The document discusses various aspects of normal human sexuality including: 1. It defines human sexuality and discusses how it is determined by factors like biology, culture, relationships and life experiences. 2. It describes different cognitive, learning, and physiological perspectives on sexuality and the role of the brain, hormones and nervous system. 3. It discusses Masters and Johnson's four phases of the sexual response cycle including desire, excitement, plateau, and resolution.

1. Normal Sexuality By Dr. Helal Uddin Ahmed MD-Part-II Student Department of Psychiatry BSMMU

2. A dirty book is rarely dusty

3. Introduction of Human sexuality It is the process by which people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. Sexuality has been a consistent focus of curiosity, interest, and analysis to humankind.

4. Introduction of Human sexuality Contd. Sexuality is determined by anatomy, physiology , the culture in which a person lives , relationships with others , and developmental experiences throughout the life cycle . It includes the perception of being male or female and private thoughts and fantasies as well as behavior . Normal sexual behavior brings pleasure to oneself and one's partner , involves stimulation of the primary sex organs including coitus

5. Introduction of Human sexuality Contd. Normal sexuality is devoid of inappropriate feelings of guilt or anxiety and is not compulsive. Recreational VS Relational sex- Masturbation, Various forms of stimulation sex organs, Getting sexual gratification by several ways etc.

6. Aspects of sexual behavior Philosophical Sociological Psychological Anatomical Physiological Cognitive Learning Cultural Political Legal Moral Ethical Theological Spiritual Religious

7. Primary sex organs- Reproductive organs Secondary sexual characteristics and organs Nervous system, Endocrine system Anatomical Perspective

8. Physiological Perspective Action of Neurotransmitter Actions of Hormones Sexual drive

9. Cognitive Perspective How a stimulus or situation is interpreted determines how the individual will respond to the stimulus Perception includes at least three components: detection, labeling, and attribution. Detection is defined by an individual's ability to note the presence of a stimulus or to discriminate it from other stimuli. Labeling is the descriptors that an individual uses to categorize the stimulus event. Attribution is an explanation for the perception

10. Cognitive Perspective Contd. Another cognitive factor is evaluation ; when an individual evaluates a sexual stimulus as good or positive, sexual arousal may be enhanced. On the other hand, when a stimulus is evaluated negatively, sexuality will be diminished

11. Learning Perspective Learning theory postulates the environmental factors that shape sexual behavior When sexual activity is pleasurable - it reinforced If sexual activity is restricted, punishable or full of shame then people may come to associate sexual stimulation with feelings of guilt or anxiety Observational learning of sexual behavior.

12. Boccadoro L., Carulli S. Italian Mentors “ Human sexuality is not simply imposed by instinct or stereotypical conducts, as it happens in animals, but it is influenced both by superior mental activity and by social, cultural, educational and normative characteristics of those places where the subjects grow up and their personality develops. Consequently, the analysis of sexual sphere must be based on the convergence of several lines of development such as affectivity, emotions and relations .”

13. Sigmund Freud Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality Psychosexual development Oral stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Genital Stage Oedipus complex Sexual etiology of neuroses, Libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of sublimation Generalization that all pleasurable impulses and activities are originally sexual .

14. Michel Foucault Sexuality are the activities and sensations determined historically, regionally and culturally. The construction of sexual meanings, is an instrumen t by which social institutions (religion, marketing, the educational system, psychiatry, etc.) control and shape human relationship.

15. Sexual ethics and legality Unlike some other sexual activities, vaginal intercourse has rarely been made Taboo on religious grounds or by law. Many of the cultures that had prohibited sexual intercourse entirely – Shakers, Roman Catholic Church, Mahayana Buddhist Monks.

