This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.

1. - CFD modelling and Analysis
of Dual Fuel (Diesel +
Methanol) Combustion Engine
with various blend grade
using ANSYS (Fluent)

2.  Objective of study
 Alternate fuels
 Advantage of alternate fuels
 Present energy scenario
 What are biofuels and description
 Introduction to the topic
 Blended fuel
 Biogenic carbon fuel and fossil fuel
 Introduction to CFD
 Why use CFD
 Applications of CFD and basic steps
 Advantage of methanol blend
 Effect of methanol blending on performance
 Comparison of diesel and methanol properties
 Methodology and tabular results
 Conclusion
 References

5. Well there are a few alternatives:
• Biodiesel
• Electricity
• Ethanol
• Hydrogen
•Methanol
• Natural Gas
• Propane

6. Ethanol
What is Ethanol?
• Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel made from corn, wheat, barley, trees, grass, etc.
What are the benefits?
• Ethanol is renewable because it comes from fermenting crops
• Ethanol lowers carbon monoxide emissions
• Ethanol is widely available and can/is used in a 10% Ethanol blend commercial vehicles
today, with many other vehicles using higher blends
• Ethanol (with government tax incentives) is competitively priced
• Since ethanol can be made from a wide variety of plant life, it is very abundant and with
depleting petroleum reserves, is a promising alternative

7. Methanol
What is methanol?
• Methanol is wood alcohol, which can be made from natural gas, coal, or wood
What are the benefits?
• Lower emissions
• Higher performance
• Lower risk of flammability
• Methanol can be used to easily make hydrogen
• Can be used in flexible fuel vehicles
What are the cons?
• The biggest is the lack of vehicles to use it, manufactures have stopped making
vehicles to run on Methanol

8. Natural Gas
Why use natural gas?
• Lower emissions
• Lower smog producing gases (60-90% Light-Duty use, 90% in Mid to Heavy-duty
use)
• Can be used to make hydrogen to power the future fuel cell technology
What is the future of natural gas?
• Natural gas is now being installed in 1 out of 5 transit buses today
• Fueling systems can/are being installed in home or public facilities
• Aftermarket systems can convert vehicles to a natural gas system

9. ● More than 50 % of the
conventional fleet owners
will purchase alternative
propulsion vehicles.
● Measures regarding the following aspects are ranged by fleet operators
as very positive and important:
Socio-ecological aspects Financial and policy aspects
Company image
General advantages for the ecology
Curiosity towards new technology
Support through local networks
Competitive advantages
National legislation and policy
Local legislation and policy
ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

10. PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO
 In the EU, transport is
responsible for an estimated
21% of all greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Fossil oil is the main energy
source with a 98%
contribution to all transport
fuels.
 Drivers can greatly reduce
these impacts:
 choosing cleaner vehicles
 driving more efficiently
 In most cases these measures
will lead to:
 financial savings
 environmental benefits
More information

11. WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
Biofuels (Biodiesel,Bioethanol,Biogas )
 Biofuels: fuels from a variety of sources of biomass:
 plant materials
 certain types of crops
 recycled or waste vegetable oils
 Biodiesel/bioethanol:
 They can replace conventional diesel/petrol entirely respectively
 They can be blended with diesel/petrol in different proportions:
 Engines require no modification to use 5% blends
 For biodiesel, blends up to 20-30% are possible, but it invalidates many
manufacturers’ warranties
 Bioethanol can be used as:
 E85 (85% ethanol, 15% petrol) in Flexible Fuel Vehicles
 Sunfuel/Synfuel:
 Gas to liquid fuels: from gasified biomass or biogas

12.  Transport biofuels have risen to prominence in recent years. The
main reasons for promoting biofuels are:
 To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;
 To contribute to the security of energy supply;
 To promote a greater use of renewable energy;
 To diversify agricultural economies into new markets.
WHY PROMOTE BIOFUELS?
To promote the used of biofuels, many member
states are relying on fuel tax exemptions.

