Increased endurance and strength- because it is a derivative of testosterone you will have more strength and stamina. You will be able to work harder and longer in the gym which will lead to better results. Fat burn-throughout the cycle metabolic process is quicker.
Steroids for penis growth.
Fahey, T.D. (1998). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: mechanism of movement and effects on performance. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science, T.D.Fahey (Editor). Internet Society for Sport Science: http://sportsci.Org. 7 March 1998.
Anabolic steroids are tablets that resemble androgenic hormones (from time to time known as male hormones) consisting of testosterone (Figure 1). Athletes eat them inside the hope of gaining weight, electricity, electricity, velocity, patience, and aggressiveness. They are extensively used by athletes worried in such sports as song and discipline (mainly the throwing activities), weight lifting, and American football. However, in spite of their exceptional reputation, their effectiveness is arguable. The studies literature is split on whether anabolic steroids enhance physical overall performance. Yet, nearly all athletes who eat those substances acclaim their useful consequences. Many athletes sense that they might no longer have been as successful without them.
There are numerous viable reasons for the huge differences between experimental findings and empirical observations. An great mystique has arisen round these substances, providing fertile ground for the placebo effect. The use of anabolic steroids in the "real international" is appreciably exclusive from that during rigidly controlled, double-blind experiments (in a double blind study, neither the challenge nor experimenter knows who is taking the drug). Most research have no longer used the identical drug dosage used by athletes. Institutional safeguards restrict management of excessive dosages of probably dangerous substances to human topics. Subjects in research experiments seldom resemble achieved weight-skilled athletes. Under these conditions, we should investigate the results of sound studies studies, in addition to medical and empirical subject observations, which will reap a realistic profile of the use, effects on overall performance, and facet consequences of these materials.
How Anabolic Steroids Work.
Male hormones, basically testosterone, are partly chargeable for the terrific developmental modifications that arise during puberty and youth. Male hormones have androgenic and anabolic consequences. Androgenic results are changes in primary and secondary sexual traits. These encompass enlargement of the penis and testes, voice adjustments, hair boom on the face, axilla, and genita. Best Male Enhancement For Stamina areas, and extended aggressiveness. The anabolic results of androgens include elevated boom of muscle, bone, and crimson blood cells,
Increased endurance and strength- because it is a derivative of testosterone you will have more strength and stamina. You will be able to work harder and longer in the gym which will lead to better results. Fat burn-throughout the cycle metabolic process is quicker.
Steroids for penis growth.
Fahey, T.D. (1998). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: mechanism of movement and effects on performance. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science, T.D.Fahey (Editor). Internet Society for Sport Science: http://sportsci.Org. 7 March 1998.
Anabolic steroids are tablets that resemble androgenic hormones (from time to time known as male hormones) consisting of testosterone (Figure 1). Athletes eat them inside the hope of gaining weight, electricity, electricity, velocity, patience, and aggressiveness. They are extensively used by athletes worried in such sports as song and discipline (mainly the throwing activities), weight lifting, and American football. However, in spite of their exceptional reputation, their effectiveness is arguable. The studies literature is split on whether anabolic steroids enhance physical overall performance. Yet, nearly all athletes who eat those substances acclaim their useful consequences. Many athletes sense that they might no longer have been as successful without them.
There are numerous viable reasons for the huge differences between experimental findings and empirical observations. An great mystique has arisen round these substances, providing fertile ground for the placebo effect. The use of anabolic steroids in the "real international" is appreciably exclusive from that during rigidly controlled, double-blind experiments (in a double blind study, neither the challenge nor experimenter knows who is taking the drug). Most research have no longer used the identical drug dosage used by athletes. Institutional safeguards restrict management of excessive dosages of probably dangerous substances to human topics. Subjects in research experiments seldom resemble achieved weight-skilled athletes. Under these conditions, we should investigate the results of sound studies studies, in addition to medical and empirical subject observations, which will reap a realistic profile of the use, effects on overall performance, and facet consequences of these materials.
How Anabolic Steroids Work.