16. Sexual ethics and legality Contd. Masturbation ( Auto-erotic sexuality) Fornication or Live-together Adultery or Extramarital sex Homosexuality- Gay, Lesbian Commercial sex or Prostitution Necrophilia (sex with dead body) Incest Child sexual abuse/Pedophilia Bestiality Sexual intercourse during a woman's menstrual period, as prohibited in Islam and Judaism Sex between members of different tribes / same cast Public decency (exhibitionism and voyeurism) Forceful Sex Rape Sexual assault Statutory Rape Lust Murder

17. Function of sex Reproduction

18. Benefits of SEX beyond reproduction

19. Health benefit of sex Relieves stress

20. Health benefit of sex Contd. Boosts the immune system by  Ig A

21. Health benefit of sex Contd. Improves CVS ( Lower BP)

22. Health benefit of sex Contd.  Self esteem

23. Health benefit of sex Contd. Improves intimacy with partner

24. Health benefit of sex Contd. Reduce pain (+) oxytocin

25. Health benefit of sex Contd.  Risk of prostate cancer

26. Health benefit of sex Contd. Strengthens pelvic muscles

27. Health benefit of sex Contd. Promotes good sleep

28. Health benefit of sex Contd. Improves the sense of smell

29. Health benefit of sex Contd. Improves urinary bladder control

30. Sexual Identity and Gender Identity Sexual identity is the pattern of a person's biological sexual characteristics : chromosomes, external genitalia, internal genitalia, hormonal composition, gonads, and secondary sex characteristics. Gender identity is a person's sense of maleness or femaleness.

31. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation describes the object of a person's sexual impulses: - Heterosexual (opposite sex), - Homosexual (same sex), - Bisexual (both sexes). - Transexuality (desire to be a member of the opposite sex) A group of people have defined themselves as “ asexual ” and assert this as a positive identity. Some researchers believe this lack of attraction to any object is a manifestation of a desire disorder.

32. Sexual Behavior : Role of the Central Nervous System Cortex : controlling sexual impulses and processing sexual stimuli that may lead to sexual activity . Orbitofrontal cortex- emotions Left anterior cingulate cortex- hormone control and sexual arousal Right caudate nucleus- sexual activity follows arousal

33. Sexual Behavior : Role of the Central Nervous System Limbic System : Chemical or electrical stimulation of the lower part of the septum and the contiguous preoptic area , the fimbria of the hippocampus , the mammilary bodies , and the anterior thalamic nuclei have all elicited penile erections in male. In case of female those area are related with orgasm .

34. Sexual Behavior : Role of the Central Nervous System Brainstem : Exert inhibitory and excitatory control over spinal sexual reflexes. The nucleus paragigantocellularis projects directly to pelvic efferent neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord, apparently causing them to secrete serotonin, which is known to inhibit orgasms

35. Sexual Behavior : Role of the Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters : dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin , are produced in the brain and affect sexual function. An increase in dopamine is presumed to increase libido. Serotonin, exerts an inhibitory effect on sexual function.

36. Sexual Behavior : Role of the Central Nervous System Spinal Cord: Sexual arousal and climax are ultimately organized at the spinal level. Sensory stimuli related to sexual function are conveyed via afferents from the pudendal, pelvic, and hypogastric nerves

37. Hormones and Sexual Behavior Testosterone increases libido in both men and women Estrogen is a key factor in the lubrication involved in female arousal and may increase sensitivity in the woman to stimulation. Progesterone mildly depresses desire in men and women as do excessive prolactin and cortisol. Oxytocin is involved in pleasurable sensations during sex and is found in higher levels in men and women following orgasm. It reinforces pleasurable activities

38. Physiological Responses Sexual response is a true psychophysiological experience. Arousal is triggered by both psychological and physical stimuli; Levels of tension are experienced both physiologically and emotionally

39. Physiological Responses Contd. Psychosexual development Psychological attitudes toward sexuality Attitudes toward one's sexual partner These 3 are Directly involved with, and Affect, human sexual response.

40. Physiological Responses Contd. William Masters and Virginia Johnson observed that the physiological process involves increasing levels of vasocongestion and myotonia (tumescence) and the subsequent release of the vascular activity and muscle tone as a result of orgasm (detumescence).

41. Sexual Stimulation: Foreplay Psychological Stimulation -use of smell, taste, hearing, sight or fantasy Physical Stimulation- use of touch pressure or bodily contact 1. Erogenous zones 2. Kissing 3. Breast stimulation 4. Oral-genital stimulation 5. Anal stimulation 6. Manual stimulation of genitals

42. Four-phase cycle of Physiological Responses Phase-1 Desire Orgasm Excitement Resolution Phase-2 Phase-3 Phase-4 Plateau phase

43. Four-phase cycle of Physiological Responses The sequence of responses can overlap and fluctuate

44. Phase 1: Desire The desire (or appetitive) phase, identified solely through physiology, reflects the psychiatric concern with motivations , drives , and personality . The phase is characterized by sexual fantasies and the desire to have sexual activity .

