The document discusses various disorders of ejaculation, including delayed ejaculation, premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation, highlighting their medical, psychological, and surgical causes. It also covers the role of neurotransmitters and hormones in ejaculatory function, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options, such as pharmacological therapies and psychosexual counseling. Each disorder is elaborated upon, with insights into incidence rates, diagnosis criteria, and specific medications or interventions used for treatment.

1. Disorders of Ejaculation
Aaron Spitz MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
UC Irvine, Department of Urology

2. Ejaculatory dysfunction
 Any condition, whether it be medical, surgical, or
psychological, that disrupts the normal ejaculation pathway,
from the cortical influence to the sympathetic nervous
system to the somatic afferents from the penis or the
somatic efferents to the pelvic floor, can lead to ejaculatory
dysfunction
 Delayed ejaculation
 Premature ejaculation,
 Retrograde ejaculation,
 Anejaculation

3. Dopamine: excitatory
Seratonin: inhibitory
Oxytocin: excitatory
Glutamate,other NT:
excitatory
Sympathetic nerves release
acetylcholine to non-myelinated
neurons which release
norepinephrine to sv, vas,
epididymis, bladder neck
Pudendal efferents
arise from Onuf’s
nucleus in sacral spine

4. Sympathetic nerves release acetylcholine
to non-myelinated neurons which release
norepinephrine to sv, vas,
epididymis,bladder neck
Pudendal efferents
arise from Onuf’s
nucleus in sacral
spine

5. Delayed Ejaculation
The World Health Organization 2nd Consultation Sexual
Dysfunction:
The persistent or recurrent difficulty, delay in, or absence
of attaining orgasm after sufficient sexual stimulation,
which causes personal distress.

6. Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency
Time
(IELT) The duration that begins at
intromission (penile entry into the
vagina) and ends at intravaginal
ejaculation or exhaustion

7. Determination of IELT
Stopwatch studies by Waldinger et al.
500 couples, five countries
 IELT exists as a distribution
 33 seconds to 44 minutes median: 5.4 minutes
21–23 minutes = +2 SD
Men who cannot climax after 25 minutes or experience
distress meet criteria for Delayed Ejaculation
Waldinger M,. J Sex Med 2005;2:498–507
McMahon C, J Sex Med 2013;10:204–29

8. Neurotransmitters/hormones
 Dopamine: facilitates ejaculation
 Dopamine levels increase steadily through copulation to
ejaculation in rats
 Prolactin suppresses ejaculation when in excess
through testosterone inhibition and as a
neurotransmitter
 Additional players:
 Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, GABA

9. Neurotransmitters/hormones
 Spinal ejaculatory center is under central control
 Serotonin: two receptors implicated
 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A
 5-HT2C delays ejaculatory latency time
 5-HT1A shortens ejaculatory latency time
 These receptors are found on oxytocin secreting nerves and
stimulate oxytocin release.
 Oxytocin shortens IELT.
 SSRIs cause desensitization of these receptors oxytocin

10. Designations
 Primary (lifelong)
 all partnered sexual activity from first opportunity onwards
 Secondary (acquired)
 Surgery
 Medical disease
 Psychosexual change

11. Primary: Psychological/behavioral
 Conflicted masturbation
 Auto sexual orientation
 Increased masturbation
 Idiosyncratic masturbation
 Sensation therefore NOT easily reproduced with partner
 Decreased sensitivity
 Due to overuse vs causes overuse
 Physical/Subjective mismatch
 Arousal/Desire mismatch

12. Surgical (acquired)
 RPLND
 Penectomy
 Pelvic surgery

13. Secondary (acquired)
 Endocrine imbalance
 Hypothyroid
 Low testosterone
 Elevated Prolactin
 Inhibitory effect on GnRH
decreases LH then T
 Direct action as a neurotransmitter
 Interplay with dopamine
 Dopamine may stimulate ejaculation
and it inhibits prolactin
 Seratonin inhibits ejaculation and it
stimulates prolactin
Prolactin

