Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.It requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of 6 months.
Sexual Disorders
Sexuality
One of the most personal area of life. Each of us is sexual being with preferences and fantasies that may surprise or even shock us from time to time. Usually these are part of normal sexual functioning. But when our fantasies or desire begin to affect or other in unwanted or harmful ways, they begin to qualify as abnormal.
For perspective, we begin by briefly describing norms and healthy sexual behavior. Then we consider two forms of sexual problems: sexual dysfunctioning and paraphilias.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Consider contemporary Western worldviews that inhibition of sexual expression causes problems. Contrast this with nineteenth-and-early-twentieth-century views that excess was culprit; in particular excessive masturbation in childhood was widely believe to lead to sexual problems in adulthood. Von Krafft-Ebing (1902) postulated that early masturbation damage the sexual organs and exhausted a finite reservoir of sexual energy, resulting in diminishing ability to function sexually in adulthood. Even in adulthood, excessive sexual activity was thought to underlie problems such us erectile failure. The general Victorian view was that sexual appetite was dangerous and therefore had to be restrained.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Other changes over time have influence people attitudes and experiences of sexuality.
Aside from changes over time and across generation, culture influences attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. In some culture, sexuality is viewed as an important part of well-being and pleasure, wheras in others, sexuality is viewed as relevant only for procreation (Bhurga, Popelyuk & McMullen, 2010). Cultures also vary in their acceptance of variation in sexual behavior.
In other culture it is common to stigmatize same-gender sexual behavior. Clearly, we must keep varying cultural norms in mind as we study human sexual behavior.
Gender and Sexuality
Across wide range of indices, men reported more engagement in sexual thought and behavior that do women.
Compared to women, men report thinking about sex, masturbation, and desiring sex more often, as well as desiring more sexual partner and having more partners.
Beyond these differences in sex drive Peplau (2003) has described several other ways in which the genders tend to differ in sexuality. Women tend to be more ashamed of any flaws in their appearance than the men, and this shame can interfere with sexual satisfaction (Sanchez & Kiefer, 2007)
Gender and Sexuality
For women, sexual appears more closely tied to relationship status and social norms that for men (Baumeister, 200).
Among women with sexual symptoms, more than half believe their symptoms are caused by relationship problems (Nicholls, 2008).
Men are more likely to think about their sexuality in terms of power than are women (Andersen, et al. 1999).
Gender and Sexuality
There are many parallels in men’s and women’s sexuality.
Sexual Disorders
Sexuality
One of the most personal area of life. Each of us is sexual being with preferences and fantasies that may surprise or even shock us from time to time. Usually these are part of normal sexual functioning. But when our fantasies or desire begin to affect or other in unwanted or harmful ways, they begin to qualify as abnormal.
For perspective, we begin by briefly describing norms and healthy sexual behavior. Then we consider two forms of sexual problems: sexual dysfunctioning and paraphilias.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Consider contemporary Western worldviews that inhibition of sexual expression causes problems. Contrast this with nineteenth-and-early-twentieth-century views that excess was culprit; in particular excessive masturbation in childhood was widely believe to lead to sexual problems in adulthood. Von Krafft-Ebing (1902) postulated that early masturbation damage the sexual organs and exhausted a finite reservoir of sexual energy, resulting in diminishing ability to function sexually in adulthood. Even in adulthood, excessive sexual activity was thought to underlie problems such us erectile failure. The general Victorian view was that sexual appetite was dangerous and therefore had to be restrained.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Other changes over time have influence people attitudes and experiences of sexuality.
Aside from changes over time and across generation, culture influences attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. In some culture, sexuality is viewed as an important part of well-being and pleasure, wheras in others, sexuality is viewed as relevant only for procreation (Bhurga, Popelyuk & McMullen, 2010). Cultures also vary in their acceptance of variation in sexual behavior.
In other culture it is common to stigmatize same-gender sexual behavior. Clearly, we must keep varying cultural norms in mind as we study human sexual behavior.
Gender and Sexuality
Across wide range of indices, men reported more engagement in sexual thought and behavior that do women.
Compared to women, men report thinking about sex, masturbation, and desiring sex more often, as well as desiring more sexual partner and having more partners.
