This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
Bio-diesel is one of the most promising alternatives for diesel needs. Use of edible oils may
create shortage of oil for daily food. This required identification of new kinds of non-edible vegetable oil.
With this objective, the present work has focused on the performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of diesel engine using simarouba oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the
blends of varying proportions of simarouba biodiesel with diesel (S20, S40, S60, S80 & S100) were
prepared, analyzed, and compared the performance, combustion and exhaust emission with diesel using
5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics
of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the
performance of S20 blend of simarouba oil gives result, that is near to the diesel and also found that the
emission CO, HC, & NOX of this blend is less than the diesel.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
Experimental study on emission analysis of oxygenated fuels dimethyl carbonat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The biggest challenge in front of energy scientists is to find the alternative to diesel engine fuel due to depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution, which is increasing alarmingly. Oxygenated fuel is one of the viable solutions to the global environmental changes. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Dibutyl Maleate (DBM) are two hopeful fuel additives to reduce emission in diesel engine, due to their high oxygen content, 53.3 and 28 % respectively. This paper presents an experimental study of their effects on the emission characteristics of a diesel engine. DMC and DBM was used with diesel in different blends for all load ranges of the engine viz. at no load, 25%, 50% and 75% of full load and at full load. All tests were conducted at steady state and were set at constant engine speed 1500 RPM. The smoke content reduces by 35% at full load conditions using DMC20 blend, the oxygen content in the emission increases by 39% with DBM15, the decrease in the % of unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is respectively 19 and 21. The blends of diesel with 15% DMC and DBM by volume is the best fraction for reduction of smoke and CO emissions without much affecting the performance of the engine. On the basis of the results obtained, these additives are effective method for reducing the emission of diesel engine. Keywords- Dimethyl carbonate; Dibutyl Maleate; Oxygenated fuel, Diesel engine; Engine emission; Exhaust smoke
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
Bio-diesel is one of the most promising alternatives for diesel needs. Use of edible oils may
create shortage of oil for daily food. This required identification of new kinds of non-edible vegetable oil.
With this objective, the present work has focused on the performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of diesel engine using simarouba oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the
blends of varying proportions of simarouba biodiesel with diesel (S20, S40, S60, S80 & S100) were
prepared, analyzed, and compared the performance, combustion and exhaust emission with diesel using
5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics
of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the
performance of S20 blend of simarouba oil gives result, that is near to the diesel and also found that the
emission CO, HC, & NOX of this blend is less than the diesel.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
Experimental study on emission analysis of oxygenated fuels dimethyl carbonat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The biggest challenge in front of energy scientists is to find the alternative to diesel engine fuel due to depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution, which is increasing alarmingly. Oxygenated fuel is one of the viable solutions to the global environmental changes. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Dibutyl Maleate (DBM) are two hopeful fuel additives to reduce emission in diesel engine, due to their high oxygen content, 53.3 and 28 % respectively. This paper presents an experimental study of their effects on the emission characteristics of a diesel engine. DMC and DBM was used with diesel in different blends for all load ranges of the engine viz. at no load, 25%, 50% and 75% of full load and at full load. All tests were conducted at steady state and were set at constant engine speed 1500 RPM. The smoke content reduces by 35% at full load conditions using DMC20 blend, the oxygen content in the emission increases by 39% with DBM15, the decrease in the % of unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is respectively 19 and 21. The blends of diesel with 15% DMC and DBM by volume is the best fraction for reduction of smoke and CO emissions without much affecting the performance of the engine. On the basis of the results obtained, these additives are effective method for reducing the emission of diesel engine. Keywords- Dimethyl carbonate; Dibutyl Maleate; Oxygenated fuel, Diesel engine; Engine emission; Exhaust smoke
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Engine Performance and Emission Test of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil, Methanol...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: In this study, diesel fuel, Methanol and Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil with an addition of cetane additive blends were tested in a four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine. The objective of adding Cetane Additive is to improve the combustion of blended fuel and have better performance characteristics for the blend. The Cetane additive addition is as recommended by TOTAL AC2010A. The 1ml cetane additive is added to 1000ml of blended fuel. The main objective of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a diesel engine which uses waste plastic pyrolysis oil in alternation of an ordinary diesel which are available in the market. Four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was used in this study to find out the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions with the fuel of fraction methanol and Waste plastic pyrolysis oil in diesel. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel at certain mixing ratio of 5:5:90, 10:10:80 and 15:15:70 of methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil to diesel respectively. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles
1. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 1
Vegetable oils as diesel fuels for rebuilt vehicles
1
Kleinová A., 2Vailing I., 3Franta R., 3Mikulec J., 1Cvengroš J.