45. Phase 2: Excitement The excitement and arousal phase, brought on by psychological stimulation (fantasy or the presence of a love object) or physiological stimulation ( Foreplays-stroking or kissing) or a combination of the two, consists of a subjective sense of pleasure.

48. Phase 3: Orgasm Peaking of sexual pleasure, Release of sexual tension Rhythmic contraction of the perineal muscles and the pelvic reproductive organs. A subjective sense of ejaculatory inevitability triggers men's orgasms. The forceful emission of semen. 4 to 5 rhythmic spasms of the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas, and urethra. In women, orgasm is characterized by 3 to 15 involuntary contractions of the lower third of the vagina and by strong sustained contractions of the uterus, flowing from the fundus downward to the cervix.

49. Phase 4: Resolution Resolution consists of the disgorgement of blood from the genitalia (detumescence). Body back to its resting state. If orgasm occurs: resolution is rapid, a subjective sense of well-being, general and muscular relaxation. If orgasm does not occur : resolution may take from 2 to 6 hours and may be associated with irritability and discomfort. After orgasm, men have a refractory period (several minutes to many hours) when they cannot be stimulated to further orgasm. Women do not have a refractory period and are capable of multiple and successive orgasms.

53. Male sexual response An individual man may experience any of these three patterns (A, B, or C) during a particular sexual experience.

54. Female sexual response An individual woman may experience any of these three patterns (A, B, or C) during a particular sexual experience.

55. Sexual Response Cycle 10 to 15 minutes; if no orgasm, ½ to 1 day 3 to 15 seconds Lasts several minutes to several hours; heightened excitement before orgasm, 30 seconds to 3 minutes Male & Female Resolution Phase Orgasmic Phase Excitement Phase

56. Male Sexual Response Cycle Erection: partial involution in 5 to 10 seconds with variable refractory period; full detumescence in 5 to 30 minutes Ejaculation ; emission phase marked by three to four 0.8-second contractions of vas, seminal vesicles, prostate; ejaculation proper marked by 0.8-second contractions of urethra and ejaculatory spurt of 12 to 20 inches at age 18, decreasing with age to seepage at 70 Erection in 10 to 30 seconds caused by vasocongestion of erectile bodies of corpus cavernosa of shaft; loss of erection may occur with introduction of asexual stimulus, loud noise; with heightened excitement, size of glands and diameter of penile shaft increase further Penis Flush disappears in reverse order of appearance; inconsistently appearing film of perspiration on soles of feet and palms of hands Well-developed flush Just before orgasm: sexual flush inconsistently appears; maculopapular rash originates on abdomen and spreads to anterior chest wall, face, and neck and can include shoulders and forearms Skin Resolution Phase Orgasmic Phase Excitement Phase Organ

57. Male Sexual Response Cycle Contd No change No change 2 to 3 drops of mucoid fluid that contain viable sperm are secreted during heightened excitement Cowper's glands Decrease to baseline size because of loss of vasocongestion; testicular and scrotal descent within 5 to 30 minutes after orgasm; involution may take several hours if no orgasmic release takes place No change Tightening and lifting of scrotal sac and elevation of testes; with heightened excitement, 50% increase in size of testes over unstimulated state and flattening against perineum, signaling impending ejaculation Scrotum and testes

58. Male Sexual Response Cycle Contd Loss of voluntary muscular control Rectum: rhythmical contractions of sphincter Heart rate: up to 180 beats a minute Blood pressure: up to 40 to 100 mm systolic; 20 to 50 mm diastolic Respiration: up to 40 respirations a minute Breasts: inconsistent nipple erection with heightened excitement before orgasm Myotonia: semispastic contractions of facial, abdominal, and intercostal muscles Tachycardia: up to 175 beats a minute Blood pressure : rise in systolic 20 to 80 mm; in diastolic 10 to 40 mm Respiration: increased Other