Beyond these differences in sex drive Peplau (2003) has described several other ways in which the genders tend to differ in sexuality. Women tend to be more ashamed of any flaws in their appearance than the men, and this shame can interfere with sexual satisfaction (Sanchez & Kiefer, 2007)
Gender and Sexuality
For women, sexual appears more closely tied to relationship status and social norms that for men (Baumeister, 200).
Among women with sexual symptoms, more than half believe their symptoms are caused by relationship problems (Nicholls, 2008).
Men are more likely to think about their sexuality in terms of power than are women (Andersen, et al. 1999).
Gender and Sexuality
There are many parallels in men’s and women’s sexuality.
For sharing purposes. All on the focus on what are the common Sexual Disorders seen on the DSM-IV-TR, last 2011. Fully editable. Pictures seen in the presentation are from artists of DeviantArt and Google Search, Credits goes to them as well.
Be informed, and bedazzle the audience!
Mental health is not just about overt behaviours---exposed socially, but there are more volatile intimate emotions that could devastate any human relations forever-though not overtly observed as abnormal--!
We will discuss about such emotions which are banned in social discussions and stigmatized.
"Sexual disorders and dysfunctions" could be present in any socioeconomic classes--not age, education, gender, culture specific.
Understanding these critical emotions on time and accepting it would save human relationships--avoiding suffering, inferiority complex, gender harassment and abuse.
Educate yourself and save relationships!!!
Mental health subject is originally stigmatized, moreover talking to someone about sexual disorders is as critical as finding a pearl into a deep ocean.........
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.
For sharing purposes. All on the focus on what are the common Sexual Disorders seen on the DSM-IV-TR, last 2011. Fully editable. Pictures seen in the presentation are from artists of DeviantArt and Google Search, Credits goes to them as well.
Be informed, and bedazzle the audience!
Mental health is not just about overt behaviours---exposed socially, but there are more volatile intimate emotions that could devastate any human relations forever-though not overtly observed as abnormal--!
We will discuss about such emotions which are banned in social discussions and stigmatized.
"Sexual disorders and dysfunctions" could be present in any socioeconomic classes--not age, education, gender, culture specific.
Understanding these critical emotions on time and accepting it would save human relationships--avoiding suffering, inferiority complex, gender harassment and abuse.
Educate yourself and save relationships!!!
Mental health subject is originally stigmatized, moreover talking to someone about sexual disorders is as critical as finding a pearl into a deep ocean.........
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.
Psychological resilience is defined as an individual's ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity. Stress and adversity can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial worries, among others.
Eating disorders are psychological illnesses defined by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and mental health.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maldaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture.
A sleep disorder is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Sexual response cycle
Appetitive phase: sexual interests and
desires.
Excitement: sexual pleasure, blood flow to
genitalia and breasts.
Orgasm phase: sexual pleasure peaks,
ejaculation occurs.
Resolution phase: relaxation and sense of
wellbeing.
3. Sexual & gender identity disorder
• Abnormal sexual disorders
• Sexual dysfunctions
• Paraphilia
• Identity disorders
4. Sexual Dysfunction
• A sexual dysfunction characterized by a
disturbance in the processes that characterize
the sexual response cycle or by pain
associated with sexual intercourse.
• Sexual dysfunction may associated with mood
disorders and anxiety disorders (OCD, panic
disorder with agrophobia and specific
disorder).
5. Sexual Dysfunction
• Diagnosis of sexual dysfunction is not made if the
problem is believed to be due entirely to medical
illness or axis I disorders.
• Sexual dysfunction has 4 categories:
• Sexual desires disorders.
• Sexual arousal disorders.
• Orgasmic disorders.
• Sexual pain disorders.
6. Sexual Dysfunction
• Sexual desires disorders, include:
1. Hypoactive sexual desire: persistently or
recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual
fantasies and desire for sexual activity.
2. Sexual aversion disorder: persistently or
recurrently extreme aversion to, and
avoidance of, all (or almost all) genital sexual
contact with a sexual partner).
7. Sexual Dysfunction
• Sexual arousal disorders: inadequate vaginal
lubricant, or failure to maintain erection.