1
Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9,
812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic,
e-mail: andrea.kleinova@stuba.sk; jan.cvengros@stuba.sk
2
RASOL, Nitra, Slovak Republic, e-mail: info@rasol.sk
3
Slovnaft VÚRUP, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,
e-mail: jozef.mikulec@vurup.sk; franta.robert@vurup.sk
Abstract
Vegetable oils and animal fats are applicable as fuels in standard diesel engines after
having adapted the fuel system for electronically controlled dual fuel (oil/fat – fossil diesel)
regime. In this study, performance and emission characteristics of the engine running on
rapeseed oil or chicken fat are given and compared to those of fossil diesel. The results of
engine tests of these fuels show a decrease in maximum power and maximum torque in
comparison with fossil diesel. When compared to fossil diesel, the opacity of vegetable oil or
animal fat based fuels is lower for an engine with higher injection pressures. The level of both
controlled and uncontrolled emissions is low for all tested biofuels and it is low also for the
reference fossil diesel. The results of performance and emission tests for rapeseed oil
containing 3 and 6 vol. % of anhydrous ethanol are comparable to those obtained for pure oil.
Key words: Vegetable oils, animal fats, bioethanol, alternative fuels, diesel engine, dual fuel
operation
1 Introduction
Pure plant oils and also animal fats (PPO) represent promising alternative in the field of
biofuels [1], they are renewable and environmentally friendly. Utilization of this group of
natural products leads to further diversification of liquid fuel resources for transport, in
a simple and easily accessible form [1–4].
PPO are non-toxic incombustible liquids with the flash point above 170 °C, i.e. with
minimum risk for storage, handling or transport. Their cetane number is relatively low,
ranging from 39 to 44. When PPO are used as fuels for diesel engines, some qualitative
parameters must be fulfilled and also the vehicle fuel systems must be appropriately adapted
2. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 2
for this kind of fuel. The qualitative requirements for PPO are defined in the DIN V 51605
standard [5]. The content of free fatty acids, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium need to be
monitored. For trouble-free engine run, these parameters should reach the lowest possible
levels. Their increased values indicate the necessity of appropriate PPO treatment before
using as fuel [6].
The main drawback of PPO for direct utilization as fuel in conventional diesel engines is
related to their high viscosity [7, 8] which causes incomplete fuel atomization, formation of
carbon deposits on injectors, piston ring sticking, engine oil deterioration, etc. [9, 10]. Despite
these problems, literature data [11–18] show that PPO are applicable for conventional diesel
engines without their adaptation. Moreover, some benefits appear: reduced PAH emissions,
reduced opacity [19] and lower NOx values [20–22].
There are several approaches to solve the viscosity problem in an effective and simple
way, such as blending, microemulsions, transesterification, and cracking [10, 22–26]. Various
mixtures of PPO and conventional diesel fuel (DF) with a low (5–30 %) [16, 18, 19] and high
share (up to 75 %) of PPO [17, 22] are discussed. Heating of PPO before its input into fuel
injection system [27–31] also leads to viscosity decrease. Temperatures about 70 °C [31], 100
°C [27], but even 150 °C [32] are mentioned. These approaches cause low emission, reduced
opacity and positive performance. Alcohols-PPO blend represents other way of fuel viscosity
decrease [20, 33, 34]. A low-viscosity solvent decreases significantly the mixture viscosity
and opacity when compared to run on pure oil.
