Sexual dysfunction can affect both men and women and has physiological, psychological, and social causes. It includes disorders like hypoactive sexual desire disorder and erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction affects blood flow in the penis and is treated with drugs like sildenafil that inhibit PDE5. Female sexual dysfunction involves issues like low libido and vaginal dryness, treated with estrogen or testosterone therapy. Many drugs can cause sexual side effects, like SSRIs and beta blockers, by decreasing dopamine, nitric oxide, or testosterone levels.
Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.It requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of 6 months.
Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.It requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of 6 months.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Couple therapy and treatment of sexual dysfunctionGladys Escalante
Psychology: Couple Therapy and Transsexual dysfunction
sex, Dr. Steven Mendoza, Marriage and Family Therapy,
Treatment of sexual dysfunction, Clinical Psychology,
Introduction.
Causes of Erectile dysfunction
Drugs used for Erectile dysfunction
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Dr. Aaron Spitz's 2006 presentation on disorders of ejaculation. Presented as part of his work as an Assistant Clinical Professor at UC Irvine's Department of Urology.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. ((Sexual Dysfunction))
Sexual dysfunction is a term usually referring to
either disturbances in sexual desire or functioning.
Although sexual dysfunction is usually thought of to
be a male-related disorder, it may be associated with
either the female or male gender. sexual dysfunction
is a multidimensional phenomenon, composed of
various psychological, social and physical dimensions,
for which there are now several effective options for
treatment.
3. ((Female Sexual dysfunction))
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a term that
include a collection of sexual disorders that can affect
women throughout their adult life. FSD has multiple
causes, with physiological, psychological, and social
determinants.
4. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD):
is the most common type of FSD and has received the
most attention from drug companies. The production
of testosterone, which is known to be important for
maintaining libido in women, decreases with age and
is affected by hormonal status. The ovaries are a
major source of testosterone production, and
oophorectomized women have low levels of
circulating testosterone , so in this case hormone
therapy is the treatment of choice.
5. ((Male sexual dysfunction))
Sexual or Erectile dysfunction(ER): it is the inability
to achieve or maintain penile erection.
It affects 100million men worldwide,39% of them are
over 40 years old.
6. (Mechanism of Penile Erection)
The stimulation result in the relaxation of smooth muscles
of corpus cavernosum which leads to increase in the blood
flow.
This process is mediated by Nitric oxide(NO) which
activates Guanylyl cyclase which forms Cyclic guanosine
monophosohatase(cGMP) from guanosine
triphosphate(GTP),cGMP produces smooth muscle
relaxation and decreases intracellular Ca concentration.
The duration of action of cGMP is controlled by
Phosphodiesterase (PDE),specially PDE-5 which is the
isozyme responsible for the termination of cGMP in the
corpus cavernosum.
7.
8.
9. Drugs that increase serotonergic activity have
an inhibitory effect on all 3 stages of the sexual
response
In animal models, increases in serotonin causes
a decrease in dopamine levels
Serotonin increases prolactin levels while
dopamine acts as a prolactin inhibiting factor
11. ((Examples of drugs that cause sexual
dysfunction))
((Antidepressant drugs))
1- SSRIs(Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor):
Luvox (fluvoxamine)
2- SNRIs(Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitor):Effexor (venlafaxine)
3- MAOIs(Monoamine oxidase inhibitor):Nardil (phenelzine)
4- Tricyclics:Endep (amitriptyline)
12. SSRIs are the most common group that causes sexual side
effects. these effects include problems with sexual desire,
lack of interest in sex, and anorgasmia (trouble achieving
orgasm). although usually reversible, these sexual side
effects can, in rare cases, last for months or years after the
drug has been completely withdrawn.
The mechanism of these drugs is that they compete with
dopamine receptors and decrease its effect which in turn
decrease norepinephrine and reduce blood flow, and
finally erection problem.
Some SSRI’s are potent nitric oxide synthase
inhibitors, and nitric oxide is a critical element in
the signal transduction cascade mediating penile
erection
13. ((Antihypertensive drugs))
Beta Blockers :
Beta blockers are another class of medications that
are commonly used alone or in combination with
other therapies for men with hypertension.
Unfortunately, beta blockers have a significant
association with erectile dysfunction. For this
reason, if men complain that their erections were
adequate but decreased dramatically when they
started a beta blocker, it is time for a discussion for
the health professional who prescribed the
medication.
14. Potassium Sparing Diuretics:
Some of the less commonly used medications include
a class of diuretics that are known as the potassium
sparing diuretics. These drugs are commonly used for
hypertension in men with some degree of renal
insufficiency and can have a side effect of erectile
dysfunction because of effects on the hormonal
status of the patient. The potassium sparing diuretics
can also cause painful breast tenderness which can be
quite significant for men.