14. Medications
 SSRI: increased seratonin decreases receptor sensitivity
which decreases oxytocin release
 Antipsychotics:
 Antagonize dopamine (dopamine is pro ejaculatory)
 Elevate prolactin (prolactin is counter ejaculatory)
 Inhibit alpha adrenergic tone of bladder neck
 Antiandrogens

15. Neurogenic
 Interference with communication between the spinal
ejaculatory center and the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system
 Spinal cord injury
 MS
 DM

16. Age
 Decreased penile sensitivity
 Natural decline in fast-conducting peripheral nerves
starting in 3rd decade
 Concurrent atrophy of dermis and underlying stroma
 Accumulation of chronic medical conditions

17. Chronic illness
 Chronic pain
 Renal disease: Dialysis
 (50% with delayed or inhibited ejaculation)
 Vascular disease
 Prostate disease

18. Psychosexual
 Stress in relationship/life
 Fatigue
 Performance anxiety

19. Evaluation
 History
 Query regarding strong religious/ethical beliefs regarding
sex
 Age of first ejaculation
 Pattern of ejaculation
 Difficulty with sex versus masturbation?
 Lifelong versus gradual versus abrupt onset
 Temporal association with other medical conditions
 Relationship stress/female sexual dysfunction

20. Physical Exam
 Signs of low T: genitals/breasts/pelvis/hair
 Signs of hypothyroidism
 Abnormal prostate (mullerian duct cysts)

21. Labs
 Rule out chronic medical conditions/endocrine
imbalance
 CBC, CHEM 20, lipid panel, TSH, Testosterone, Prolactin

22. Treatment
 Psychosexual counseling
 Basic education in mechanics of sexual intercourse and
orgasm
 Establish an anxiety-free environment
 Engagement of partner in therapy

23. Treatment
 Sensate focus:
 Couple based “homework”
 First: Achieve ejaculation without coitus
 Then: bring the male to the brink and then insert penis
into vagina to provide final stimulation
 Breaks mental barrier to ejaculating within the vagina
 Masturbation retraining to acclimatize the male to
stimulation similar to partnered intercourse
 Reducing the frequency of masturbation

24. Surgical treatment
 Sperm harvesting for purpose of fertility
 Electroejacultion under anesthesia: for use with
insemination
 Percutanous or open epididymal or testicular sperm
extraction: for use with in vitro fertility

25. Neuro/endocrine treatment
 Hypogonadism: androgens
 Hypothyroidism: levothyroid
 Hyperprolactinemia: cabergoline
 SSRI related: switch meds if possible
 Most to least inhibition
 Paroxetine (Paxil) – fluoxetine (Prozac) –sertraline (Zoloft)
 Fluvoxamine (Luvox) does not cause ejaculatory delay
 Bupropion: not associated with sexual dysfunction
 Antipsychotics: newer agents affect dopamine less and
cause less hyperprolactinemia

26. Pharmaceutical treatment
 Alpha -1-adrenergic receptor agonists: imipramine,
ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, midodrine
 Increase sympathetic tone for emission and ejaculation
 Midodrine: very effective for organic anejaculation (58%
improved, 30% cured)
 MS responded best, sympathectomy worst

27. Pharmaceutical continued
 Yohimbine: central apha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist
 70% “much improved” in SRI associated sexual
dysfunction
 Increases HR and BP
 Cyproheptadine: antihistamine/antiseratonergic (blocks
5-HT1A, 5-HT2A r)
 Effective for delayed ejaculation due to SSRI, MOA,
Imipramine
 High rates of sedation, possible relapse of depression

28. Pharmaceutical
 Amantadine: indirect stimulation of dopaminergic
nerves: 40% improvement in SRI induced delayed
ejaculation
 Cabergoline: dopamine receptor agonist. Used to treat
hyperprolactinemia. Prolactin surges AFTER orgasm.
 69% of 72 men improved
 50% normalization
 Works within one month
 0.5mg twice a week

29. Dosages
 Midodrine 5–40 mg daily 30–120 minute prior
 Hypertension
 Yohimbine 20–45 mg 60 minute prior (no food)
 Anxiety, palpitations, nausea
 Cyproheptadine 4–12 mg 90–240 minute prior
 Sedation, impaired concentration
 Amantadine 100–400 mg daily 2 days prior
 Nausea, anxiety
 Cabergoline 0.5 mg twice a week at bedtime
 Nausea, drowsiness

