Multiple Access Networking
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This document discusses multiple access mechanisms for data communication and computer networks. It covers random access techniques like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA. ALOHA uses a probabilistic approach where frames can be transmitted at any time, resulting in collisions if two or more stations transmit simultaneously. Slotted ALOHA divides time into fixed length slots to reduce collisions. Both techniques calculate throughput based on the average number of frames transmitted per time slot, with maximum throughput achieved at 0.184 for pure ALOHA and 0.368 for slotted ALOHA. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating throughput for different frame transmission rates.
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Multiple Access Methods
This document discusses multiple access protocols that allow multiple devices to share a common communication channel or transmission medium. It begins by explaining that the data link layer has two sublayers - the data link control sublayer and the multiple access resolution sublayer, which is used to resolve access to shared media. It then describes different types of multiple access links and defines multiple access protocols. The rest of the document discusses various random access methods like ALOHA, CSMA, controlled access methods like polling and token passing, and channelization access methods like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides details on the concepts, procedures, and flow diagrams of these different multiple access protocols.
Dc chapter 13
The document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It describes ALOHA, the earliest random access method developed in the 1970s for wireless LANs. In ALOHA, any station can transmit at any time, and stations wait for acknowledgments and retransmit if no acknowledgment is received within a timeout period. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols are also covered, where stations listen first before transmitting to avoid collisions. Controlled access methods like polling, reservation, and token passing are described. Finally, the document discusses channelization methods for sharing bandwidth, including frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA).
Computer networks - Channelization
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Controlled Access Protocols
Controlled access protocols allow only one node to send at a time to avoid message collisions. There are three main controlled access methods: reservation, polling, and token passing. Reservation methods divide time into intervals, with reservation frames preceding data frames to reserve slots. Polling methods involve a primary station periodically polling secondary stations for data. Token passing methods use a token frame that circulates between stations, with each station only allowed to transmit when holding the token.
MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORKS
Multiple access protocols can be categorized as either random access or controlled access. Random access protocols like Aloha and Slotted Aloha use a probabilistic approach where nodes transmit randomly, while controlled access protocols like TDMA use predetermined allocation of transmission time slots. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols like CSMA/CD used in Ethernet require nodes to first listen for activity on the channel before transmitting to avoid collisions.
Multiple access protocols in data communication networks
random access protocols ( ALOHO , CSMA , CSMA/CD , CSMA/CA) , controlled access protocols (Reservation , polling ,token passing ) , channelization protocols ( TDMA, FDMA ,CDMA)
clas 8
Multiple access protocols allow multiple nodes to access a shared network channel. They operate in the MAC sublayer of the OSI model. Random access protocols assign equal priority to all nodes, allowing any idle node to transmit. The four main random access protocols are ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. ALOHA is a simple protocol where each node transmits whenever it has a frame, potentially causing collisions. It was later improved with slotted ALOHA which divides time into slots. CSMA protocols first check if the channel is idle before transmitting to avoid collisions.
seminar report on multiple access control protocol submitted by munesh
This document discusses different types of multiple access protocols used in broadcast networks:
1. Random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA allow nodes to transmit randomly while detecting and avoiding collisions.
2. Controlled access protocols like reservation, polling, and token-based systems establish a schedule or permission for nodes to transmit.
3. Channelization protocols including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA divide the channel into multiple sub-channels that nodes can use to transmit without interference.
Recommended
Multiple Access Methods
This document discusses multiple access protocols that allow multiple devices to share a common communication channel or transmission medium. It begins by explaining that the data link layer has two sublayers - the data link control sublayer and the multiple access resolution sublayer, which is used to resolve access to shared media. It then describes different types of multiple access links and defines multiple access protocols. The rest of the document discusses various random access methods like ALOHA, CSMA, controlled access methods like polling and token passing, and channelization access methods like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides details on the concepts, procedures, and flow diagrams of these different multiple access protocols.