13. Biodiesel
What is Biodiesel?
• Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oil, animal
fats, and used restaurant grease
Why is a good alternative to traditional fuels?
• Lower emissions
• Renewable
• Little/no engine
modification
• Can be blended with
traditional fuel
• Biodegradable
• Infrastructure exists

14. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
Natural gas (NG) consisting of mainly methane has
been recognized as a viable clean alternative fuel
for its abundant resource, attractive features
including producing less greenhouse gas (GHG)
benefiting from the low carbon/hydrogen ratio of
methane, low emissions of pollutants, especially
particulate matter (PM), and high thermal
efficiency

15. INTRODUTION CONT……..
Natural gas can be burned as either the sole fuel in
spark ignition (SI) engines or as supplemental fuel
in compression ignition (CI) diesel engines.
When burned in CI diesel engines, NG is usually
fumigated into the intake mixture or directly
injected into the cylinder early in the compression
stroke, which forms a homogeneous NG-air
mixture during the intake or early compression
stroke.

16. INTRODUTION CONT…
 .
At the end of the compression stroke, a pilot
of diesel fuel is injected into the hot NG-air-
diluents mixture and serves as an ignition
source.
 Prior to the injection of pilot diesel fuel,
gaseous fuels have been well mixed with air
and compressed to high temperatures, but
usually not high enough to initiate the auto-
ignition process of NG.

17. INTRODUTION CONT…
After being injected into the hot bulk mixture, the
pilot diesel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with the
hot NG-air mixture, and ignited through
compression ignition. The energy released by the
pilot diesel fuel serves as an ignition source of the
gaseous fuel.
 Detailed information about the dual fuel engine
ignition and combustion process can be found in
the literature.

18. INTRODUTION CONT…
 Compression ignition dual fuel engines have been
recognized as an attractive combustion mode for their
potential to burn gaseous fuels at a thermal efficiency
comparable to diesel engines and reduced PM emissions.
 Past research on the combustion process of NG-diesel dual
fuel engines has focused on the overall heat release process
of NG and pilot diesel.
 In comparison, to the best of our knowledge, little
research on the combustion process of gaseous fuels, such
as methane, in dual fuel engines has been conducted.

19. INTRODUTION CONT…
 NG-diesel dual fuel engines have been criticized for their
high emissions of unburned methane and carbon
monoxide (CO).
 The methane emissions from dual fuel engines not only
contribute to overall GHG emissions but also cause a waste
of energy
 Although biodiesel cannot entirely replace petroleum
based fuel, biofuel and diesel fuel blend can be used on
existing to achieve both environmental and
energy benefits.

20. Blended Fuel
 Under section 1.8 of the National Greenhouse and
Energy Reporting (Measurement) Determination 2008
(NGER Measurement Determination)
 a blended fuel is a fuel that is a blend of fossil and
biogenic carbon fuels.
 For example, E10 is a blend of gasoline (fossil fuel)
and up to 10 per cent ethanol (biogenic carbon fuel)

21. BIOGENIC CARBON FUEL AND FOSSIL
FUEL
 The NGER Measurement Determination defines
‘biogenic carbon fuel’ as energy that is:
a) Derived from plant and animal material, such as
wood from forests, residues from agriculture and
forestry processes and industrial, human or animal
wastes, and
b) Not embedded in the earth, like coal oil or natural
gas.
 a fossil fuel is a carbon-based fuel from fossil
hydrocarbon deposits, including coal,
oil and natural gas

22. INTRODUCTION TO CFD

23. Why use CFD?
 Analysis and Design
 Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
More cost effective and more rapid.
 Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult
for experiments.
 Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and airplanes)
 Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
 Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
 Physics (e.g., planetary boundary layer, stellar
evolution)
 Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

24. Where is CFD used?

26. Basic steps in CFD

27. ADVANTAGE OF METHANOL BLENDING
1. Methanol has higher oxygen content–
complete and faster combustion and so
reduced particulate matter
2. High latent heat of vapourisation hence
reduces the cylinder temperature
3. Lower cetane number hence ignition delay
is increased and so more fuel is prepared to
burn in the premixed mode