Male hormones, basically testosterone, are partly chargeable for the terrific developmental modifications that arise during puberty and youth. Male hormones have androgenic and anabolic consequences. Androgenic results are changes in primary and secondary sexual traits. These encompass enlargement of the penis and testes, voice adjustments, hair boom on the face, axilla, and genita. Best Male Enhancement For Stamina areas, and extended aggressiveness. The anabolic results of androgens include elevated boom of muscle, bone, and crimson blood cells,
Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists. Reviews types of steroids, side effects and effects on sports performance.
Impact of anabolic steroids & other appearance & performance enhancing drugs ...MD Hammad Choudhary
Anabolic steroids are synthetic, or human-made variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper term of these compounds is anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). These are the most popularly used class of Appearance & Performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) hence called steroidal APEDs.
Mainly discuss everything about Testosterone propionate powder,what is it,effects ,dosage,cycle,how to use:before,while,after,side effects,where to buy?
Discuss the etiologies and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED)
Describe the mechanism of action of agents used to treat ED
Recommend pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment for ED
Identify drug interactions and adverse effects of currently used medications for ED
Identify treatment related side effects.
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Jwh018 / Jwh210
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Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists. Reviews types of steroids, side effects and effects on sports performance.
Impact of anabolic steroids & other appearance & performance enhancing drugs ...MD Hammad Choudhary
Anabolic steroids are synthetic, or human-made variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper term of these compounds is anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). These are the most popularly used class of Appearance & Performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) hence called steroidal APEDs.
Mainly discuss everything about Testosterone propionate powder,what is it,effects ,dosage,cycle,how to use:before,while,after,side effects,where to buy?
Discuss the etiologies and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED)
Describe the mechanism of action of agents used to treat ED
Recommend pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment for ED
Identify drug interactions and adverse effects of currently used medications for ED
Identify treatment related side effects.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. 2
History of Performance Drug
Abuse
Greeks reported using certain mushrooms and plant seed to increase
performance.
Romans used drugs to increase performance of horses and gladiators to increase
crowd response.
Steroids first developed in the 1930’s
Used by the Germans on their soldiers and animals during WW2 to make up for
a lack of nutrition.
1950’s first used for athletic purposes in Russia and Europe.
Primarily for weightlifting.
Mid 1950’s it was discovered that testosterone was the driving force behind
increased athletic performance.
Used in all levels of sports, in the 1972 Olympics 68% of athletes reported using
anabolic steroids.
1991 the Federal Anabolic Control Act classified steroids as a schedule 3 drug.
3. 3
Performance Enhancing Drug
Statistics
3.6% of high school students abuse steroids.
Risen nearly 2% in 2002, only drug other than ecstasy to show an
increase.
Men that abuse steroids have a high incidence of some form
of opioid abuse.
Over 3,000,000 people in the USA have reported the use of
steroids.
1997 175,000 women reported steroid use.
15% of NCAA athletes use performance enhancing drugs.
90% of athletes reported have used some form of
performance enhancing drugs during there career.
4. 4
Daily Dietary %
of Protein
(RDA)
Anabolic Steroid
Use
Days for 10lb
muscle mass
gain
400% None 225-300
400% Heavy 30-45
300% None 225-300
300% Heavy 30-45
200% None 225-300
200% Heavy 65-75
100% None 450-900
100% Heavy 450-900
5. 5
Testosterone
Produced by Leydig’s
cells in testes
Responsible for
secondary sex
characteristics in men
Sex glands, libido,
reduced body fat
percentage, increased
body hair are all results
from elevated levels
6. 6
Estrogen/Aromatase
Estradiol (estrogen) – primary
female sex hormone, controls
fertility cycle in women.
Estradiol is beneficial to muscle
growth
Aromatase – any enzyme which
removes the 19 methyl from
AAS and forms 3 double bonds
on the A ring.
7. 7
DHT
Through 5-alpha reductase, testosterone is
converted to a hormone 4X as potent,
dihydrotestosterone
DHT binds to receptors much more avidly than
testosterone
5-alpha reductase is present in high amounts in
tissues of the prostate, skin, scalp, liver, and central
nervous system
8. 8
What are steroids?
Fat soluble molecule which contains a system of 4 rings made up of 17
carbon atoms
E.g. cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, etc.
