunt FACTS : failed to return line 37 to its limit(100.487 %)
Table 1 Voltage profile with and without FACTS
bus number V without FACTS V with FACTS C range
V with shunt
FACTS
1 0.8647 0.9839 0.87
7 0.883 0.9444 0.8853
8 0.8745 0.9421 0.8769
9 0.8172 0.939 0.8229
39 0.7937 0.9368 0.801
As shown in Table 1:
• Without FACTS: the grey markers buses suffer from voltage reduction than 0.9 PU
which indicate bad voltage profile.
• With series FACTS capacitive range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline):no buses suffer from
voltage reduction which improvement to voltage profile.
• With shunt FACTS :the grey markers buses suffer from voltage reduction than 0.9 PU
which indicate bad voltage profile.
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Table 2 power angle (delta) with and without FACTS
bus number
Power angel
without FACTS
Power angel with
FACTS C range
Power angel with
shunt FACTS
1 -47.1266 -32.2858 -46.9185
2 -35.3893 -29.8945 -35.2691
3 -35.5177 -30.3834 -35.4013
4 -32.3685 -27.8129 -32.2689
7 -31.2055 -29.634 -31.1153
8 -32.7235 -30.1213 -32.6267
9 -46.1495 -33.8841 -45.9436
13 -26.8954 -23.6451 -26.8143
14 -29.9936 -26.0089 -29.9007
15 -32.6721 -28.0904 -32.5645
16 -32.086 -27.3236 -31.9758
17 -33.8988 -28.9436 -33.7839
18 -34.9712 -29.9356 -34.855
21 -29.5958 -24.8723 -29.4879
24 -31.967 -27.2043 -31.8568
25 -34.5357 -28.9303 -34.404
26 -33.9538 -28.6585 -33.8297
27 -35.1527 -29.9831 -35.031
28 -30.3676 -25.1052 -30.2456
30 -32.8586 -27.4116 -32.7415
37 -28.9861 -23.4317 -28.8578
39 -56.2736 -36.4061 -55.9182
From Table 2.
• Without FACTS and with shunt FACTS system suffer from unacceptable power angle
value as shown in grey markers
• Series FACTS has better power angel range than without FACTS and shunt.
• Also series FACTS succeed to decrease power angel at wind bus.
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FACTS numbers and rating:
Table 3 FACTS value capacitive range case1
Line number
From
bus
To
bus
Lines
reactance
FACTS capacitive Range
reactance value % of line
reactance
1 1 2 0.0411 -70
2 1 39 0.025 -30
7 4 5 0.0128 -70
13 7 8 0.0046 -70
14 8 9 0.0363 -70
15 9 39 0.025 -70
17 10 13 0.0043 -70
Table 4 shunt FACTS value
Bus
No.
shunt FACTS injected (pu) shunt FACTS injected (MVAr)
20 10 1000
31 2.3245 232.45
32 -4.0035 -400.35
35 -3.2942 -329.42
39 10 1000
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Summary
Table 5 summary
Without FACTS With FACTS
C range
With shunt
FACTS
Total loss % of load 1.4 1.177 1.3786
Vmax (pu) 1.064 1.064 1.063
Vmin (pu) 0.794 0.937 .801
Power angel max
(degree)
0 0 0
Power angel min
(degree)
-56.27 -36.41 -55.92
Wind line power
loss (MW)
1.157 1.092 1.152
From Table 5 it is clear that:
• Without FACTS system suffer from low min voltage (0.794 pu), high total losses and
high power angle value (-56.27).
• With series FACTS capacitive range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with adding only 7
devicesmin. voltage increase to 0.937 which improvement for voltage profile and losses
minimized to 1.177% which will give wind more spare to its variation with max voltage
kept at 1.064 pu .Also the power loss of line connected to wind generator reduced to
94.4% which give also more spare for wind variation .it can be found that power angle
also reduced to -36.41.
• With shunt FACTS : with adding 5 devicesmin voltage increase to only 0.801 and
losses decreases to 1.3786% which will give wind more spare to its variation with max
voltage kept at 1.063 pu . Also the power loss of line connected to wind generator
reduced to 99.57% which give sparer also for windvariation.