Dual fuel operation of engines represents a new approach in the use of PPO [35–37]. Here,
electronically controlled dual fuel (DF-PPO) system is built and PPO is pre-heated to reduce
its viscosity. Without any engine adjustments, the vehicle fuel system contains a fuel pre-
heater and the dual fuel tank. System allows switching over between DF and PPO, both
controlled by a microcomputer. The engine is started and runs on DF for the first few minutes
while the PPO is heated. The engine is then switched over to the second tank and runs on
PPO. At the end of operation, the engine runs again on DF. The optimal operation on
individual fuel is ensured by an automatic control system [38]. Literature related to tests
performed using animal fats as fuel in diesel engines with modified fuel system is scarce.
Nowadays, there is an extensive know-how for optimized adjustment of standard vehicles
with the diesel engine running on PPO. It is estimated that in Germany, there is about 60 000
vehicles adjusted in such way (situation in 2006). The fuel consumption of these vehicles
approaches 300 000–400 000 t/y rapeseed oil, i.e. about 0.5 % of the liquid fuel consumption
3. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 3
in Germany. Demand for this fuel is considerable [39], in the next years a yearly increase by
10 % is anticipated.
Although ethanol (EtOH) does not belong to typical and optimal components of diesel
engine fuel, there are tendencies to exploit it as a component of diesel fuels [40, 41], in spite
of its negative properties, such as low cetane number, decreased flash point, worsened
lubricity, low energy content. However, addition of EtOH to PPO can improve its low-
temperature flow properties. The results in [40, 41] show that addition of EtOH to DF up to 5
vol. % does not lead to substantial worsening of the fuel performance properties, with
exception of flash point. Therefore, we decided to pay attention to test EtOH as a part of
blended fuel.
In this work, we studied the performance and emission characteristics of standard engines
with unit injection system in vehicle with adapted fuel system running on PPO as main fuel.
Obtained results were compared with those of the same engine running on DF. Tests were
performed also using animal fat. A further objective lies in analogous investigation using the
mentioned engine running on the blended fuel consisting of PPO and anhydrous EtOH.
2 Experimental part
2.1 Testing vehicle
To provide all performance and emission tests, a passenger car VW Touareg R5 2.5 UI
(Unit Injection System), year of production 2007, was chosen. Basic characteristics of the
used all-wheel drive car are given in Tab. 1. Testing vehicle was equipped with a RASOL
[38] system for dual fuel regime and all the necessities, too.
Tab. 1 Characteristics of testing engine
Type of engine 2.5 UI
Cylinder number 5
Bore (mm)×Stroke (mm) 81×95.5
Volume (L) 2.5
Compression ratio 19.5:1
Maximal power output (kW/rev) 128/3500
Maximal torque (N m/rev) 400/2000
Injection pressure (bar) 2050
Vehicle weight (t) 2.4
2.2 Tested fuels – characteristics and preparation
The reference fuel, DF, was provided by Slovnaft Bratislava. Parameters of DF are given
in Tab. 2. Low-temperature properties of the used diesel fuels were modified by commercial
additives, detergent (200 ppm) and depressant (300 ppm).
4. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 4
The properties of the used alternative fuels are summarized in Tab. 3. Rapeseed oil (RO)
was cold pressed, subsequently adsorbed by clay, filtered through a filter press and re-filtered
through a 1 μm filter. Its acid value (AV) was 1.7 mg KOH/g. To prepare blends of PPO with
EtOH, anhydrous denaturated EtOH (Slovnaft VÚRUP Bratislava) containing less than 1000
ppm water was used. Chicken fat (CF) with AV = 4.0 mg KOH/g was supplied by JAV-AKC
Vlčany. Viscosity/temperature plots for tested fuels are shown in Fig. 1.
