Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells become stiff and sticky and form into a sickle shape. This causes blockages in blood vessels, pain crises, and organ damage. It is caused by a mutation that changes hemoglobin in red blood cells. Symptoms include anemia, pain crises, fatigue, infections, and stroke. Treatment focuses on managing pain, preventing infections, treating complications, and sometimes blood transfusions or hydroxyurea. People with sickle cell anemia require lifelong monitoring and treatment.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA is decreased platelet count we call it thrombocytopenias. causes of this are called an infection, cancer condition, some type of the drugs like heparin, etc. signs and symptoms of the is bleeding tendency patiche, purpuraetc/ the management of this is plasma transfusion admin situation of some of the drug immunotherapy is helpful for this condition. surgery splenectomy.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA is decreased platelet count we call it thrombocytopenias. causes of this are called an infection, cancer condition, some type of the drugs like heparin, etc. signs and symptoms of the is bleeding tendency patiche, purpuraetc/ the management of this is plasma transfusion admin situation of some of the drug immunotherapy is helpful for this condition. surgery splenectomy.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic diseases where red blood cells can take shape of a crescent or a sickle . And this allows them to be more easily destroyed – causing anemia and other complexities
Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease.
It affects the shape of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all parts of the body.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Sickle cell anemia is
a serious disease in
which the body
makes sickle-
shaped red blood
cells. “Sickle-
shaped” means that
the red blood cells
are shaped like a
"C."
2.
3. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped
and look like doughnuts without holes in
the center.
They move easily through your blood
vessels. Red blood cells contain the
protein hemoglobin .
This iron-rich protein gives blood its red
color and carries oxygen from the lungs
to the rest of the body.
4. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin
that causes the cells to have a sickle
shape.
Sickle-shaped cells don’t move easily
through your blood vessels.
They’re stiff and sticky and tend to form
clumps and get stuck in the blood vessels.
5. Classificaton
Sickle-cell anaemia is the name of a
specific form of sickle-cell disease in
which there is homozygosity for the
mutation that causes HbS.
Sickle-cell anaemia is also referred to
as "HbSS", "SS disease", "haemoglobin
S“.
6. It is referred to as "HbAS" or "sickle cell
trait".
sickle-haemoglobin C disease (HbSC)
including both Hbs and Hbc.
Sickle thalassaemia disease a
combination of sickle cell trait and beta
thalassaemia trait.
7. Cont…
β+ refers to the ability to still produce
some normal Hba.
sickle beta-zero-thalassaemia (HbS/β0
)
indicates that there is no ability to
produce Hba
9. Patho…
Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by
point mutation
in β-globin chain of haemoglobin
causing the amino acid glutamic acid
to be replaced with the hydrophobic
amino acid valine at the sixth position
10. β-globin gene is found on the short arm of
chromosome 11
association of two wild-type α-globin subunits
with two mutant β-globin subunits forms
haemoglobin S (HbS)
11. Under low-oxygen conditions
the absence of a polar amino acid at
position six of the β-globin chain
promotes the non-covalent polymerisation
of haemoglobin (aggregation)
12. which distorts red blood cells into a sickle
shape and decreases their elasticity
loss of red blood cell elasticity is central
to the pathophysiology of sickle-cell
disease
13. Normal red blood cells are quite elastic,
which allows the cells to deform to pass
through capillaries
sickle-cell disease, low-oxygen tension
promotes red blood cell sickling
14. repeated episodes of sickling damage
the cell membrane
and decrease the cell's elasticity
These cells fail to return to normal
shape when normal oxygen tension is
restored
15. As a consequence, these rigid blood cells
are unable to deform as they pass
through narrow capillaries
leading to vessel occlusion and
ischaemia
16. point mutation
A type of mutation that causes the
replacement of a single base nucleotide
with another nucleotide of the genetic
material, DNA or RNA.