28. ADVANTAGE OF METHANOL BLENDING CONT--
4.Due to more oxygen content the diffusion combustion
is faster and so overall combustion duration reduces
5. Due to more oxygen content the combustion
effeciency increases and so due to lower flame
temperature the heat losses in the cylinder walls
reduces hence reducing the maximum temperature
and so reducing the NOx formation tendency
6. Methanol has higher H/C ratio and due to the high
burning velocity of hydrogen and so efffective
combustion speed increases and also H atoms have
high heating value than C atoms

29. Advantage of methanol blending cont ………
7.Due to high latent heat of vapourisation methanol
tends to absorb heat from the cylinder walls during
compression and as a result NOx formation tendency
is reduced
8. Methanol has higher autoignition temperature than
diesel which reduces the possibility of the pre
ignition during the initial stages
9. Methanol has lower viscosity which leads to better
mixing of the combustible mixture

30. EFFECT OF METHANOL BLENDING ON PERFORMANCE
 Due to better combustion as a result of oxygen
content the heat losses to the cylinder walls is reduced
and so the thermal effeciency increases
 The temperature is maintained due to high heat
absorbing capacity of methanol and as a result the
work of the compression is reduced and so the
effective effeciency gets increased
 There is reduction in particulate emissions , carbon
based emissions and reduction in NOx formation
tendency

31. COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF METHANOL
AND DIESEL
PROPERTY METHANOL DIESEL
VISCOSITY at 20
degree celcius
0.59 (mPas) 2.8( mPas)
HEAT OF
VAPOURIZATION
(KJ/Kg)
1178 260
Stoichiometric Air
fuel ratio
14.7 : 1 6.45 :1
CETANE NO
51 5
CALORIFIC
VAL(MJ/m3)
42.5 20.5
AUTO IGNITION
TEMP(deg celcius
464 316

32. COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF METHANOL
AND DIESEL
PROPERTY METHANOL DIESEL
FLAME TEMPERATURE-
deg celcius
1890 2054
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
32 190-220

33. METHODOLOGY
Pre-processing: CAD Modeling:
 Creation of CAD Model by using CAD modeling tools
for creating the geometry of the part/assembly of which you want to perform
Meshing:
 Meshing is a critical operation in CFD.
 In this operation, the CAD geometry is discretized into large numbers of small
Element and nodes.
 The arrangement of nodes and element in space in a proper manner is called
mesh.
 The analysis accuracy and duration depends on the mesh size and
orientations.
 With the increase in mesh size (increasing no. of element), the CFD analysis
speed decrease but the accuracy increases.

34. METHODOLOGY CONT………
 Type of Solver:
 Choose the solver for the problem from Pressure Based and
density based solver.
 Physical model:
 Choose the required physical model for the problem i.e.
laminar, turbulent, energy, multi-phase, etc
 Material Property: Choose the Material property of
flowing fluid

35. METHODOLOGY CONT………
 Boundary Condition:
 Define the desired boundary condition for the
problem i.e. temperature, velocity, mass flow rate, heat
flux etc
SOLUTION
Solution Method : Choose the Solution method to
solve the problem i.e. First order,
second order

36. METHODOLOGY CONT………
 Solution Initialization:
 Initialized the solution to get the initial solution for
the problem.
Run Solution: Run the solution by giving no of
iteration for solution to converge.
Post Processing: For viewing and interpretation of
Result. The result can be viewed in various formats:
graph, value, animation etc.

