The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Emission Control Using Methanol, Ethanol And Butanol In Diesel Engine: A Comp...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethano...ijtsrd
This study investigates the effect of a mixture of ethanol and gasoline in a four cylinder cycle spark ignition OHV engine in a cylinder fitted with a generator. The simulation is performed in professional engine simulation software from AVL Austria designated as BOOST. AVL BOOST is used as a computational thermodynamic simulation tool to analyze performance and emission characteristics for individual mixtures of ethanol and gasoline 0 , 10 , and 30 of ethanol by volume . . Studies are performed for 40 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , 90 , 100 load conditions for constant engine speed. The results were compared to pure gasoline. This showed that as ethanol content increases, power and torque decrease. Fuel consumption increases with an increase in ethanol percentage. CO emissions decrease with an increase in ethanol percentage while HC emissions decrease at higher percentage loads. NOX emissions increase with increase in ethanol percentage. Shiekh Kashif Mehraj | Er. Arashdeep Singh "Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethanol Gasoline Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29659.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29659/simulation-study-on-single-cylinder-spark-ignition-engine-with-varying-ethanol-gasoline-blends/shiekh-kashif-mehraj
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Emission Control Using Methanol, Ethanol And Butanol In Diesel Engine: A Comp...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethano...ijtsrd
This study investigates the effect of a mixture of ethanol and gasoline in a four cylinder cycle spark ignition OHV engine in a cylinder fitted with a generator. The simulation is performed in professional engine simulation software from AVL Austria designated as BOOST. AVL BOOST is used as a computational thermodynamic simulation tool to analyze performance and emission characteristics for individual mixtures of ethanol and gasoline 0 , 10 , and 30 of ethanol by volume . . Studies are performed for 40 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , 90 , 100 load conditions for constant engine speed. The results were compared to pure gasoline. This showed that as ethanol content increases, power and torque decrease. Fuel consumption increases with an increase in ethanol percentage. CO emissions decrease with an increase in ethanol percentage while HC emissions decrease at higher percentage loads. NOX emissions increase with increase in ethanol percentage. Shiekh Kashif Mehraj | Er. Arashdeep Singh "Simulation Study on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Varying Ethanol Gasoline Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29659.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29659/simulation-study-on-single-cylinder-spark-ignition-engine-with-varying-ethanol-gasoline-blends/shiekh-kashif-mehraj
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
Testing of the gasoline ethanol blends in carburetor type spark ignition engineIAEME Publication
This paper presents an analysis of carburetor type spark ignition (SI) engine using gasolineethanol blends. The most captivating properties of ethanol as a SI engine fuel are that it can be produced from renewable energy sources such as agricultural feedstock and has high octane number (108) and flame speed.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...Barhm Mohamad
Adding of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to epoxy resin has shown
promising results in improving fracture toughness in bulk epoxy and carbon fiber-reinforced
epoxy composites (CFRP). using a hand layup proceeding followed by the so called vacuum
bagging process method, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer multi-wall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) was added to an epoxy resin with a weight percentage mixing of 1% wt., 1.25% wt.,
and 1.5 % wt. MWCNTs. Furthermore, the specimen underwent analysis via Fourier-Transform
Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, the composites were
subjected to a microscopic examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR and
XRD verified the folding and unfolding of the polymer, in addition, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength, bending stress, and impact behavior were investigated as well as the
hardness test. The obtained results showed a significant improvement of about (40 %) in tensile
strength, (53 %) in bending stress at 1 % wt. MWCNTs, and (70 %) percentage increment in the
strength of Impact at 1.25 % wt. MWCNTs. And the gained hardness was about 40.5 HV which
were compared with a reference substance named Carbon Fiber (CF) without any addition of nano
materials. Carbon nanotubes have demonstrated their potential to enhance the mechanical
properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, so this investigative study employs comprehensive
characterization techniques, and demonstrates significant improvements in mechanical properties
for the modified polymeric composite materials supported with nano materials.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
A review of aerodynamic analysis of commercial automotive-materials and methodsBarhm Mohamad
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
Book of Abstracts from 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in...Barhm Mohamad
The 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ISCAME, November 9-10, 2023, Debrecen, Hungary) was organized by the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen) and the Working Commission of Mechanical Engineering (Specialized Committee in Engineering, Regional Committee in Debrecen, Hungarian Academy of Sciences). The main goal of ISCAME is to yearly bring together engineers, scientists, researchers, practitioners from academia and industry to present their original works and share experiences regarding all aspects of mechanical engineering sciences.
A REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE-MATERIALS AND METHODS Barhm Mohamad
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
An Experimental Artificial Neural Network Model: Investigating and Predicting...Barhm Mohamad
The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy. The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. A proposed numerical model for predicting the correlation of mechanical properties was supplemented with experimental data. The quenching process was conducted using a cooling medium called “nanofluids”. Nanoparticles were dissolved in a liquid phase at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 % vf) to prepare the nanofluids. Experimental investigations were done to assess the impact of temperature, base fluid, volume fraction, and soaking time on the mechanical properties. The outcomes showed that all conditions led to a noticeable improvement in the alloy's hardness which reached 100%, the grain size was refined about 80%, and unwanted residual stresses were removed from 50 to 150 MPa. Adding 5% of CuO nanoparticles to oil led to the best grain size refinement, while adding 2.5% of Al2O3 nanoparticles to engine oil resulted in the greatest compressive residual stress. The experimental variables were used as the input data for the established numerical ANN model, and the mechanical properties were the output. Upwards of 99% of the training network's correlations seemed to be positive. The estimated result, nevertheless, matched the experimental dataset exactly. Thus, the ANN model is an effective tool for reflecting the effects of quenching conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI 1035.
Experimental study of nano-composite materials on vibration responsesBarhm Mohamad
This paper present of experimental and numerical study of nano Al2O3 cantilever beam for forced vibration, addressing an unexplored area in the existing literature. The proposed nano composite cantilever beam is modeled with hole and crack. The study is based on history loading calculation and composite morphology a global parameter, the transverse crack in nano composite cantilever beam was studied and analyzed experimentally using a four-channel dynamic signal acquisition (NI 9234) module for making high-accuracy measurements and its ideal for vibration applications. The relationship between the dispersion and interaction of the alumina nanoparticles within the cantilever beam and morphology of the solid, hole and crack composite has been identified. Furthermore, the influence of particles Al2O3 at different concentrations (0%, 1%, 3% and 4%) have been studied respectively. Supporting results proved that the crack and hole depth increases with increases of history loading. Nanoparticles dispersed within the specimen can increase energy dissipation during vibration, leading to improved damping characteristics. For future work, it is recommended to utilize statistical frequency domain input, such as Power Spectral Density (PSD), for assessing the structural response instead of employing time history loading.
Entropy generation and heat transfer rate for MHD forced convection of nanoli...Barhm Mohamad
In this paper, magnetohydrodynamic laminar forced convection of nanoliquid in a rectangular channel with an extended surface, top moving wall and three cylindrical blocks is numerically studied. The Lattice Boltzmann method is used for the resolution of the governing equations. Validity of the numerical home elaborated FORTRAN code was made and good agreement was found with published results. It is interspersed in this work by the effects of the following parameters: Reynolds number (50≤Re≤200), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤50), nanoparticles volume fraction (0≤φ≤4%) and Eckert number (0.25≤Ec≤1). The numerical solution shows that the local and average Nusselt numbers ameliorate when the value of Reynolds number, Eckert number, and the nanoparticles volume fraction are enhanced. But decreases when the Hartmann number is increased. The impacts of viscous dissipation on heat transfer rate and entropy generation are more noticeable in the presence of a magnetic field. The addition of 4% of nanoparticles enhances the local Nusselt number by about 7%.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...Barhm Mohamad
Composites with fiber reinforcement are often a popular lightweight option. Due to their unique qualities, fiber-reinforced composites are the best alternative to traditional materials. Mechanical parameters of a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (CFRE) composite reinforced with date seed granulated powder (DSGP) were examined at the room temperature. The mechanical qualities included tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Enhanced mechanical properties were noticed compared to carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite produced using the hand lay-up method and vacuum bag. The DSGP-reinforced CFRE with weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% were considered. The test results revealed the maximum values of breaking force, maximum bending force, energy absorption capacity, and hardness number for 15%, 35%, 25%, 25% Wt DSGP samples. The results show that the optimal composition for carbon fiber reinforced epoxy with date seed granules is in the range from 15% to 25% wt. GDS. This study reveals that carbon fiber-date seed-reinforced composites are excellent substitutes for carbon fiber composites since they offer better mechanical properties at a lower cost.