• Orgasmic disorders: female orgasmic disorder:
absence of organism for female, or premature
ejaculation for males or difficulty in ejaculation.
• Sexual pain disorders: dyspareunia: recurrent pain
during intercourse, veganism's: involuntary spasm
of the outer third of vagina.
8. Sexual Dysfunction: Etiology
• Repressed regression (hostility toward men or
women or remind unconsciously of his
mother), fear of performance, anger, no
private place, sociocultural influences.
• Sexual trauma, childhood abuse, biological
causes (low testosterone), alcohol, smoking.
10. Treatment
• Anxiety reduction, psych education, skills and
communication training (like and dislike),
couple therapy, medications (antidepressant,
antianxiety, Viagra).
11. Paraphilias
• Recurrent, intense sexual arousal fantasies, sexual
urge or behaviors involve: non human object,
humiliation of oneself or the partner, children
over a period of 6 months.
• They may select a job or volunteer work that
brings them in contact with the desire stimuli.
• M>F
• Start during adolescence and early adulthood and
not diagnosed until causes marked impairment or
stress.
13. Exhibitionism
• Exposure of ones genitals to strangers (some
times masturbating) over a period of 6
months.
• Occurs before age 18 years.
• It becomes less severe after age 40 years.
14. Fetishism
• Over a period of 6 months, intense sexually
arousing and behaviors involving the use of
non living objects (female undergarment, bra,
stocking, shoes, high heel).
• It causes significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational and other functioning.
• Fetish objects are not limited to article of
female clothing used in cross dressing.
15. Frotteurism
• Over a period of at least 6 months, intense
sexually arousing and behavior involving
touching and rubbing against non consenting
person (occurs in crowded places,
transportation|).
• It causes marked distress or interpersonal
difficulty.
• Occurs at age 15-25 years.
16. Pedophilia
• Over a period of at least 6 months, intense
sexually arousing and behavior involving
sexual activity with prepubescent child (age 13
years or younger).
• The person is at least 15 years and at least 5
years older than the child.
• It causes marked distress or interpersonal
difficulty. (not important for DX).
17. Pedophilia
• Other information:
• They prefer female age (8-10) years and older
males.
• Can do activity with their children, their family,
outside the family, marry a women with attractive
child, trading children, taking in foster children
from non industrialized countries.
• Most of don’t involve violence other than sexual
act but some may murder their victims.
18. Pedophilia
• They may take drugs, has depression and
anxiety disorders, conduct disorder.
• Try to gain child's affection, interest and
loyalty and prevent the child from reporting
sexual activity.
• It is chronic.
• Begins in adolescence.
19. Sexual masochism
• Over a period of at least 6 months, intense
sexually arousing fantasies and behavior
involving the act of being humiliated, beaten,
bound.
• Fantasies involve being raped while held by
others (no possibility to escape), restraint
blindfolding, cutting, beating, electrical shock,
force to crawl, treated as children, cloths in
diapers, oxygen deprivation.
20. Sexual masochism
• Onset in early adulthood.
• It is chronic.
• It may result in injury or death.
21. Sexual sadism
• Over a period of at least 6 months, intense
sexually arousing fantasies and behavior
involving acts in which the psychological or
the physical suffering of the victim is sexually
exciting to the person.
• It causes marked distress or interpersonal
difficulty.
22. Sexual sadism
• Onset in early adulthood.
• It is chronic.
• It may result in injury or death.
• Action including: rape, restraint blindfolding,
cutting, beating, electrical shock, force to
crawl.
23. Transvestic fetishism
• Over a period of 6 months, in a heterosexual
male, recurrent, intense sexual arousing
fantasies or behavioral involving cross
dressing.
• Others: keeps collection of female cloths,
wear female cloths, and wear makeup.
• Tends to have few sexual partners and may
engage in occasional homosexual acts.
24. Transvestic fetishism
• Don’t identify themselves as the opposite sex,
may feel guilt and shame about their behaviors
and do it secretly and many married and hide it
from their wives.
• It begins in childhood and adolescence.
• Gender dysphoria may emerge and accompanied
by the desire to dress and live permanently as a
female (hormones or surgery).