37. CFD METHOD APPLIED (METHODOLOGY CONT)
 The model was simulated and the required geometry
configurations were pre-processed in ANSYS 14.5.
 This following section illustrates the method used in the
CFD simulations in this particular study.
 STEP A] GEOMETRY OR MODEL FORMATION
 STEP B] MESH GENERATION
 STEP C] MESH CHECKING
 STEP D] SIMULATION SET UP
 STEP E] SOLUTIONS

38. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
 STEP I GEOMETRY OR MODEL FORMATION
 The study focuses on how to calculate the NOx
percentage and the geometry used for the
simulations is therefore only a part of the whole
exhaust gas system
 in order to save computational time.
 The generation of the model by using ANSYS shown
below:-

39. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)

40. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
STEP II
Mesh Generation:

41. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
 STEP 3 CHECK THE MESH:
Various checks on the mesh are applied

METHODS
1. Pressure based
2. 2D Model is used.
3. Gravity is enabling
4. Select Axisymmetric in the 2D Space list

42. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
 MODEL
1. Energy equation is enabled.
2. K-Epsilon turbulence model used.
3. Non-Premixed condition is used.
4. P-1 radiation model is used, since it is quicker to
run. However DO radiation model can
be used for more accurate results in typical models.
5. Finite rate / eddy dissipation in turbulence
chemistry. Interactions are used for species
model.

43. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
 STEP 4
 SIMULATION SET UP
Boundary conditions
1. Mass Flow Air inlet: - Mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s,
2. Mass flow Fuel inlet – 0.05 kg/ s of Mixture

MATERIAL
1. Diesel + Methanol- In Present study we have used five
different type of blends and analyze
by CFD tools on the basis of temperature , velocity ,
pressure and emissions like Cox and NOx

44. CFD METHOD APPLIED (CONT………)
 STEP 5 SOLUTIONS
Method
1. Coupled
2. Presto model is used:-
SOLUTION INITIALISATION: - The solution is
initialized
RUN CALCULATION: - Start the calculation for 2000
iterations.

45. RESULTS

46. RESULTS cont….

47. RESULTS cont….

48. RESULTS cont….

49. RESULTS cont….

50. RESULTS cont….

51. RESULTS cont….

52. RESULTS cont….

53. RESULTS cont….

54. RESULTS cont….

55. RESULTS cont….

56. RESULTS cont….

57. RESULTS cont….

58. RESULTS cont….

59. RESULTS cont….

60. RESULTS cont….

61. RESULTS cont….

62. RESULTS cont….

63. RESULTS cont….

64. conclusion
 In present study we investigate the Dual fuel
system (Diesel + Methanol) with non premixed
model
 Comparison of the resuts like temperature
,velocity and mass fraction of the pollutant
emissions
 Simulation results shows in table no. 1 that
temperature is increasing with increase in
percentages of alternate fuels

65. Conclusion cont……….
 Simulation results in Table no. 2 are clearly shows that
mass fraction of NO, NO2 and N2O is decreasing as we
increasing the percentages of methanol.
 In current work we are taking Methanol as a Alternate
fuel which is cheaper in cost and easily available as
compare to the conventional fuels.

66. REFERENCES
 CFD-3D analysis of a light duty Dual Fuel (Diesel/Natural Gas) combustion engine
Enrico Mattarellia, Carlo Alberto Rinaldinia*, Valeri I. Golovitchev
 Effect of Methanol Addition to Diesel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI
Engine
Ambarish Datta1, Suhail Dutta2, Bijan Kumar Mandal3
 Effect of fuel injection timing and pressure on combustion ,emissions and performance
characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine ---Avinash kumar agarwal, dhananjay kumar
shrivastav, atul dhar , rakesh kumar maurya , Pravesh chandra shukla, akhilendra pratap singh
 M.SrinivasnaikAlcohols as Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines:A REVIEWI
international Journal for Research in Applied Science & EngineeringTechnology
(IJRASET) Volume 3 Issue VI, June 2015 IC Value: 13.98 ISSN: 2321-9653
 P. BaskarEffects of oxygen enriched combustion on pollution and performance
characteristics of a diesel engineEngineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 19
(2016) 438–443
 Computational methods in engineering applications -- Syed fahad anwar
 Computational fluid mechanics ---Dr KM singh IIT roorkee –NPTEL
 Ujjwal K saha QIP CD cell project IIT Gauwahati
ONLINE RESOURCES
 www.nptel.com
www.cfdonline.com
www.researchgate.com

67. THANK YOU