15. Alpha Blockers:
The class of medications called alpha blockers includes drugs
such as prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin. These classic alpha
blockers are used for hypertension and more commonly have
been used to treat men for the symptoms related to an enlarged
prostate. These drugs have not been shown to affect the
erection in an adverse way. However, they have been shown to
decrease a man's ability to ejaculate, a condition called
retrograde ejaculation, because of a unique action on the
bladder neck. Retrograde ejaculation is the reason some men do
not like to take alpha blockers. They are usually not primary
therapy for the man with the new diagnosis of hypertension
but are more commonly used in combination therapy. A newer
class of alpha blockers formulated specifically for prostate
disease does not tend to have as many cardiovascular side
effects.
16. ((Chemotherapy))
For women, some types of chemotherapy can cause
vaginal dryness , which can be treated by the use of
water based lubricants.
Erectile dysfunction, or impotence, is a condition in
which a man is unable to achieve or keep an erection.
Some chemotherapy drugs may directly cause
impotence in men.
17. Cocaine
Inhibits reuptake of dopamine
Potent vasoconstrictor
Increased sexual desire
Arousal:
Men:
low doses – prolonged erection
high doses – erectile failure
Women: reports of both increased and decreased subjective
arousal
Delayed or absent orgasm
17
18. Opioids: Heroin
Stimulate opiate receptors (enkephalins (body) and endorphins
(brain)) – results in reduction in circulating testosterone
Produce relaxation/sense of well being
Analgesic affect – opiate receptors in female genital tract
Few reports of acute use: lowers drive, delays orgasm
Male Heroin addicts:
loss of drive, erectile dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction
Withdrawal: increased morning erections, spontaneous
ejaculation, slow return of sex drive, erectile and orgasmic
dysfunction
Female Heroin addicts:
Decreased drive, anorgasmia
Withdrawal: loss of libido
18
19. (Drugs used for treatment of ED)
1- PDE-5 inhibitors: these drugs inhibits the action of
PDE-5 and prolongs the action of cGMP which leads
to increase the blood flow to the corpus cavernosum,
and these drugs are:
20.
21. a-Sildenafil (viagra): this drug is taken orally and it take
60mins to produce an effect and it has a half life of 34hrs and its absorption is delayed when it is taken
with food.
b-Vardenafil : this drug is simillar to Sildenafil and its
absorption is also delayed by food intake and it takes
50mins to produce an effect and its half life is 4-5hrs.
22. c- Tadalafil : it has slower oncet of action(120mins) but
it has along half life (approximately 18hrs),resulting in
enhanced erectile function for at least 36hrs,and the
pharmacokinetics of Tadalafil are not affected by food
or alcohol consumption.
23. (Adverse effects of PDE inhibitors)
The mot frequent adverse effect of PDE inhibitors are
headache, flushing, dyspepsia and nasal congestion.
And they also lead to disturbance in color vision,
probably because of inhibition of PDE-6(Which is a
PDE found in retina which is important for color
vision) except Tadalafil.
24. (Contra indication of PDE
inhibitors)
because of the ability of PDE inhibitors to enhance
the activity of NO, there is an absolute
contraindication against the use of organic nitrates.
PDE should not be used with alpha-adrenergic
antagonists due to potential hypotension.
25. 2-Alprostadil:
it is a stable form of prostaglandin E1.
It is powerful vasodilator.
it is effective for psychogenic and neuropathic ED.
26. (Mechanism of action of
Alprostadil)
this drug increases the arterial inflow and decreases
the venous out flow by contracting the corporal
smooth muscle that occludes draining venules.
27. 3-Papaverine:
it is an alkaloid drug and it is nonspecific
phosphodiesterase inhibiter, and it is used to treat
neurologic and psychogenic ED.
28. 4-Apomorphine:
it is a dopamine agonist and it is given by
subcutaneous injection, and it may cause nausea.
29. ((Treatment of FSD))
Estrogen therapy. Localized estrogen therapy — in
the form of a vaginal ring, cream or tablet — can
improve sexual function in a number of ways,
including improving vaginal tone and elasticity,
increasing vaginal blood flow, enhancing lubrication,
and having a positive effect on brain function and
mood factors that impact sexual response.
30. Androgen therapy. Androgens include male
hormones, such as testosterone. Testosterone is
important for sexual function in women as well as
men, although testosterone occurs in much lower
amounts in a woman. Androgen therapy for sexual
dysfunction is controversial. Some studies show a
benefit for women who have low testosterone levels
and develop sexual dysfunction; other studies show
little or no benefit.