30. Dosages
 Buproprione 75mg daily dopamine agonist (welbutrin)
 Ropinirole 0.25mg daily dopamine agonist
 Adderal 10mg at least 30 min. before intercourse prn
but not after 2pm. increases activity related to domaine
and norepinehrine in the brain.
 Oxytocin 250u lozenge 1 hour before sex

31. Conclusions
 Difficult, but common
 Psycho-sexual causes make this condition complex to
treat
 Pharmacologic treatments are evolving

32. Premature Ejaculation
 Definition: Premature ejaculation is ejaculation that
occurs sooner than desired, either before or shortly
after penetration, causing distress to either one or both
partners.
 Incidence 20 to 30%
 For clinical trials, it’s usually under 2 minutes

33. Diagnosis
 History
 frequency and duration of PE,
 relationship to specific partners,
 occurrence with all or some attempts,
 degree of stimulus resulting in PE,
 nature and frequency of sexual activity (foreplay, masturbation,
intercourse, use of visual clues, etc.),
 impact of PE on sexual activity,
 types and quality of personal relationships and quality of life,
aggravating or alleviating factors, and
 relationship to drug use or abuse

34. Medical Treatments
(AUA Guidelines)
Oral Therapies Trade Names†
Nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Clomipramine Anafranil® 25-50 mg/day or
25mg 4 to 24 h pre-intercourse
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Fluoxetine Prozac®, 5 to 20 mg/day
may go up to 40 to 60mg/day
Paroxetine Paxil® 10, 20, 40 mg/day or
20 mg 3 to 4 h pre-intercourse
Sertraline Zoloft® 25 to 200 mg/day or
50 mg 4 to 8 h pre-intercourse
Topical Therapies
Lidocaine/prilocaine cream EMLA® C Lidocaine2.5%/Prilocaine 2.5%
20 to 30 minutes pre-intercourse

35. Medical Treatment
(aua guidelines)
 Trimix
 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
A rigid erection allows for less hurry to reach climax

36. Medical Treatment
(AUA Guidelines)
 Alpha blockers: alfuzosin and terazosin have shown
mild benefit in clinical trials: counteraction of
sympathetic stimulation of ejaculation

37. Tramadol
 Opioid analgesic: opioid receptor
 Lelt increases 2 to 10 fold
 Well-tolerated
 Possible decrease in efficacy over time
 10 to 20 percent nausea and somnolence
 Head to head less effective than Paxil
 50mg po 2 hours prior to Sex

38. Promescent
 Promescent: thymol and ethanol in the eutectic formula
of lidocaine
 Follows FDA monograph
 2 to 6 sprays 10 minutes prior to intercourse
 Available OTC/Promescent.com

39. Dapoxatine
 On-demand SSRI treatment
 Quick uptake and quick elimination
 In European/Asian studies: good results
 Common adverse event: nausea usually mild
 Approved in 30 to 40 countries
 Failed to be approved by FDA but will likely try again

40. Retrograde ejaculation
 Bladder neck/internal sphincter fails to close during
ejaculation and the emitted semen flows along the path of
least resistance into the bladder, while the external sphincter
is closed and the bulbocavernosus muscle is contracting the
prostatic urethra
 Diabetic neuropathy of the bladder
 Multiple Sclerosis
 Surgical injury to the bladder neck
 TURP
 Pediatric surgery

41. Anejaculation
 Failure of emission into the prostatic urethra
 Interference with somatic efferent contraction of the
ejaculatory structures including the epididymis, vas
deferens, ampulla of the vas deferens and seminal
vesicles.

42. Anejaculation
 Diabetic sympathetic neuropathy
 ejaculatory structures are not stimulated to contract
effectively
 Diabetic microvascular disease
 concomitant fibrosis of smooth musculature impairs the
contractility of the ejaculatory apparatus.