Dc chapter 13
The document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It describes ALOHA, the earliest random access method developed in the 1970s for wireless LANs. In ALOHA, any station can transmit at any time, and stations wait for acknowledgments and retransmit if no acknowledgment is received within a timeout period. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols are also covered, where stations listen first before transmitting to avoid collisions. Controlled access methods like polling, reservation, and token passing are described. Finally, the document discusses channelization methods for sharing bandwidth, including frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA).
Computer networks - Channelization
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Controlled Access Protocols
Controlled access protocols allow only one node to send at a time to avoid message collisions. There are three main controlled access methods: reservation, polling, and token passing. Reservation methods divide time into intervals, with reservation frames preceding data frames to reserve slots. Polling methods involve a primary station periodically polling secondary stations for data. Token passing methods use a token frame that circulates between stations, with each station only allowed to transmit when holding the token.
MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORKS
Multiple access protocols can be categorized as either random access or controlled access. Random access protocols like Aloha and Slotted Aloha use a probabilistic approach where nodes transmit randomly, while controlled access protocols like TDMA use predetermined allocation of transmission time slots. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols like CSMA/CD used in Ethernet require nodes to first listen for activity on the channel before transmitting to avoid collisions.
Multiple access protocols in data communication networks
random access protocols ( ALOHO , CSMA , CSMA/CD , CSMA/CA) , controlled access protocols (Reservation , polling ,token passing ) , channelization protocols ( TDMA, FDMA ,CDMA)
clas 8
Multiple access protocols allow multiple nodes to access a shared network channel. They operate in the MAC sublayer of the OSI model. Random access protocols assign equal priority to all nodes, allowing any idle node to transmit. The four main random access protocols are ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. ALOHA is a simple protocol where each node transmits whenever it has a frame, potentially causing collisions. It was later improved with slotted ALOHA which divides time into slots. CSMA protocols first check if the channel is idle before transmitting to avoid collisions.
seminar report on multiple access control protocol submitted by munesh
This document discusses different types of multiple access protocols used in broadcast networks:
1. Random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA allow nodes to transmit randomly while detecting and avoiding collisions.
2. Controlled access protocols like reservation, polling, and token-based systems establish a schedule or permission for nodes to transmit.
3. Channelization protocols including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA divide the channel into multiple sub-channels that nodes can use to transmit without interference.
Multiple Access Protocal
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
Multiple access control protocol
There are two types of network links: point-to-point links between two nodes and broadcast links where nodes share a common transmission medium. Broadcast links use multiple access protocols to determine how nodes access the shared medium as only one node can transmit at a time. Common multiple access protocols for broadcast links include Aloha, CSMA, and CSMA/CD which use random access or carrier sensing to regulate transmissions and avoid or detect collisions between nodes transmitting simultaneously. Controlled access protocols like token passing also exist where nodes must obtain a token to transmit on the shared medium.
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1. The document discusses medium access control (MAC) protocols for shared broadcast links at the link layer. It covers three main classes of MAC protocols: channel partitioning, random access, and "taking turns" protocols.
2. Channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA divide the channel into time or frequency slots and allocate slots to nodes. Random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, and CSMA/CD allow nodes to transmit randomly and include mechanisms to detect and handle collisions. "Taking turns" protocols such as polling and token passing coordinate channel access by having nodes take turns transmitting.
3. The ideal MAC protocol allows single or multiple nodes to transmit at the maximum channel rate, is fully decentralized, requires
The medium access sublayer
The document discusses the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer and various protocols for determining which device can access a shared communication channel. It focuses on static and dynamic channel allocation problems in local area networks (LANs) and wireless networks. Static allocation wastes bandwidth by assigning each user a fixed portion of the channel even when they are not transmitting. Dynamic protocols like ALOHA and carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) aim to improve channel utilization by allowing users to transmit only when the channel is idle.