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of flat plate solar collector using T...Barhm Mohamad
Solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits attract academics. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the thermal efficiency, exergy, and entropy of solar collectors were calculated. The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors, fluid transfer tubes, and aluminum heat-absorbing plates. Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss. A 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer. Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday, reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid. With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s, thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid. Filtered water provided 380W and 395W of energy in March and April, while the nanofluid increased it to 395W and 415W during these months. Mass flow generated energy, and the Reynolds number raised entropy. The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50-55%, compared to 30% for water. At noon, the broken exergy measured 877.53 Watts for the nanofluid and 880.12 Watts for water. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.
MODELLING AND TESTING OF ADVANCED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR RA...Barhm Mohamad
In this research, it hasibeen shownithat the gas flow iniintake system effects on the FS
engineiperformance and acousticibehaviour. The proposedicalculationimethodsiare tested
numericallyiand byimeasurements. The team fromiUniversity of Miskolc improvedithe
car’s air intakeisystem usingi1D-AVL Boostiwithinithe parametric Fireisoftware
Workbenchienvironment. FS regulationsilimit the minimumidiameter of the restrictor to
20 mm, whichiregulatesithe maximumiintake mass flowirate. The plenum, downstreamiof
theirestrictor, directly influencesithe amount of freshiair reaching theicylinders. A plenum
that isitooilargeicausesithe motorito reactitoo slowlyito the acceleratoriand, in combination
withishortisuctionipipes, triggersithe engine to developisufficientitorqueionly atihigh
rotationispeeds. A too small plenumibehaves oppositely. Usingithe equationifor the intake
runnerilength, the lengthiof the idealirunner was determinedito be approximatelyi 250 mm
andiwith aidiameteriof 32 mm. Hence,idesign II of FormulaiStudent Racingi is aibetteri
choice.
Several calculation techniques were done to calculate transmission loss in different cases
for the muffler, white planewaveipropagationiwas applied from generator using two-load
method for transmission loss result validation of muffler. Theseican beiconsideredias an
accurateicheckiof theianalysisicarried out in thisiwork. It is worthipointingioutithatithis
workimayialso serve as aibenchmarkisolutioniforiapproximateiand numericalitechniques
used foridealing withihybrid muffleriproblems.
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECUBarhm Mohamad
Electronic fuel injection (EFI) is a complex system comprising many parts, both mechanical and electronic, controlling an internal combustion engine. It carries out many different tasks. In motorsport, the most important thing to achieve is power optimisation. High power and engine responsiveness are often desired to gain a competitive edge. Usually, motorsport enthusiast will upgrade their stock vehicle with aftermarket components, such as higher rating turbo, longer duration camshafts, and exhaust system. These are difficult to carry out, time-consuming, and expensive tasks compared to the ECU calibration method. In Vietnam, most customers who want to change their vehicle's performance choose the Remap method on Factory ECU. By using the vehicle performance regulation method with a piggyback ECU, it is easier for the user to adjust the power than by the popular Remap method, the advantages being, for example, low cost and easy installation. Currently, there are very few documents describing and evaluating the effectiveness of a piggyback ECU installed in a vehicle. So, in this paper, an experimental reconstruction of an electronic fuel injection system with a piggyback ECU was performed, then the control algorithms of the electronic fuel injection system were simulated in LabVIEW, and the results were compared with the experiment, based on the simulation model of the control algorithm of the EFI system with many modes with different engine loads and speeds. The simulation results are used to evaluate the algorithm for the piggyback ECU.