Tab. 2 Characteristics of used diesel fuel
Characteristic Unit Value Method
Density at 15 °C kg m-3 832.6 EN 12185
Viscosity at 40 °C mm2 s-1 2.376 EN 3104
Cetane index 50.7 EN 4264
Cetane number 50.6 EN 5165
Water content mg kg-1 26.2 EN 12937
Flash point °C 70 EN 2719
Cloud point °C - EN 23015
Filterability (CFPP) °C -30 EN 116
Lubricity μm 605 EN 12156-1
2.2 Performance and emission tests, fuel consumption measurements
All measurements of performance characteristics were carried out using the chassis
dynamometer MAHA LPS 2000 (MBH Haldenwang/Allgäu, Germany). Emission
measurements were performed with an exhaust gases analyzer MAHA MGT 5 by means of
the emission determination at steady-state regime during idle running and the constant speeds
of 60, 90 or 120 km/h. Diesel engine opacity determination was performed by the method of
free acceleration with a dynamometer AVL DiSmoke 435. Aldehydes and ketones were
determined as described in [42, 43]. Fuel consumption measurements were done by weighting
of tested fuel samples in the regime of engine run in-town and non-city cycles following the
ECE 83 method. The results of individual tests are compiled in the corresponding tables. The
values in the tables represent an average of five measured values.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Viscosity of tested fuels
Objections to the direct use of PPO as fuels for unmodified diesel engines relate mainly to
their higher viscosity in comparison with that of DF. In Fig. 1 temperature dependences of the
used PPO (rapeseed oil and chicken fat) viscosities are shown together with the dependence
for DF. It is obvious that in spite of increased temperature, a substantial decrease in the
viscosities was not achieved and they are still higher than that of DF. According the literature
5. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 5
data, the temperature of PPO about 70 °C is already sufficient for the study of performance
and emission characteristics. Addition of 3 and 6 vol. % of EtOH does not decrease viscosity
of RO significantly when compared to DF. Further increase in temperature induces viscosity
decrease [32]. However, the presence of a volatile component with the boiling point of 78 °C
is limiting factor. Viscosity decrease may be reached also by increasing the EtOH content in
the blend. In general, it is not expected to add more than 7 % of EtOH permitted by
the standard. In separate study of the low-temperature behavior of blended fuel RO–EtOH
containing 3 and 6 % EtOH at –10 °C, a high phase stability was manifested at long-term test
lasting several tens of hours. The system was permanently homogeneous without any
indication of the phase separation.
45
DF
40 RO
RO+3% EtOH
35 RO+6% EtOH
CF
viscosity [mm s ]
-1
30
2
25
20
15
10
5
0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
temperature [°C]
Fig. 1 Viscosity/temperature dependence of tested fuels
3.2 Engine performance tests
The results of performance tests of the investigated fuels using unmodified diesel engine
2.5 UI indicate lower obtained values of peak performance and torque when compared to DF
(Tab. 3), which proved their potential to act as alternative diesel fuel. At the performance
characteristics in the Tab. 4, the different fuel densities are respected. The highest values of
performance and torque were obtained for DF. For the other fuels, the obtained values of the
peak performance are lower by 12–13 %. The decrease in the peak performance is associated
with a decrease in maximum torque. The obtained values of maximum torque are decreased
6. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 6
by 12–14 %. In general, a decrease in the engine performance characteristics is related to
a lower energy content of such fuels due to a higher share of oxygen in TAG molecule (cca 10
%).
The presence of a small share, 3 and 6 vol. %, of EtOH leads to a negligible increase of
oxygen content (by 1–2 %). Based on the measured data (Tab. 3), EtOH has no effect on the
performance characteristics when compared with RO. Lower performance characteristics of
the engine fueled with tested biofuels relate to their lower energy content. At the performance
characteristics in the Tab. 3 the different fuel densities are respected.
Tab. 3 Performance characteristics of tested fuels
RO RO
Fuel DF RO CF
+ 3 % EtOH + 6 % EtOH
Max. output
127 112 110 114 113
(kW)
Max. torque 476 418 410 416 412
(N m)
Reached accelerations were similar for TAG based fuels and DF. Within acceleration tests
in the given speed ranges (Tab. 4), shorter time intervals were measured for the fuels with a
small content of EtOH in spite of unchanged performance characteristics of the engine. The
speed ranges in the Tab. 4 are as follows: 40→80 km/h, 60→100 km/h and 80→120 km/h.