25. Voyeurism
• Over a period of 6 months, intense sexual
arousing fantasies or behavioral involving the
act of observing an unsuspecting person who
is naked or engaging in sexual activity.
• No sexual activity with the observed person is
sought.
• Orgasm produced by masturbation during the
activity or after (depends on memory).
• Occur before age 15 years and its chronic.
26. Voyeurism
• Other information:
• The diagnosis wouldn't be given to people
who experience typical sexual arousal simply
by seeing nudity or sexual activity; the aspect
of spying is central to paraphilia voyeurism.
27. Etiology of paraphilias
• Neurobiological: high level of androgen
hormones which regulate sexual desires in men.
• Psychodynamic perspectives: defense to protect
ego from suppressed fears and memories (fear
from heterosexual).
• Psychological factors: inadequate sexual skills or
reinforcement by parents or relatives, physical or
sexual abuse, alcohol.
28. Treatment of paraphilias
• Illegal behaviors, prison and treatment forced
by court.
• They deny the problem and lack motivation to
change behaviors and they can control their
behaviors without professional help and drop
out of treatment.
29. Treatment of paraphilias
• Pts often drop from treatment and difficult to
deal with so the therapists should:
• Emphasize with the offenders reluctance to
admit their offending and treatment to reduce
defensiveness and hostility.
• Indicate that treatment might help them to
control their behaviors.
30. Treatment of paraphilias
• Emphasize the negative consequences of
refusing treatment.
• Explain that there will be psychobiological
assessment of pts sexual arousal without his
admitting to them.
31. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Given shock on hand or feet or emetic drugs
when look at person with cross dressing, or
picture of nude child, covert sensitization
(imagine situation and imagine feeling sick or
guilt and ashamed or using foul odor).
• Imagine deviant activity and change its
ending.
• Social skills training, empathy toward others.
• Challenge negative thought (the younger the
girl the more harm).
32. Biological Treatment
• Depo-provers (medroxyprogesterone acetate):
to reduce androgens, cyproterrone acetat
(CPA), luteinizing hormone relasing hormone
agent (LHRH), SSRI antidepressant to reduce
sexual arousal.
• Side effects: liver problems, infertility, D.M,
osteoporosis.
33. Gender identity disorder
(transsexualism)
A. Strong and persistent cross gender
identification (not for perceived cultural
advantage of being other sex).
• In children manifested by 4 or more of the
following:
• Repeatedly stated desire to be the other sex.
• In boys, preference for cross dressing, in
females: wearing only stereotypical masculine
clothing.
34. Gender identity disorder
(transsexualism)
• Strong and persistent preference for cross sex
roles.
• Intense desires to participate in stereotypical
games of other sex.
• Strong preference for playmates of other sex.
• In adolescence and adult: desire to be other
sex, live and traeted as other sex, conviction
that they have the feeling and reaction of
other sex.
35. Gender identity disorder
(transsexualism)
B. Persistent discomfort with their sex ;in boys:
their penis is disgusting and will disappear, refuse
males games; In females: refuse to urinate in sitting
position, assertion that she has or will grow penis,
don’t want to grow breast or feminine cloths.
In adolescence and adult: get rid of secondary and
primary sex characteristics (hormones or surgery)
or beliefs that they were born the wrong sex.
36. Gender identity disorder
(transsexualism)
C. It is not better accounted with a physical
intersex condition.
• Other information:
• Usually socially isolated, drop from school,
prostitution, drugs & HIV , suicide, depression,
personality disorders, may had DX of
transvestic fetichism.
• M=F , chronic course, onset: 2-4 years old.
37. Etiology
• Genetics.
• Neurobiological factors: sex hormones during
pregnancy, androgens regulate sexual desires and
sexual desires increases among these pts.
• Psychodynamic perspectives: defense to protect
ego from dealing with suppressed fears and
memories. They fear heterosexual relationship
because they are fixated at pregenital phase.
38. Etiology
• Social factors: parent encouragement and
reinforcement.
• Psychological factors: physical abuse, sexual
abuse, poor parent-child relationship, alcohol,
cognitive distortion.