Anabolic steroid (DEA) – Any hormonal substance, chemically and
pharmacologically, related to testosterone that promotes muscle growth
9. 9
Anabolic/Androgenic
Anabolic – “building”, increased
skeletal muscle mass, bone
density, hemoglobin, nitrogen
retention and protein synthesis
Androgenic – androgens are sex
hormones that can induce male
traits (e.g. growth of sex organs,
increased body hair, libido, skin
oil, and change in voice)
Anabolic/Androgenic steroids (AAS) seek to maximize the
anabolic effects while minimizing the androgenic effects.
The ratio of these anabolic/androgenic effects is called the
therapeutic index. Testosterone is the baseline at 1.
10. 10
Therapeutic index of common
AAS
Trade Name Generic name Therapeutic
Index
Androderm Testosterone 1
Deca-Durabolin Nandrolone
Decanoate
11-12
Winstrol Stanazolol 5-20
Primobolan Methenolone 7-16
11. 11
Basic modifications of
Testosterone
17 alpha – Remove the H with a methyl or
ethyl group, producing an oral steroid
17 beta – Add carbon atoms to this position
and increase solubility in lipids
Other modifications at the carbon 2,3
9, & 19 positions – slow receptor
degradation, increase steroid’s affinity
for binding to receptor sites, inhibit
enzymatic conversion to a weaker
androgen
12. 12
Do anabolic steroids work?
Most research has
shown that anabolic
steroids produce no
effect on muscle
growth. Why?
Fowler (1965) – Nibal 20mg/day
Results: No increase in muscle
mass (MM)
Johnson (1968) – D-bol
10mg/day. No increase in MM
Casner(1971) – Winstrol
6mg/day. No increase in MM
Hervey (1976) – D-bol
100mg/day. No increase in MM
13. 13
AAS Administration
Oral preparations – 17 methyl alklayted to survive acidic
gastric secretions, short half life (e.g. dianabol, winstrol)
Injectable solutions – prepared in water or oil. Longer
release times for oil. (e.g. Nandrolone Decanoate)
Patch and gel – provides steady and constant testosterone
delivery (e.g. Trenbolone)
Aerosol propellant – rapid effects, very hard to detect in
drug tests
Sublingual preparations – absorbed directly into blood
stream so avoid digestive system, rapid effects
14. 14
Common AAS Practices
Cycle – period of time
ranging from 1 to 4 months
in which AAS user takes
steroids
Stacking – combining 2 or
more steroids
Pyramiding – a gradual
buildup in dosage, and then
tapering off at the end
Wk Deca(mg) D-bol
1 100 10
2 200 15
3 300 15
4 300 20
5 200 15
6 100 15
7 100 10
16. 16
Why AAS produce muscle
Activation of rRNA resulting in protein synthesis
Anticatabolic effect – block action of natural
cortisone
Increase free testosterone levels
Stimulates activity of IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth
factor)
17. 17
Positive side effects of AAS
Enhanced muscle mass/strength
Enhanced blood volume and hemoglobin
concentration
Enhanced bone density and strength
Hastened healing of muscular injuries
Decreased body fat
Increased immune response
Elevated mood
18. 18
Clinical Applications
Bone metabolism conditions – osteoporosis
Testosterone deficiency conditions – male
hypogonadism, andropause
Cardiovascular conditions – reduces angina
pectoris, hypertension, coronary artery disease
AIDS – reduces AIDS wasting
19. 19
Common AAS
Approved in U.S.
-Testosterone Cypionate
-Nandrolone Decanoate
-Fluoxyymesterone
-Stanozolol
Illegal in U.S.
-Testosterone enanthate
-Methandrostenolone
-Oxandrolone
-Oxymesterone
Veterinary Steroids
-Equipoise (Boldenone undecyclate)
-Trenbolone
20. 20
Deca Durabolin
Nandrolone decanoate -
Long acting ester
Most widely used
Side effects: Water
retention, endogenous test.
suppression, other mild
effects
Detectable for over 1 year
in drug screenings
21. 21
Dianabol (methandrostenolone)
Easy to use, very effective
C17 alpha alkylated
Can show extreme side
effects due to its tendency
to break down into 17alpha
methylestradiol, a form of
estrogen that is much more
active in the body
Short half life (3-5 hrs.)