59. Female Sexual Response Cycle Shaft returns to normal position in 5 to 10 seconds; detumescence in 5 to 30 minutes; if no orgasm, detumescence takes several hours No change Enlargement in diameter of glands and shaft; just before orgasm, shaft retracts into prepuce Clitoris Return to normal in about 30 minutes Breasts may become tremulous Nipple erection in two thirds of women, venous congestion and areolar enlargement; size increases to one fourth over normal Breasts Flush disappears in reverse order of appearance; inconsistently appearing film of perspiration on soles of feet and palms of hands Well-developed flush Just before orgasm: sexual flush inconsistently appears; maculopapular rash originates on abdomen and spreads to anterior chest wall, face, and neck; can include shoulders and forearms Skin Resolution Phase Orgasmic Phase Excitement Phase Organ

60. Female Sexual Response Cycle Contd Ejaculate forms seminal pool in upper two thirds of vagina; congestion disappears in seconds or, if no orgasm, in 20 to 30 minutes 3 to 15 contractions of lower third of vagina at intervals of 0.8 second Color change to dark purple; vaginal transudate appears 10 to 30 seconds after arousal; elongation and ballooning of vagina; lower third of vagina constricts before orgasm Vagina Return to normal within 5 minutes Contractions of proximal labia minora Size increased two to three times over normal; change to pink, red, deep red before orgasm Labia minora Nullipara: decrease to normal size in 1 to 2 minutes Multipara: decrease to normal size in 10 to 15 minutes No change Nullipara: elevate and flatten against perineum Multipara: congestion and edema Labia majora

61. Female Sexual Response Cycle Contd Return to baseline status in seconds to minutes Cervix color and size return to normal , and cervix descends into seminal pool Loss of voluntary muscular Control Rectum: rhythmical contractions of sphincter Hyperventilation and tachycardia Myotonia: A few drops of mucoid secretion from Bartholin's glands during heightened excitement Cervix swells slightly and is passively elevated with uterus Other Contractions cease , and uterus descends to normal position Contractions throughout orgasm Ascends into false pelvis ; labor-like contractions begin in heightened excitement just before orgasm Uterus

62. SIX Points for SEX Preparation Position Duration Concentration Relaxation 3 2 1 4 5 Frequency 6

63. Gender Differences in Desire and Erotic Stimuli Sexual impulses and desire exist both in men and women but males generally possess a higher baseline level of desire than do women Men respond sexually to visual stimuli of nude or barely dressed women. Women report responding sexually to romantic stories with a tender, demonstrative hero whose passion for the heroine impels him toward a lifetime commitment to her .

64. Gender Differences in Desire and Erotic Stimuli Contd. Woman's subjective sense of arousal is not always congruent with her physiological state of arousal. Women’s sense of excitement may reflect a readiness to be aroused rather than physiological lubrication. Conversely, she may experience the physical signs of arousal without being aware of them. This situation rarely occurs in men .

65. Love and Intimacy Freud postulated that psychological health could be determined by a person's ability to function well in two spheres, work and love . A person able to give and receive love with a minimum of fear and conflict has the capacity to develop genuinely intimate relationships with others. Sex frequently acts as a catalyst in forming and maintaining intimate relationships.

66. Frequency of sexual activity Zero (sexual abstinence) to 15-20 times/week The average frequency of sexual intercourse for married couples in USA is 2 to 3 times /week It is generally recognized that postmenopausal women experience declines in frequency of sexual intercourse Average frequency of intercourse declines with age in both men and women.

67. Frequency of sexual activity Contd. According to the Kinsey Institute, average frequency of sexual intercourse in USA : 112 times/ year (age 18-29), 86 times /year (age 30-39) 69 times /year (age 40-49) 52 times/ year (age 50-59) 35 times/year (age 60-69) 22 times/year (age 70-79) ?? times/year (age> 80)

68. Conclusion Human sexuality is a very complex and multi-dimensional behavior that is affected by many facets of our lives including anatomy, physiology, cognition, and learning. As well as influenced by culture, ethnicity and even economy and politics.

69. Conclusion Contd. Sex Education is very much needed in every society- specially in the school curriculum- otherwise faulty learning about sex misguided one’s personal life and may produce many sexual as well as psycho-social problem. Accepted Sex-education from Scientific authority .

71. Why should we take advice on sex from the pope? If he knows anything about it, he shouldn't! --George Bernard Shaw

72. THANK YOU