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Na...Barhm Mohamad
To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance, including the total heat transfer, the effect of friction factor, the average Nusselt number, and the thermal efficiency, the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles suspended in water has been conducted numerically. The governing equations were solved using finite volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021. The nanoparticles volume fractions adopted are 0.2% and 0.35% that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400 Reynolds numbers range. The increasing of temperature is approximately 13% from the bottom to the top of heat exchanger, while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%, 19% for volume fractions 0.2% and 0.35% respectively. The elevated values of the friction factor at the volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% are 0.25% and 0.47% respectively. The findings demonstrate that the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt number.
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...Barhm Mohamad
In this paper, the rate of heat transfer by forced convection in a counterflow heat exchanger, at turbulent flow conditions were investigated experimentally, using
porous media and TiO2 Nanofluid to observe the behaviour of heat transfer with flow rate and volume concentration of nanoparticles t enhance heat transfer through it. 3
mm Steel balls (ε=39.12%) as a porous media completely filled to the inner pipe (core
pipe). The cold and hot water are used as working fluids through the inner and outer
pipes. Then using, the TiO2 nanofluid instead of cold water flowing through the porous
pipe to enhance heat characteristics. The effects of operating parameters include flow rate (4 LPM, 6 LPM, and 8 LPM), Reynolds number between (3000 – 7000), and
nanoparticle volume fraction (0.001, 0.002 and 0.003) on Convective heat transfer co-
efficient and Nusselt number. Effective thermal conductivity is increased when the
nanoparticle volume fraction is increased. The heat transfer coefficient increases with
decreasing nanofluid temperature, but the heating fluid's temperature has no
significant effect on the nanofluid's heat transfer coefficient. The results show that
porous media and TiO2-based nanofluid's improve heat transfer at flow rate of 4 LPM
by 35.4% and improve NTU and effectiveness at flow rate of 4LPM by 12.4%, and 24%,
respectively, when compared to pure water without porous media. This improvement
in thermophysical properties yielded high heat transfer of heat exchangers used in
process industries.
In many cases, the drying of mater
ials is the fina l operation i n manufac turing process
carried out immediately prior to pack ag ing and dispatch . Drying refer s to final
removal o f water, and the operation follow s e vapo ration , filtration or crystallization .
Gas absorption in packed tower with Raschig rings packingsBarhm Mohamad
Gas absorption is mass transfer operation where one or more species is removed from
a gaseous stream by dissoluti on in a l iquid. Packed tower with Raschig Rings
packings is used in the experiment The component that is extracted from the gaseous
stream is known as solute and the component that extracting the solute is known as
solvent. Packed column is one of the com m only use d gas absorption equipment.
Packed column can be operated in co current as well as counter currently.
Counter current flow is preferable since the contact time between the liquid and gas is
greater. This equipment usually consists of a cylindrical column c ontaining a gas inlet
and distributing space at the bottom, a liquid inlet and a packing or filing in the tower.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
Barhm Mohamad1, Gabor Szepesi2, Betti Bollo3
2,3Doctor of Mechanical Engineering
1, 2, 3 Miskolc University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, 3515
Miskolc, Hungary
ABSTRACT
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic
exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs.
The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol)
blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission
characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile
methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold.
However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need
to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by
volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was
selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with
excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting
calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were
conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate
thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the
blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated
emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use
because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP
was selectively matched to that of GF's.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the multiple advantages, such as high specific power, low noise and vibration,
gasoline engine has been widely used as the power source of automobile. In China, about
80% of automobiles take the gasoline engine as power. Owing to the increasing energy
crisis and environment pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction have
become an important development strategy in the world. Therefore, to promote the fuel
economy and emission performance of gasoline engine is not only the requirement of
energy conservation and emission reduction, but also the demand for the survival of
traditional gasoline engine [6]. Only by continuously improving the combustion and
MultiScience - XXXI. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference
University of Miskolc, Hungary, 20-21 April 2017
ISBN 978-963-358-132-2
DOI: 10.26649/musci.2017.065
2. emission performance of gasoline engine, that allowed to study and Identify the noise
and vibrations occur from combustion process during change of exhaust gas behavior so
that the traditional gasoline engine continue to hold the leading position in the future
transportation. Environmentally friendly alternative or renewable fuels are taking the
center stage globally in the search for greener combustible fuels for use in internal
combustion engines [8].
