Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
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Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic diseases where red blood cells can take shape of a crescent or a sickle . And this allows them to be more easily destroyed – causing anemia and other complexities
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1-Differentiate between the different causes of anemia
2. Discuss the investigations that may clarify the diagnosis
3. Recognize the predisposing factors and consequences of iron deficiency anemia and discuss how to manage it
4. Discuss the hereditary basis and clinical features of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia .
prepared by med_students0
A presentation made about Sickle cell disease by Yara Mostafa, Yasser Osama, Yaser Mostafa ,Ain shams university, Medicine faculty, first year students.
Sickle Cell disease: is a genetic disorder that affects erythrocytes (RBC) causing them
to become sickle or crescent shaped.
The effects of this condition due to an abnormality of the hemoglobin molecules found
in erythrocytes.
Sickle cell anemia is a serious disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood
cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a "C."
Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the
center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain the
protein hemoglobin. This iron-rich protein gives blood its red color and carries oxygen
from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Sickle cell Anemia is known as being a fatal hereditary form of anemia, it is recognized
by its abnormal red blood cells having a crescent shape due to the effect of hemoglobin
S found in the cells.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Introduction
• Sickle cell anaemia is a serious disease in which the body makes
sickle-shaped ("c"-shaped) red blood cells. Normal red blood cells
are disk-shaped and move easily through your blood vessels. Red
blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin.
• Sickle cells contain abnormal haemoglobin that causes the cells to
have a sickle shape, which don’t move easily through the blood
vessels – they are stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get
stuck in the blood vessels.
• The clumps of sickle cells block blood flow in the blood vessels
that lead to the limbs and organs. Blocked blood vessels can cause
pain, serious infections, and organ damage.
3. CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof sicklesickle cellscells
RBCSRBCS
120 day life span120 day life span
Hb has normal oxygenHb has normal oxygen
carrying capacitycarrying capacity
12-14 g/12-14 g/dl of Hbof Hb
SICKLED CELLSSICKLED CELLS
30-40 day life span30-40 day life span
Hb has decreasedHb has decreased
oxygen carryingoxygen carrying
capacitycapacity
6-9 g/6-9 g/dl of Hbof Hb
4. Pathological defect.
Sickle cell haemoglobinopathies are a group of diseases in
which normal adult haemoglobin ( haemoglobin A or Hb A) is
partially or completely replaced by a variant haemoglobin:
sickle haemoglobin (Hb S) or haemoglobin C ( Hb C),among
other.the molecular structures of these haemoglobins differ.
Normal haemoglobin a contains four polypeptide chain,two
alpha and two beta chain,each with a characteristic amino acid
sequence.
The alpha chain contains 141 amino acid, the beta chain 146
amino acids.
The precise sequence of these amino acid have been established.
5. The nature of the differnces between Hb A,Hb
S, and Hb C is determined by the one amino
acid in the beta polypeptide chain in the sixth
position.this position is occupied by glutamic
acid in Hb A, by valine in Hb S,and by a
lysine residue in Hb C. in all of these
polypeptide chains,the sequence of the other
145 amino acids is the same.
Cont…Cont…
6. Types of sickle cell disease.
The four main types of sickle cell anemia are caused by
different mutations in these genes.
1) Hemoglobin SS disease
Hemoglobin SS disease is the most common type of
sickle cell disease. It occurs when you inherit copies of
the hemoglobin S gene from both parents. This forms
hemoglobin known as Hb SS. As the most severe form
of SCD, individuals with this form also experience the
worst symptoms at a higher rate.
7.
8. Cont…Cont…
2 ) Hemoglobin SC disease
Hemoglobin SC disease is the second most common
type of sickle cell disease. It occurs when you inherit the
Hb C gene from one parent and the Hb S gene from the
other. Individuals with Hb SC have similar symptoms to
individuals with Hb SS. However, the anemia is less severe
9. Cont…Cont…
3 ) Hemoglobin SB+ (beta) thalassemia
Hemoglobin SB+ (beta) thalassemia affects beta
globin gene production. The size of the red blood cell is
reduced because less beta protein is made. If inherited with
the Hb S gene, you will have hemoglobin S beta
thalassemia. Symptoms are not as severe.
10. Cont…Cont…
4 ) Hemoglobin SB 0 (Beta-zero) thalassemia
Sickle beta-zero thalassemia is the fourth type of sickle
cell disease. It also involves the beta globin gene. It has
similar symptoms to Hb SS anemia. However, sometimes
the symptoms of beta zero thalassemia are more severe.
11. Cont…Cont…
Sickle cell trait
People who only inherit a mutated gene (hemoglobin S)
from one parent are said to have sickle cell trait. They may
have no symptoms or reduced symptoms.
12. Sign & symptomsSign & symptoms
•• excessive fatigue or irritability, from anemiaexcessive fatigue or irritability, from anemia
•• bedwetting, from associated kidney problemsbedwetting, from associated kidney problems
•• jaundice, which is yellowing of the eyes and skinjaundice, which is yellowing of the eyes and skin
•• swelling and pain in hands and feetswelling and pain in hands and feet
•• frequent infectionsfrequent infections
•• pain in the chest, back, arms, or legspain in the chest, back, arms, or legs
15. Cont…Cont… GUGU
HematuriaHematuria
DiuresisDiuresis
MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal
Painful swelling of hands & feetPainful swelling of hands & feet
OphthalmologyOphthalmology
BlindnessBlindness
RetinopathyRetinopathy
DermatologyDermatology
Ulcers of hand &feetUlcers of hand &feet
16. Diagnostic testDiagnostic test
••Blood counts can reveal an abnormal Hb levelBlood counts can reveal an abnormal Hb level
in the range of 6 to 8 grams per deciliter.in the range of 6 to 8 grams per deciliter.
••Blood films may show RBCs that appear asBlood films may show RBCs that appear as
irregularly contracted cells.irregularly contracted cells.
••Sickle solubility tests look for the presence ofSickle solubility tests look for the presence of
Hb S.Hb S.
Hb electrophoresisHb electrophoresis
Hb electrophoresis is always needed toHb electrophoresis is always needed to
confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Itconfirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. It
measures the different types of hemoglobin inmeasures the different types of hemoglobin in
18. ComplicationsComplications
Increased risk of severe bacterial infectionsIncreased risk of severe bacterial infections
stroke
cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis.
Hyposplenism
OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis
19. NsgNsg mgmtmgmt
Impaired skin integrity r/t altered circulation toImpaired skin integrity r/t altered circulation to
tissuestissues
Risk for injury r/t joint swelling.Risk for injury r/t joint swelling.
Position pt in sitting position& change positionPosition pt in sitting position& change position
Remove constrictive clothingRemove constrictive clothing
Give frequent & small feedingsGive frequent & small feedings
20. Cont..Cont..
Altered renal tissue perfusion r/t to cellAltered renal tissue perfusion r/t to cell
sicklingsickling
Inspect for edema for signs of impaired renalInspect for edema for signs of impaired renal
function.function.
Measure wt I/O to assess renal statusMeasure wt I/O to assess renal status
Observe urine for colour,content & odourObserve urine for colour,content & odour
Maintain fluid intake.Maintain fluid intake.