Tab. 4 Accelerations in seconds for tested fuels
RO RO
Fuel DF RO CF
+ 3 % EtOH + 6 % EtOH
40→80 (2nd gear) 5.28 5.48 5.44 5.32 5.12
60→100 (3rd gear) 10.2 10.5 10.4 10.14 9.52
80→120 (4th gear) 21.7 22.5 22.4 20.32 19.52
3.3 Emission tests
Based on the previous study [44], opacities of tested alternative fuels exceed 3.5–4 times
those measured for DF. Higher opacity values are probably related to the presence of a
glycerol moiety in the TAG molecule. Obtained opacity values (Tab. 5) are lower in the case
of engine with higher injection pressures. This is achieved in engines with modern injection
conception, equipped with a common rail (CR) injection or unit injection system UI (pump-
nozzle). Here, the injection pressures reach 2050 bar while in TDI engines [44] these
pressures reach 850 bar only. Such an engine fueled by DF does not need so higher pressures
since low opacity is obtained even at lowered injection pressures. The engines manufactured
after 2000 use almost exclusively these types of injection, where in one cycle several fuel
7. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 7
injections are realized. Higher opacity values can be reduced using in-series produced and
commercially available filters of solid particles. Applying this approach, the opacity reaches
values lower than those permitted by a standard. Measured opacity values (Tab. 5) are the
lowest for CF. The filters for solid particles were not used during the mentioned tests.
Opacities of the engine fueled with the RO containing EtOH are lower than those using
reference DF, however, the differences in the values for pure RO and RO–EtOH blends are
not relevant (Tab. 5).
Tab. 5 Opacities of tested fuels at free acceleration
Opacity
Fuel
(%)
DF 17.0
RO 13.9
CF 11.7
RO + 3 % EtOH 13.8
RO + 6 % EtOH 13.4
The contents of CO, CHx and NOx in exhaust gases are given in the Tab. 6. The content of
CO was very low, practically at determination limit. There are no substantial differences in
CHx content for all tested fuels. Generally, the level of unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust
gases is low. The content of NOx is the lowest in conditions of idling and increases with the
increased speed. Higher content of NOx is usually connected with higher operational
temperatures in the cylinder. In cases of all tested PPO, the content of NOx is lower in
comparison with DF, the differences are decreasing with the speed increase.
Tab. 6 CO, CHx and NOx emissions of tested fuels
DF2 RO CF RO RO
+ 3 % EtOH + 6 % EtOH
Idling 0 0.052 0 0 0
60 km/h 0 0 0 0 0
CO 90 km/h 0 0 0 0 0
120 km/h 0 0 0 0 0
Idling 0 4.8 1.6 11.6 3.6
60 km/h 19.6 15 17.2 22 16.8
CHx 90 km/h 31 25.4 23.8 25.4 26.2
120 km/h 20 20 17.2 20.6 22.6
Idling 44 30.2 27.4 29 9.2
60 km/h 87.6 76.8 116.2 124.6 94
NOx
90 km/h 294.6 302.8 337.2 340.2 285
120 km/h 476.2 472.8 491 475.8 426
8. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 8
In Tab. 6, the values of CO, CHx and NOx emissions of the tested fuels with the small
share of EtOH are also given. The CO content in the exhaust gases was very low. Contents of
CHx and NOx are almost identical for RO containing EtOH as those for DF, the emission
profile is not influenced by EtOH content.
The concentrations of uncontrolled emissions (aldehydes and ketones) are at level of
determination by all tests and the results are not presented in the table form.
3.4 Fuel consumption measurements
Fuel consumption determined within the test cycle ECE 83 was most favorable for DF
(Tab. 7). Consumption of PPO based fuel was higher by 12–16 % than that of DF. The
consumption of fuels containing small amount of EtOH are higher by 14–20 % comparing to
DF and by 2–7 % comparing to pure RO.
Tab. 7 Consumptions of tested fuels according to ECE 83
Fuel consumption
Fuel
(g/cycle ECE 83)
DF 780.5
RO 873
CF 904
RO + 3 % EtOH 889.5
RO + 6 % EtOH 937.0
4 Conclusions
Performance and emission tests of investigated fuels based on natural triacyglycerols of
vegetable and animal origin documented that the parameters of these fuels are comparable to
those of fossil diesel. The presence of ethanol in PPO has no negative impact to the
performance and emission characteristics, with exception of flash point. Operation of a
vehicle fueled with chicken fat was, from technical viewpoint, trouble-free. In this case,
noteworthy results of performance and emission tests, fuel consumption including, were
achieved. A remarkable potential is anticipated in the case of animal fats use for stationary
engines in cogeneration units operation.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract
No.APVV-20-037105.
9. 44th International Petroleum Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, September 21-22, 2009 9
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