The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include: - The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. - There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated. - Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms. - The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.

1. BY SREEREMYA.S
Lecturer, Mercy college, Palakkad

2. A. Characteristic symptoms: Two (or more) of the
following, each present for a significant portion of
time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully
treated):
(1) delusions – false beliefs that usually involve a
misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences
(2) hallucinations
(3) disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment
or incoherence)
** “Derailment is disordered thought in which the
idea
changes spontaneously to another idea that is
unrelated or only distantly related”
(BehaveNet.com,
2008)

3.  Barbara
 Tetty Dee Dee ( Be prepared it’s kind of
gross).
 Being a Schizophrenic

5. F20 Schizophrenia
F20.0 Paranoid schizophrenia
F20.1 Hebephrenic schizophrenia
F20.2 Catatonic schizophrenia
F20.3 Undifferentiated schizophrenia
F20.4 Post-schizophrenic depression
F20.5 Residual schizophrenia
F20.6 Simple schizophrenia
F20.8 Other schizophrenia
F20.9 Schizophrenia, unspecified

6. Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized
mainly by delusions of persecution,
feelings of passive or active control,
feelings of intrusion, and often by
megalomanic tendencies also. The
delusions are not usually systemized too
much, without tight logical connections
and are often combined with
hallucinations of different senses, mostly
with hearing voices.
 Disturbances of affect, volition and
speech, and catatonic symptoms, are
either absent or relatively inconspicuous.

7. Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized mainly
by motoric activity, which might be strongly
increased (hypekinesis) or decreased (stupor), or
automatic obedience and negativism.
We recognize two forms:
 productive form — which shows catatonic excitement,
extreme and often aggressive activity. Treatment by
neuroleptics or by electroconvulsive therapy.
 stuporose form — characterized by general inhibition of
patient’s behavior or at least by retardation and
slowness, followed often by mutism, negativism,
fexibilitas cerea or by stupor. The consciousness is not
absent.

9.  In the last decade new "atypical" antipsychotics
have been introduced. Compared to the older
"conventional" antipsychotics these medications
appear to be equally effective for helping reduce
the positive symptoms like hallucinations and
delusions - but may be better than the older
medications at relieving the negative symptoms
of the illness, such as withdrawal, thinking
problems, and lack of energy. The atypical
antipsychotics include aripiprazole (Abilify),
risperidone (Risperdal), clozapine (Clozaril),
olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel)
thiothixene (Navane).

10.  The most influential and plausible are the hypotheses,
based on the supposed disorder of neurotransmission in the
brain, derived mainly from
1. the effects of antipsychotic drugs that have in common the ability
to inhibit the dopaminergic system by blocking action of dopamine
in the brain
2. dopamine-releasing drugs (amphetamine, mescaline, diethyl amide
of lysergic acid - LSD) that can induce state closely resembling
paranoid schizophrenia
 Classical dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Psychotic
symptoms are related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the
brain. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic systems during
schizophrenia is result of increased sensitivity and density
of dopamine D2 receptors in the different parts of the
brain.

11.  Dopamine hypothesis revisited: various
neurotransmitter systems probably takes place in the
etiology of schizophrenia (norepinephric,
serotonergic, glutamatergic, some peptidergic
systems); based on effects of atypical antipsychotics
especially.
 Contemporary models of schizophrenia conceptualize
it as a neurocognitive disorder, with the various signs
and symptoms reflecting the downstream effects of a
more fundamental cognitive deficit:
 the symptoms of schizophrenia arise from “cognitive
dysmetria” (Nancy C. Andreasen)
 concept of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder
(Daniel R. Weinberger)

12.  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic
and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.,
text revision). Washington, DC: American
Psychiatric Association.
 Dr. Davis (lecture)
 BehaveNet.com. (2008) Retrieved March 12, 2008 from
http://www.behavenet.com/
 HealthSquare.com
 Wikipedia.com
 Utube.com
 PANSS Training DVD, Volume I:
Harvey, Barbara, and Dennis
2004 by The PANSS Institute LLC & Philip R. Muskin,MD
Schizophrenia.com. (2007) Retrieved March 13, 2008
from http://www.spizophrenia.com/