22. 22
Winstrol (stanozolol)
Not capable of converting
into estrogen due to
modifications at the 9th C
position
Prepared in both oral and
injectable forms
Aside from C17
methylation, relatively few
side effects.
24. 24
Acne and hair loss
Acne
Sebaceous glands
(responsible for oil
secretion) are
stimulated by
androgens
Bad acne may develop
on the shoulders, back,
and face
Hair loss
Highly androgenic
steroids that convert to
DHT will aggravate
balding.
DHT chokes the hair
follicle, eventually
killing it
25. 25
Gynecomastia
Female breast tissue resulting from high levels of
estrogen
Estrogen acts upon receptors in the breast and
stimulates the growth of mammary tissue
Removed only by surgery
26. 26
Stunted Growth
If taken during adolescence or before, AAS may
halt growth. This occurs because they stimulate
epiphyseal plates on long bones to fuse
prematurely. Once fused, no growing can occur
Stunted growth caused not by AAS, but the
conversion of AAS to estrogen. AAS that do not
convert to estrogen will actually promote height
growth
27. 27
Cardiovascular disease
AAS have a strong effect
on LDL and HDL levels
HDL is the “good”
cholesterol because it
removes cholesterol
deposits from the arteries
LDL has the opposite
effect
AAS increase LDL levels
and lower HDL levels.
Oral compounds much
more likely to promote this
adverse effect.
28. 28
Testosterone and Aggression
AAS - pronounced effects on
the limbic system
AAS can act as
neurotransmitters
In supraphysiologic doses,
AAS can alter function of
and increase the number of
receptors
Can also modulate other
NT in the brain
Testosterone associated
with social dominance
Test. exacerbates “fight or
flight” response
Studies indicate an increase
in aggression in animals
treated with AAS
Prison studies, situational
studies
29. 29
Permanent Steroid-Induced
Rage Behavior?
Animal studies show alterations to the test. receptors in the
brain. They’ve also shown modifications to other receptors
The most bothersome alterations in the brain are the increase
in androgen receptors and the increased binding capacity of
these receptors. After cessation of AAS use, these receptors
are thought to be “hungry” for elevated androgen levels.
Other NT’s recognize this deficit and may remain low
(similar to andropause) resulting in depression, self esteem
problems, and a greater tendency to lash out
30. 30
Cancer
AAS are just a
synthetic version of
hormones that are
already present in the
body, so the stress on
organs is not very high.
As such, cancer
resulting from AAS is
extremely rare
The only exception to this
is the use of c17 alpha
alkylated compounds
which are liver toxic.
They have been known
to induce liver damage
and cancer
31. 31
Sexual Dysfunction
Impotence
Male reproductive system
depends largely on the
level of androgenic
hormones. Rebound
effect occurs after AAS
use in which no
androgens are present
in the body.
Testicular atrophy
Production of test. is
turned off (along with
spermatogenesis)
resulting in a
noticeable change in
size of the testicles.
32. 32
Body Dysmorphia
AAS often produce addiction and body image
disorders that have been labeled as
Megorexia or bigorexia
Reverse anorexia
Adonis complex
Muscle dysmorphia
33. 33
Women and AAS
Large amounts of test.
in women can produce
very noticeable side
effects
Virilization
Women develop masculine
characteristics such as a
deepening of the voice,
changes in skin texture,
acne, libido, hair loss, body
hair, and enlargement of
the clitoris
35. 35
AAS & the Gateway Phenomenon
After AAS, over 50% used drugs such as:
• 31% estrogen receptor inhibitors
• 22% HCG
• 17% diuretics and/or “uppers”
• 15% pain killers
36. 36
Aromatase inhibitors/Estrogen
Blockers
Aromatase Inhibitors
Blocks the aromatase enzyme,
preventing test. from
converting to estrogen
Slows muscle growth,
suppresses HDL
cholesterol, prevents water
retention
e.g. Arimidex (anastrozole)
Estrogen Blockers
Binds to free floating estrogen
molecules, preventing
estrogen from attaching to
androgen receptors
May also stimulate FSH and
LH endogenous test.