Presentation Routing algorithm
Routing Algorithm
1. Link State Routing Algorithm with an example
2. Distance Vector Routing Algorithm with an example
Media Access Methods
There are three main types of media access methods for sharing a transmission medium: contention, token passing, and demand priority. Contention methods like CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA use carrier sensing and collisions to determine when nodes can transmit. Token passing like IEEE 802.5 uses a token that is passed between nodes to determine which node has permission to transmit. Demand priority prioritizes different data types and gives precedence to higher priority data if contention occurs at hubs.
Multiple access in Communication Netwroks
The length of the sequences generated by the Walsh Table for 80 stations would be 128. Since the number of sequences in a Walsh Table must always be a power of 2, the next power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 80 is 128. Therefore, the sequences generated from the Walsh Table would each be of length 128.
Multiple Access in Computer Network
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Multiple Access: Random Access (ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA), Controlled Access (Polling, Reservation, Token Passing), Channelization (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA). Wired LANs (Ethernet): Traditional Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet.
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The document discusses the medium access control sub layer and various protocols used for channel allocation in computer networks, including ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access, collision-free protocols, and Ethernet. It describes how these protocols handle situations where multiple devices attempt to access shared network resources simultaneously to avoid collisions. Key aspects covered include how the protocols determine which device gets to use the channel, detect collisions, and retransmit frames when collisions occur to maximize throughput.
Routing algorithm network layer
The document provides an overview of different routing algorithms:
- It describes shortest path routing and discusses properties like optimality, simplicity, and robustness that routing algorithms should have.
- Common routing algorithms are described briefly, including flooding, distance vector routing, link state routing, and hierarchical routing.
- Specific routing algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm, flow based routing, and link state routing are explained in more detail through examples.
- Issues with distance vector routing like the count to infinity problem are also covered.
- The talk concludes with hierarchical routing being presented as a solution for scaling routing to larger networks.
Multiple access protocol
The document discusses multiple access protocols for shared mediums. It describes several random access protocols: Aloha, slotted Aloha, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), and CSMA with collision detection. Aloha and slotted Aloha rely on stations randomly accessing the channel, which can cause collisions. CSMA improves efficiency by requiring stations listen first before transmitting to avoid collisions. CSMA/CD further enhances this by having stations monitor transmissions to detect any collisions and retransmit if needed. The document provides details on how each protocol operates and compares their performance.
Wired Lan Ethernet - DATA Link Layer
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer consists of two sub-layers
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
We may not have a dedicated link (channel) for
communication
Upper layer (LLC) is responsible for
Data link control (flow or error control)
Lower layer (MAC) is responsible for
Medium access resolution
Multiple Access to a Link
Multicast link or Broadcast link
Nodes are connected with single link
We need multiple access protocol
To coordinate access to the link
Two devices do not send data at the same time
Two devices do not interrupt each other
A device do not monopolize the link
Multiple Access to a Link
Multicast link or Broadcast link
Nodes are connected with single link
We need multiple access protocol
To coordinate access to the link
Two devices do not send data at the same time
Two devices do not interrupt each other
A device do not monopolize the link
ALOHA Protocol
Random access evolved from ALOHA Protocol
It uses a simple procedure called ‘Multiple Access (MA)’
MA is further improved by forces the station to sense the
medium before transmitting
Called Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
CSMA evolved into two methods:
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
Tells the station what to do when a collision is detected
CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
Tries to avoid the collision
Multiple access protocol
This document discusses multiple access protocols used to coordinate access to shared broadcast channels. It describes various channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA that divide channels by time or frequency. Random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA are also covered, which allow nodes to transmit randomly and detect collisions. CSMA/CD improves on CSMA by allowing nodes to detect collisions quickly and abort transmissions. Taking-turns protocols pass control of the channel between nodes either through polling or token passing. The document provides examples and compares the efficiency of different multiple access protocols.