43. Spinal Cord Injury
 Most common neurological cause of anejaculation
 Complete injury above the spinal ejaculation center will
prevent cortical excitation
 Injury below the spinal ejaculation center will diminish
afferent penile sensory excitation as well as efferent
control of emission and ejaculation

44. Other neurological causes
 Multiple Sclerosis
 Transverse Myelitis

45. Latrogenic--Surgical
 Surgical injury to the sympathetic chain or pelvic
nerves
 RPLND may disrupt the sympathetic outflow to the
ejaculatory structures
 Pelvic surgery: lower sympathetic pelvic nerve
 Colorectal surgery
 Aorto-iliac reconstruction
 Lumbar spine exploration

46. Alpha Blockers
 The more alpha-1A specific inhibit seminal emission
 FDA label for silodosin reports 28% retrograde ejaculation
while
 FDA label for tamsulosin reports an “abnormal ejaculation”
rate of only 8.4%
 FDA approval label for alfusosin reports no adverse effects
on abnormal ejaculation
 A Japanese study of 15 healthy urologist volunteers
reported a 100% rate of anejaculation with Silodosin vs a
35% rate for tamsulosin 4mg vs a 0% rate for alfuzosin
10mg

47. Differentiation:
Retrograde vs. Anejaculation
 Normal orgasm
 No or low volume ejaculate (<1.5ml)
 Post-orgasm void should be checked for sperm
 The bladder should be emptied before ejaculation, and
immediately after
 Greater than 10 sperm per high powered field in a centrifuged
post-orgasm urine is indicative of retrograde ejaculation
 In the case of lack of emission: no sperm in urine
 Exception: diabetic patient may suffer neuropathic changes
resulting in both bladder neck dysfunction and lack of emission

48. Treatment
 Alpha agonists
 Sympathomimetic stimulation to augment the sympathetic
tone in the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and bladder neck
 May be enough to overcome the disrupted sympathetic
plexus as long as there is not a complete injury
 The patients who would most benefit from this actually feel,
at baseline, a climax and rhythmic pelvic contractions with
little or no flow of fluid per urethra

49. Treatment
 MEDICATION DOSING FOR ASPERMIA (retro or an-)
 Ephedrine 25-50 mg po qid for 2 to 3 doses
 Pseudoephedrine 60 mg po qid or 120 mg po bid for 2
to 3 doses
 Imipramine 50 to 75mg po a day for 1 to 2 weeks
 Midodrine 2.5 mg po tid titrated up to 10mg po tid,
titrate by 2.5mg/week

50. Treatment
 Spinal cord injury above T10: vibratory stimulation

51. Treatment
 Spinal cord injury below T10
 Intact spinal cord (vibratory stim. won’t work)
 ELECTROEJACULATION
For patients with very high lesions at or above C4, general anesthesia is
recommended for safer patient control.
Brackett et al showed a sperm retrieval rate of 92% in SCI patients
undergoing EEJ after failed PVS. (J Urol 2010)
(2)

52. Differential Dx
 Ejaculatory duct obstruction
 Low volume
 Low PH
 Negative post ejaculatory urine analysis
 Dx by TRUS/Aspiration/contrast study

53. Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction
(EDO)
Causes of ejaculatory duct obstruction.

54. EDO: Diagnosis
 Trans rectal ultrasound and aspiration
SV usually > 1.7cm diameter. Billions of sperm

55. EDO: Diagnosis
 Seminal vesicle aspiration and vesiculogram
Normal study Obstructed

56. EDO: Treatment
 Transurethral Resection of Ejaculatory Duct
Alternative: balloon dilation of
ejaculatory duct

57. Post Operative TURED
 Dramatic Improvement immediately
 OR Retrograde Ejaculation
 OR No Change----
 Secondary epididymal “blow out”
 Possible epididymo-vasostomy
 Retrieve sperm for IVF-ICSI
 OR COMPLICATIONS
 25% incidence of chronic epipdidymitis/seminal vesiculitis

58. Sperm retrieval/ICSI
 Due to the high complication rate of TURED sperm
retrieval and ICSI is now more commonly
recommended
 Sperm retrieval has lower morbidity and can be
performed with local anesthesia
 ICSI has a high success rate (up to 75%)

60. Treatment with Sperm Retrieval
Requires IVF-ICSI

61. Not a Disorder

62. Thank You