The term point mutation also includes
insertions or deletions of a single base
pair
17. Signs and Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
Attacks of abdominal pain
Bone pain
Breathlessness
Delayed growth and puberty
Fatigue
27. Diagnosis
In HbSS, the full blood count reveals
haemoglobin levels in the range of 6–8 g/dL
with a high reticulocyte count
(as the bone marrow compensates for the
destruction of sickle cells by producing more
red blood cells). In other forms of sickle-cell
disease, Hb levels tend to be higher.
28. A blood film may show features of
hyposplenism
The presence of sickle haemoglobin can also
be demonstrated with the "sickle solubility
test".
A mixture of Hb S in a reducing solution (such
as sodium dithionite) gives a turbid
appearance, whereas normal Hb gives a
clear solution.
29. Abnormal Hb can be detected on Hb electrophoresis
on which the various types of haemoglobin move at
varying speeds
HgbS and haemoglobin C with sickling (HgbSC)—
the two most common forms—can be identified
A urinalysis to detect an occult urinary tract infection,
and chest X-ray to look for occult pneumonia should
be routinely performed
30. Prevention of sickling
Promote adequate oxygenation and
hemodilution
Encourage increased intake of fluids
150ml/kg/day
Avoid high altitude and other low
oxygen environment
Avoid strenuous physical exertion
Maintain oxygen saturation at 90%
32. Treatment
Dietary cyanate, from foods containing
cyanide derivatives, has been used as a
treatment for sickle- cell anemia
Cyanate and thiocyanate irreversibly
inhibit sickling of red blood cells drawn
from sickle cell anemia patients
33. Vaso-occlusive crisis
Most people with sickle-cell disease have
intensely painful episodes called vaso-
occlusive crises.
Painful crises are treated symptomatically
with analgesics; pain management requires
opioid administration at regular intervals until
the crisis has settled.
34. For milder crises, a subgroup of
patients manage on NSAIDs (such as
diclofenac or naproxen)
For more severe crises, most patients
require inpatient management for
intravenous opioids; patient-controlled
analgesia (PCA) devices are commonly
used
35. Diphenhydramine is also an effective
agent that is frequently prescribed by
doctors in order to help control any
itching associated with the use of
opioids.
Folic acid and penicillin
Children born with sickle-cell disease
will undergo close observation by the
pediatrician.
36. These patients will take a 1 mg dose of
folic acid daily for life. From birth to five
years of age,
they will also have to take penicillin
daily due to the immature immune
system that makes them more prone to
early childhood illnesses
37. Acute chest crisis
Management is similar to vaso-
occlusive crisis, with the addition of
antibiotics
Oxygen supplementation for hypoxia,
and close observation
If pulmonary infiltrate worsen or the
oxygen requirements increase, simple
blood transfusion or exchange
transfusion is indicated
38. It involves the exchange of a significant
portion of the patients red cell mass for
normal red cells
Which decreases the percent of
haemoglobin S in the patient's blood
Hydroxyurea, was shown to decrease
the number and severity of sickle cell
disease
39. This is achieved, by reactivating fetal
haemoglobin production in place of the
haemoglobin S that causes sickle-cell
anaemia.
Bone marrow transplants have proven
to be effective in children
40. Dialysis or kidney transplant for kidney
disease
Drug rehabilitation and counseling for
psychological complications
Gallbladder removal (if you have
gallstone disease)
41. Hip replacement for avascular necrosis
of the hip
Irrigation or surgery for persistent,
painful erections (priapism)
Surgery for eye problems
Wound care, zinc oxide, or surgery for
leg ulcers
42. Nursing Management
Edu. of the family and child
Early intervention for problems such as
fever
Administer antibiotics acc. To
prescription
Adequate hydration to prevent sickling
Early recognition of resp. problems
43. Alternative pain management
technique, behavior modification
program ,relaxation therapy,hypnosis,
music therapy, message and
transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation
Give primary immunizations as well as
pneumococcal, HIB, hepatitis and
trivalent influenza vaccine