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A routing algorithm determines the best path for data packets to travel between a source and destination on the Internet. This document discusses and compares different routing algorithms used within autonomous systems (ASes) and between ASes. It covers link-state algorithms like OSPF that use flooding to share full topology information, distance-vector algorithms like RIP that share routing tables with neighbors, and BGP which connects different ASes and allows policies to influence path selection.
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Medium access control protocols can be classified as random access, controlled access, or channelization protocols. Random access protocols have no central control and stations decide independently when to transmit. Common random access protocols include ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. Controlled access protocols require stations to get permission before transmitting, using methods like reservation, polling, or token passing. Channelization protocols divide the channel bandwidth by frequency (FDMA), time (TDMA), or code (CDMA).
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in network layer delivery, forwarding, and routing. It discusses delivery and forwarding of packets, including direct vs indirect delivery and next-hop vs route forwarding methods. It also summarizes several unicast routing protocols, including distance vector protocols like RIP and link state protocols like OSPF. Finally, it discusses path vector routing and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for interdomain routing.
Routing and routing algorithms
Routing is the mechanism for finding the most cost-effective path from source to destination in a packet switching network. There are several desirable properties for routing algorithms including correctness, robustness, stability, fairness, and efficiency. Common routing strategies include fixed/static routing, flooding, random routing, flow-based routing, and adaptive/dynamic routing. Fixed routing selects predetermined routes that may only change if the network topology changes, while flooding explores all possible routes by sending every incoming packet out every outgoing line except the one it arrived on.
Network Layer
The document summarizes key aspects of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) including:
- IPv4 provides unreliable, connectionless delivery of packets called internet datagrams between hosts on diverse networks.
- The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, protocol, header checksum, source address, and destination address.
- IPv4 addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and local host portion, and are divided into classes A, B, and C based on network size.
Eve Reed-Hill 2015
The document discusses the author's dedication to going above and beyond expectations, their creative out-of-the-box thinking which allows for growth, their belief in collaboration and accountability as a team player, importance of being a dependable role model while acknowledging imperfections, and determination to maintain joy despite challenges by relying on faith, family and friends.
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Multiple Access Protocal
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
Multiple access control protocol
There are two types of network links: point-to-point links between two nodes and broadcast links where nodes share a common transmission medium. Broadcast links use multiple access protocols to determine how nodes access the shared medium as only one node can transmit at a time. Common multiple access protocols for broadcast links include Aloha, CSMA, and CSMA/CD which use random access or carrier sensing to regulate transmissions and avoid or detect collisions between nodes transmitting simultaneously. Controlled access protocols like token passing also exist where nodes must obtain a token to transmit on the shared medium.
Medium Access PROTOCOL b yENGR. FAWAD KHAN UET BANNU KP PAKISTAN
1. The document discusses medium access control (MAC) protocols for shared broadcast links at the link layer. It covers three main classes of MAC protocols: channel partitioning, random access, and "taking turns" protocols.
2. Channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA divide the channel into time or frequency slots and allocate slots to nodes. Random access protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, and CSMA/CD allow nodes to transmit randomly and include mechanisms to detect and handle collisions. "Taking turns" protocols such as polling and token passing coordinate channel access by having nodes take turns transmitting.
3. The ideal MAC protocol allows single or multiple nodes to transmit at the maximum channel rate, is fully decentralized, requires
The medium access sublayer
The document discusses the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer and various protocols for determining which device can access a shared communication channel. It focuses on static and dynamic channel allocation problems in local area networks (LANs) and wireless networks. Static allocation wastes bandwidth by assigning each user a fixed portion of the channel even when they are not transmitting. Dynamic protocols like ALOHA and carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) aim to improve channel utilization by allowing users to transmit only when the channel is idle.
Presentation Routing algorithm
Routing Algorithm
1. Link State Routing Algorithm with an example
2. Distance Vector Routing Algorithm with an example
Media Access Methods
There are three main types of media access methods for sharing a transmission medium: contention, token passing, and demand priority. Contention methods like CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA use carrier sensing and collisions to determine when nodes can transmit. Token passing like IEEE 802.5 uses a token that is passed between nodes to determine which node has permission to transmit. Demand priority prioritizes different data types and gives precedence to higher priority data if contention occurs at hubs.