production
e.g. Nolvadex (Tamoxifen
citrate)
37. 37
Stimulation of Test. Production
HCG - used clinically to treat
hypo-gonadism. Used post-
cycle to stimulate
endogenous test. by
mimicking LH
Clomid – used clinically as a
fertility aid. Acts as an
estrogen antagonist,
opposes negative feedback
of estrogens on
hypothalmus
Hypothalamus: GnRH
Pituitary: LH, FSH
Testes
Testosterone
38. 38
Insulin
Regulates glucose levels in the blood , its role in the body is
to control the uptake, utilization, and storage of amino acids,
carbohydrates, and fatty acids in the body.
Insulin is both anti-catabolic and anabolic because it
stimulates the use and retention of nutrients in muscle cells
(specifically glycogen)
Cannot be detected in drugs tests
Hypoglycemia one possible outcome of use. Can also result
in immediate death, coma, or insulin dependent diabetes.
39. 39
Cutting compunds
Clenbuterol
• Beta-2 sypathomimetic,
used as a bronchodilator.
• Animal studies indicate
anabolic properties, but
used primarily as a
thermogenic compound by
directly stimulating fat
cells and breaking down
triglycerides. Effects are
temporary due to down
regulation
Thyroid hormone
• Used to treat thyroid
deficiency, obesity, and
other metabolic disorders
• Synthetic version of T3
which stimulates thyroid
gland resulting in;
acceleration of cellular
reactions, increase in
metabolism &
cardiovascular functions.
• Rebound effect
41. 41
Androstenedione
Produced by the adrenal glands
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone & DHEA.
Once produced it is one step away from
testosterone and estrogen
Missing the a hydrogen atom in the 17th
position.
Processed by the liver where the hydrogen
atom is added.
43. 43
Estrogen or Testosterone?
Testosterone
Androstenedione is converted into testosterone
by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which
is activated by luteinizing hormone secreted by
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Estrogen
Androstenedione may also be converted to the
estrogen, by the enzyme aromatase.
45. 45
Androstenediol
Similar to Androstenedione
Lacks a 3-keto group that enables the
conversion into estrogen
A much more androgenic compound
(produces much more male based effects)
46. 46
Why Androstenediol?
Has higher conversion rates to testosterone.
Doesn’t convert into estrogen.
Does not convert into DHT (cause of
balding).
47. 47
DHEA
2 steps away
A precursor to testosterone that is produced
in the adrenal glands.
Aids in producing Androstenedione which
produces testosterone and estrogen
DHEA>Andro>Testosterone/Estrogen
48. 48
Why Take a Steroid Precursor
Increase lean muscle mass?
Decrease body fat?
Increase strength ?
Increase libido?
Only temporarily increases blood levels of
testosterone, does not cause body to naturally
produce testosterone.
51. 51
What is Creatine?
An amino acid taken into the body through
meats and animal products.
52. 52
What does Creatine do in the
body?
Once ingested creatine is synthesized into
phosphocreatine in the kidneys, liver, and the
pancreas.
Creatine is synthesized by the three amino acids
arginine, glycine, and methionine.
Once synthesized into phosphocreatine it is
transported to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the
brain for energy usage.
53. 53
What Does Creatine do in the
Body Cont.?
Assists with the production of ATP, which is
used for short term energy exertion.
54. 54
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is used during short-term high intensity
energy output.
56. 56
How Does Creatine Assist with
the Production of ATP?
When ATP is broken down during exercise, energy
is produced with the loss of a phosphate ion.
During high intensity exercise, ATP is constantly
broken down to ADP and Phosphorous and
reproduced to provide maximum energy output.
When this occurs, phosphocreatine donates one of
its phosphate ions to facilitate the resynthesis of
ATP.
57. 57
Results of this Process.
Reduced muscle fatigue - the rate at which
ATP is broken down does not exceed the rate
at which it can be resynthesized.
Decreased Lactic Acid
Faster Recovery
58. 58
Side Effects
There is no pure evidence that creatine causes
actual physical harm.
Possible Risks
Weight gain of 1-2kgs, due to the increase of fluid stores.
Increased risk for muscle cramps, and tears due to the
increased water retention
Damage to kidneys.