Some of the chemical and physical properties of methanol, ethanol and gasoline are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Properties of methanol, ethanol and gasoline fuel. [1, 3]
Methanol Ethanol Gasoline
Molecular formula CH3OH C2H5OH -
Oxygen content
(%)
50 46 95–120
Density kg/m3 792 785 740
LHV MJ/kg 20 26.9 44.3
Octane number 111 108 >90
Auto-ignition
temp.(°C)
465 425 228–470
Stoichiometric A/F
(λ) ratio[kg/kg]
6.47 9.0 14.8
Latent heat kJ/kg 1103 840 305
Vapor pressure at
23.5 °C (kPa)
3.2 - 60–90
Blends in this study, the performance and combustion characteristics and regulated
emissions, for methanol gasoline blend designated as M35g65 (35% methanol and 65%
GF by volume (v/v)), The simulation results were evaluated by comparison with field
data collected from other experimental and mathematically evaluated [1, 7]. The other
blends tested were: E40g60 (40% ethanol and 60% GF by volume).
2. MATHMATICAL MODEL
The parameters are taken from literatures experiments were performed using each single
alcohol–gasoline blends in turn at steady state (see Table 2). The multi-cylinder engine
was operated with pure gasoline, M35g65 and E40g60 to investigate the combustion and
exhaust emission characteristics. The speed was set to 2000 RPM as it represents the
operating condition for the average pulse width of fuel–mass injected for this engine
within the range 2000 RPM. The dependent variables included: in-cylinder pressure, heat
release rate (HRR) and emissions of NOx, UHC, CO, and CO2.
3. The gasoline – alcohol blends was selectedby a formula proposed by [2] to satisfy the
vapor pressure requirement for automotive fuels as follows:
𝐶𝑖 = (
𝑃 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒−𝑃𝑗( 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡)
𝑃𝑖( 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡)−𝑃𝑗( 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡)
) . 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡 (1)
Where,
Ci :volume fraction (v/v) % of the alcohol i,
Ctot : the total alcohol volume fraction (v/v) %,
Pgasoline : the vapor pressure of the base gasoline,
Pi(Ctot) : VP of the single alcohol i at Ctot,
Pj(Ctot) : VP of the single alcohol j at Ctot,
i and j : alcohol components i and j.
The volume of the solution depends on its composition, it is convenient to discuss
volumetric effects of Gasoline - Alcohol mixtures in terms of partial molar volume.
The partial molar volume, Vi, is defined as follows:
𝑉𝑖 = (
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑛 𝑖
)T, p, nj (2)
The equation above provided by Pecar & Dolecek can be stated by saying that Vi is the
change in total volume per mole of “i” added, when some amount of “i” is added to the
mixture at constant temperature, pressure and amount of other substances. Using partial
molar volumes, the total volume of a solution can be given by the following equation:
VT = V1n1 + V2n2 +…+ VNnN (3)
𝑉 𝑇 = (
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑛₁
)T, p, nj ∗ 𝑛1
+ (
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑛2
)T, P,nj*n₂+……+(
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑛 𝑁
)T, p, nj * 𝑛 𝑁 (4)
The total volume of the solution can be discovered by determining the partial molar
volumes of ethanol and gasoline, as well as the mass fractions of the mixture.
3. COMBUSTION SIMULATION
The BOOST program package consists of an interactive pre-processor which assists with
the preparation of the input data for the main calculation program. Results analysis is
supported by an interactive post-processor. The pre-processing tool of the AVL
Workspace Graphical User Interface features a model editor and a guided input of the
required data.
4. Table 3
Engine specification and parameters.