Multiple access in Communication Netwroks
The length of the sequences generated by the Walsh Table for 80 stations would be 128. Since the number of sequences in a Walsh Table must always be a power of 2, the next power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 80 is 128. Therefore, the sequences generated from the Walsh Table would each be of length 128.
Multiple Access in Computer Network
Error Detection and correction: Types of Errors, Error Detection mechanism (Linear codes, CRC, Checksum), Error Correction mechanism: Hamming Encoding. Data Link Control and Protocols: Flow and Error Control, Stop-and-Wait ARQ. Go-Back-N ARQ,
Selective Repeat ARQ, HDLC and Point-to-Point Protocol
Multiple Access: Random Access (ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA), Controlled Access (Polling, Reservation, Token Passing), Channelization (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA). Wired LANs (Ethernet): Traditional Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet.
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The document discusses the medium access control sub layer and various protocols used for channel allocation in computer networks, including ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access, collision-free protocols, and Ethernet. It describes how these protocols handle situations where multiple devices attempt to access shared network resources simultaneously to avoid collisions. Key aspects covered include how the protocols determine which device gets to use the channel, detect collisions, and retransmit frames when collisions occur to maximize throughput.
Routing algorithm network layer
The document provides an overview of different routing algorithms:
- It describes shortest path routing and discusses properties like optimality, simplicity, and robustness that routing algorithms should have.
- Common routing algorithms are described briefly, including flooding, distance vector routing, link state routing, and hierarchical routing.
- Specific routing algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm, flow based routing, and link state routing are explained in more detail through examples.
- Issues with distance vector routing like the count to infinity problem are also covered.
- The talk concludes with hierarchical routing being presented as a solution for scaling routing to larger networks.
Multiple access protocol
The document discusses multiple access protocols for shared mediums. It describes several random access protocols: Aloha, slotted Aloha, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), and CSMA with collision detection. Aloha and slotted Aloha rely on stations randomly accessing the channel, which can cause collisions. CSMA improves efficiency by requiring stations listen first before transmitting to avoid collisions. CSMA/CD further enhances this by having stations monitor transmissions to detect any collisions and retransmit if needed. The document provides details on how each protocol operates and compares their performance.
Wired Lan Ethernet - DATA Link Layer
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer consists of two sub-layers
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
We may not have a dedicated link (channel) for
communication
Upper layer (LLC) is responsible for
Data link control (flow or error control)
Lower layer (MAC) is responsible for
Medium access resolution
Multiple Access to a Link
Multicast link or Broadcast link
Nodes are connected with single link
We need multiple access protocol
To coordinate access to the link
Two devices do not send data at the same time
Two devices do not interrupt each other
A device do not monopolize the link
Multiple Access to a Link
Multicast link or Broadcast link
Nodes are connected with single link
We need multiple access protocol
To coordinate access to the link
Two devices do not send data at the same time
Two devices do not interrupt each other
A device do not monopolize the link
ALOHA Protocol
Random access evolved from ALOHA Protocol
It uses a simple procedure called ‘Multiple Access (MA)’
MA is further improved by forces the station to sense the
medium before transmitting
Called Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
CSMA evolved into two methods:
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
Tells the station what to do when a collision is detected
CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
Tries to avoid the collision
Multiple access protocol
This document discusses multiple access protocols used to coordinate access to shared broadcast channels. It describes various channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA that divide channels by time or frequency. Random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA are also covered, which allow nodes to transmit randomly and detect collisions. CSMA/CD improves on CSMA by allowing nodes to detect collisions quickly and abort transmissions. Taking-turns protocols pass control of the channel between nodes either through polling or token passing. The document provides examples and compares the efficiency of different multiple access protocols.