• Case study 2
The modified IEEE 39-bus system is taken as the system under study. A one line diagram of the
system is shown in Figure 6. The data of the system is given in [27]. The system consists of 39
buses, 46 branches and 10 generators at buses 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39. The case
under study is an outage of the generator at bus 39 and increasing of wind generator at bus 37 by
50% with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW . This study is carried out for
range of TCSC from -30% to -70% of the line reactance and SVC with range -1000 MVAr to
1000 MVAr.
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Simulation Results:
Results show that no line suffers from power out of limit.
Table 6 Voltage profile with and without FACTS case2
bus
number V without FACTS V with FACTS C range
V with shunt
FACTS
1 0.8775 0.9559 0.8823
9 0.852 0.9247 0.8569
39 0.8203 0.9138 0.8269
As shown in Table 6:
• Without FACTS:the grey markers buses suffer from voltage reduction than 0.9 PU
which indicate bad voltage profile.
• With series FACTS capacitive range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) :no buses suffer from
voltage reduction which improvement to voltage profile.
• With shunt FACTS :the grey markers buses suffer from voltage reduction than 0.9 PU
which indicate bad voltage profile.
Table 7 power angle (delta) with and without FACTS case2
bus
number
Power angel
without FACTS
Power angel with
FACTS C range
Power angel with
shunt FACTS
1 -33.9394 -24.8264 -33.8139
9 -35.3638 -27.5765 -35.2232
37 -7.9869 -3.9295 -7.9324
39 -43.6912 -30.3794 -43.4381
From Table 7.
• Without FACTS:system suffer from high values of power angle (delta )
• Series FACTS : succeed to reduce the power angles to acceptable values butShunt
FACTS failed in that.
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FACTS numbers and rating:
Table 8 FACTS value capacitive range case2
Line number
From
bus To bus
Lines
reactance
FACTS capacitive Range
reactance value % of line reactance
8 4 14 0.0129 -70
9 5 6 0.0026 -70
11 6 7 0.0092 -34
12 6 11 0.0082 -70
13 7 8 0.0046 -30
14 8 9 0.0363 -63.13
15 9 39 0.025 -70
Table 9 shunt FACTS value
Bus No. shunt FACTS
injected (pu)
shunt FACTS
injected (MVAr)
20 10 1000
32 7.8059 780.59
33 -1.435 -143.5
34 -0.9771 -97.71
39 10 1000
Summary
Table 10 summary
Without
FACTS
With FACTS C
range
With shunt
FACTS
Total loss % of load 1.516 1.39 1.505
Vmax (pu) 1.064 1.063 1.064
Vmin (pu) 0.82 0.914 0.827
Power angel max (degree) 0 0 0
Power angel min (degree) -43.69 -30.38 -43.44
Wind line power loss (MW) 3.836 3.771 3.831
From Table 10 it is clear that:
• Without FACTS system suffer from low min voltage (0.82 pu), high total losses and
bad power angle values.
• With series FACTS capacitive range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with adding only 7
devicesmin voltage increase to 0.914 and losses minimized to 1.39 % which will give
wind more spare to its variation with max voltage kept at 1.063 pu. Also the power loss
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of line connected to wind generator reduced to 98.3 % which give sparer also for wind
variation. It can be found that power angle value reduced to -30.38.
• With shunt FACTS : with adding 5 devicesmin voltage increase to only 0.827 which
indicates bad voltage profile and losses decreases to 1.505 % which will give wind more
spare to its variation with max voltage kept at 1.064 pu . Also the power loss of line
connected to wind generator reduced to 99.87 % which give sparer also for
windvariation. It can be found that power angle value reduced to -43.44 only.
Conclusion
In this paper, optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out by using genetic algorithm to
cover the problem associated with wind penetration in power systems. The method in this paper is
exanimate in a modified IEEE 39 bus system. Two case studies are carried out one for wind
power decrease and the other with wind power increase respectively with the highest generator
out and load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW in the two cases. Results show that:
series FACTS with capacitive range is the best solution for this problem where it can keep the
system operate without power, voltage and power angel limits violated also reduce the total loss
of the system which gives wind more spare to cover its generation variation, also it increase the
min voltage to acceptable limit which is improvement in voltage profile.
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