Engine type Four Stroke/ Spark Ignition Engine
Model GTE 0.5L
Bore [mm] 86
Stroke [mm] 86
Connecting rod [mm] 143.5
Compression ratio [–] 1:10.5
Number of cylinders 4
Number of valves 8
Fuel type Petrol-P
Fuel aspiration Naturally aspirated
Fuel delivery Multi-point injection
Fig.1
Engine structure and parts connection
4. RESULTS
It should be noted that in accordance with the literature data [2, 9, and 10] and calculation
in the software package, Ethanol-Gasoline blend was identified to have the potential of
generating a more appropriate atomization for internal combustion faster diffusion
velocity which enhanced local homogeneity. In comparison to the Methanol-Gasoline
blend due to a higher vapor pressure at high temperature conditions.
8. 5. CONCLUSION
Fig.2,3,4 shows the simulation results. According to these results can see that the
ethanol-gasoline blend has a higher laminar flame propagation speed, which may make
combustion process finish earlier and thus may improve engine thermal efficiency. The
NOx emissions were decreased with ethanol blending due to the lower peak of in-
cylinder temperature by the combustion retardation. The LHVs of methanol and ethanol
are significantly lower than that of gasoline [12, 13]. However, the alcohol fuels show
higher octane numbers, which is favorable to achieve higher thermal efficiency. Studies
on the fuel consumption behavior between increased compression ratio and octane
number fuel, showed that an octane number increment of approximately 4–6 [11]. The
cooling effect itself can also contribute to increased knock tolerance and volumetric
efficiency. The vapor pressure of gasoline is higher and the boiling point is lower than
those of ethanol between the temperature ranges of 300–410 K. Therefore, engine
stability and emission problems under cold-start condition need to be taken care of when
implementing ethanol fuel. Combustion noise is generated due to pressure oscillations
created inside the combustion chamber due to sudden heat release because of combustion
of fuel. These pulses generate vibrations in the chamber walls, which radiate outwards
as combustion noise. Provides a comparison of this noise for different test fuels. It is
seen from this figure [Fig. 2b, 3b, 4b] that the noise generated by engine.
REFERENCES
[1] L. Siwale, L.Kristóf, et al. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics
of N-Butanol Additive in Methanol-Gasoline Blend Fired in a Naturally-Aspirated
Spark Ignition Engine.” Fuel Processing Technology 118. Elsevier.2013.10.007.
[2] V.F. Andersen, et al., Vapor pressures of alcohol–gasoline blends, Energy & Fuels
24 (6) (2010) 3647–3654.
[3] R.C. Shanghua, R.C. Clemente, et al., Study of spark ignition engine fueled with
methanol/gasoline fuel blends, Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 1904–1910.
[4] V. Ganesan, Computer simulation of spark ignition engine processes, University
Press, (1996) 7371-0155.
[5] S. McAllister, J.Y. Chen, A.C. Fernandez-Pello, Fundamentals of combustion
processes, Springer, Berkeley CA, USA, 2011.
[6] A.N. Ozsezen, M. Canakci, Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–
gasoline blends at wide-open throttle, Energy 36 (5) (2011) 2747–2752.
[7] M. Eyidogan, et al., Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and
combustion characteristics of an SI engine, Fuel 89 (10) (2010) 2713–2720.
9. [8] W.-D. Hsieh, et al., Engine performance and pollutant emissionof an SI engine using
ethanol–gasoline blended fuels, Atmospheric Environment 36 (3) (2002) 403–410.
[9] R.-H. Chen, et al., Gasoline displacement and NOx reduction in an SI engine by
aqueous alcohol injection, Fuel 89 (3) (2010) 604–610.
[10] A.M. Liaquat, et al., Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using
biofuel in developing countries, Atmospheric Environment 44 (32) (2010) 3869–
3877.
[11] C. Srinivasan, C.G. Saravanan, Study of combustion characteristics of an SI engine
fuelled with ethanol and oxygenated fuel additives, Journal of Sustainable Energy
and Environment 1 (2010) 85–91.
[12] Stephen R. Turns, An introduction to combustion concepts and applications, 3th
edition, McGraw - Hill, India (2012).
[13] V. Ganesan, Internal combustion engines, 3th edition, McGraw - Hill, India (2011).