Introduction to backwards learning algorithm
this is a presentation i made to give some introduction to the backward learning algorithm hope it would be use full.Many places were referred to get information here
MAC seminar
The document compares MAC protocols in wired and wireless systems. In wired systems, protocols like Ethernet use CSMA/CD, allowing nodes to detect collisions. In wireless systems, hidden and exposed terminal problems occur, requiring protocols like MACA, MACAW, and 802.11 CSMA/CA to use RTS/CTS handshaking or polling to avoid interference between transmissions. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines distributed and point coordination function MAC methods for wireless LANs.
Routing algorithms
A routing algorithm determines the best path for data packets to travel between a source and destination on the Internet. This document discusses and compares different routing algorithms used within autonomous systems (ASes) and between ASes. It covers link-state algorithms like OSPF that use flooding to share full topology information, distance-vector algorithms like RIP that share routing tables with neighbors, and BGP which connects different ASes and allows policies to influence path selection.
M.A.C (Medium Access Control)
Medium access control protocols can be classified as random access, controlled access, or channelization protocols. Random access protocols have no central control and stations decide independently when to transmit. Common random access protocols include ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. Controlled access protocols require stations to get permission before transmitting, using methods like reservation, polling, or token passing. Channelization protocols divide the channel bandwidth by frequency (FDMA), time (TDMA), or code (CDMA).
Routing algorithms
Routing Algorithms. Distance Vector routing Algorithm. link state routing algorithm. path vector routing algorithm
Routing protocols-network-layer
This document provides an overview of key concepts in network layer delivery, forwarding, and routing. It discusses delivery and forwarding of packets, including direct vs indirect delivery and next-hop vs route forwarding methods. It also summarizes several unicast routing protocols, including distance vector protocols like RIP and link state protocols like OSPF. Finally, it discusses path vector routing and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for interdomain routing.
Routing and routing algorithms
Routing is the mechanism for finding the most cost-effective path from source to destination in a packet switching network. There are several desirable properties for routing algorithms including correctness, robustness, stability, fairness, and efficiency. Common routing strategies include fixed/static routing, flooding, random routing, flow-based routing, and adaptive/dynamic routing. Fixed routing selects predetermined routes that may only change if the network topology changes, while flooding explores all possible routes by sending every incoming packet out every outgoing line except the one it arrived on.
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Medium Access PROTOCOL b yENGR. FAWAD KHAN UET BANNU KP PAKISTAN
Medium Access PROTOCOL b yENGR. FAWAD KHAN UET BANNU KP PAKISTAN
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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Multiple Access Networking
- 1. Multiple Access Data Communication and Computer Networks SHASHI KUMAR SUMAN Pgdav college University of delhi
- 2. Outline Multiple access mechanisms Random access Controlled access Channelization 2
- 3. Sublayers of Data Link Layer 3
- 5. Random Access Also called contention-based access No station is assigned to control another 5
- 7. Frames in Pure ALOHA 7
- 9. Example Calculate possible values of TB when stations on an ALOHA network are a maximum of 600 km apart Tp = (600 × 103) / (3 × 108) = 2 ms When K=1, TB {0ms,2ms} When K=2, TB {0ms,2ms,4ms,6ms} : 9
- 11. ALOHA: Throughput Assume number of stations trying to transmit follow Poisson Distribution The throughput for pure ALOHA is S = G × e−2G where G is the average number of frames requested per frame-time The maximum throughput Smax = 0.184 when G= 1/2 11
- 12. Example A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all stations together) produces 1000 frames per second 500 frames per second 250 frames per second 12
- 13. Slotted ALOHA 13
- 15. Slotted ALOHA: Throughput The throughput for Slotted ALOHA is S = G × e−G where G is the average number of frames requested per frame-time The maximum throughput Smax = 0.368 when G= 1 15
- 16. Example A Slotted ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all stations together) produces 1000 frames per second 500 frames per second 250 frames per second 16