Usage may lead to cancer causes cancer.
Excessive use may decrease the bodies natural ability to
produce creatine.
60. 60
Typical Dosage
5g daily – regular usage
20g daily – During loading period to build up
creatine supply in the body
61. 61
Growth Hormone (GH)
A naturally occurring hormone in the body.
Signaled release from the hypothalamus.
Release from the pituitary gland regulated by two
hormones.
Somatostatin (SS) – decreases GH output.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) –
Increase GH output.
Can also be regulated by the amount of GH and Insulin
Like Growth Factor 1 (ILGF-1) that is circulated back
through the body.
63. 63
Other Factors that Increase GH
Decreased blood glucose during exercise and sleep
trigger the release of GH.
High protein increase small amounts GH release.
Some amino acids such as L-arginine can increase
GH by decreasing the release SS from the
hypothalamus.
Niacin has been shown to increase exercise induced
GH release by 300- 600% (Murray, 1995).
64. 64
Theories about GH
Somatomedin hypothesis (Daughaday,
1972).
1. GH is released from the pituitary gland.
2. Travels to the liver where it is converted
into ILGF.
3. ILGF enters the blood stream and
stimulates muscle growth.
65. 65
Theory 2
Dual Effector Theory - Similar to the
Somatomedin hypothesis except it is
believed that GH alone has anabolic effects
without ILGF.
Studies in mice have shown that mice
injected with GH are significantly larger than
those that were solely injected with ILGF.
66. 66
How does GH Cause Muscle
Growth?
Once converted into ILGF, ILGF stimulates
the production of, and the conversion of
satellite cells into muscle cells.
Satellite cells – Cells that lie dormant around
muscle tissue until stimulated by ILGF.
Have the ability to replicate the genetic
makeup of muscle cells.
67. 67
Side Effects
One of the most common side effects of GH
abuse is acromegaly.
overgrowth of bone and connective tissue which
leads to a change in physical appearance such as
a protruding jaw and eyebrow bones.
Metabolic dysfunction
Glucose intolerance
68. 68
How is GH Administered
Must have a prescription.
IM injections.
Dosage - A weekly dosage of 0.30 mg/kg of
body weight.
Very expensive!
Can be over $20,000 for an annual supply of
Growth Hormone.
70. 70
Athletic Uses
Reduces anxiety, jitters, and slows the heart rate.
Commonly used in sports that require a steady
hand.
Golf
Archery
Bowling
Pool
Biathlon
Rifle shooting
71. 71
Physiological Effects
1. During heightened arousal adrenaline is
produced
2. Heart rate increases and blood pressure is
increased
3. Beta Blockers block the beta receptor on
the muscles of the heart which reduces
these effects.
73. 73
Diuretics
Increase the amount of urine formation and the rate
at which it is excreted.
Used in sports that require reduced weight such as:
Wrestling
Horse racing
Bodybuilding
Boxing
Also used to mask the use of other performance
enhancing drugs.
75. 75
Blood Doping/Erythropoietin
Blood Doping
Adding additional blood to the system to
increase the amount of red blood cells in the
system.
Increased red blood cells increases the amount of
oxygen that the body can carry.
Thus, increasing the performance during endurance
sports.
Illegal, but hard to detect!
76. 76
Erythropoietin
A naturally occurring hormone released from
the kidneys.
Causes increased production of red blood
cells.
Increased oxygen capacity
Increased tolerance to lactic acid.
77. 77
Side Effects
Can be very dangerous
Bacterial infection
Induce shock
Hypertension
Stroke
May receive the wrong blood type
Increased blood viscosity
Increased workload
Increased risk for blood clots
Increased risk for heart attack
78. 78
Additional Performance
Enhancing Drugs
GHB
Enables athlete to reach deeper state when
sleeping
Body produces more growth hormone
Highly abused among athletic community as a
recreational drug because it produces similar
intoxication to alcohol without the caloric intake
and hangover.
79. 79
Additional Performance
Enhancing Drugs
GHB
Enables athlete to reach deeper state when
sleeping
Body produces more growth hormone
Highly abused among athletic community as a
recreational drug because it produces similar
intoxication to alcohol without the caloric intake
and hangover.