The document summarizes the process of aerobic cellular respiration which occurs in the mitochondria. It describes how pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The citric acid cycle generates NADH, FADH2, and ATP. These products then feed into the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed through protein complexes in the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner membrane generating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
Cellular Respiration CR Chapter 8 And 9 version 2.0MrJewett
Energy of Reactions, Cellular Respiration (Gylcolysis, Krebs Cycle, based on Campbell & Reece Biology Chapters 8 & 9
Oxidative Phosphorylation slides added (earlier ones corrected), and Fermentation slides also
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Cellular Respiration CR Chapter 8 And 9 version 2.0MrJewett
Energy of Reactions, Cellular Respiration (Gylcolysis, Krebs Cycle, based on Campbell & Reece Biology Chapters 8 & 9
Oxidative Phosphorylation slides added (earlier ones corrected), and Fermentation slides also
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
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number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechan.pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
number 18 please explain
thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this
reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that
They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen
molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which
ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down
their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP
synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP
molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules
of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum
Solution
Ques-18:
Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced.
Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy
One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol
Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative
posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced
262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of
glucose
The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities
such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s
cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during
enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration.
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated
Two citric acid cycles
Two glycolysis cycles
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+
+ 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen.
Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This
.
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
AnswerThe order of electron movement in the electron transport sy.pdfanurag1231
Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport to generate ATP.
This enzyme complex is “oxidoreductase” type of enzymatic multisubunit transmembrane
protein. The prosthetic groups of this protein are tightly bound non-protein molecules such as
cytochrome B, cytochrome C1, NAD, FAD and other cofactors & these are useful in mediating
catalysis and electron transfer during ATP production
Directions of electron transfer in mitochondria is from NADH---> Complex I --> coenzyme Q --
> complex III ---> cytochrome c ---> Complex IV finally oxygen acceptor.
Proton pump in electron transport chain takes place from Complex I which pumps considerably 4
protons (H+), whereas Complex III pumps nearly 4 protons (H+) finally Complex IV that pumps
out two protons.
Net input in oxidative phosphorylation ----> NADH, ADP, O2, and net output in oxidative
phosphorylation ----------> ATP, NAD+ and Water
Solution
Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for.
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdfaquacare2008
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
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2. If oxygen is available, pyruvic acid can continue through aerobic
respiration inside the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid
(3 Carbon)
Aerobic Pathways Includes
1. Citric Acid Cycle
2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Mitochondrion
3. mitochondria
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cell.
Most ATP are synthesized within mitochondria
Mitochondria consists of two layers
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane – the inner membrane is highly
folded into cristae. Cristae greatly
increase the surface area for the ETC
4. Priming Pyruvic Acid for the Citric Acid Cycle
Before pyruvic acid can enter the CAC it
must first be converted into acetyl CoA
For each pyruvic acid, this reaction produces
1 CO2 molecule
1 NADH molecule
1 Acetyl CoA
pyruvic acid
1 molecule of
CO2 is released
Acetyl CoA is the substrate
for the citric acid cycle.
NAD+
NADH
Coenzyme A
acetyl CoA
6. pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle
Conenzyme A released
Acetyl CoA combines with
oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.
acetyl coA
Citric acid is converted back to
oxaloacetic acid
+
oxaloacetic acid
acetic acid
citric acid
FADH2
Citric Acid Cycle
3 NAD+
FAD
3 NADH
2CO2
ATP
ADP + P
7. Products of the citric acid cycle include:
1 ATP
3 NADH = transports electrons to ETC
1 FADH2 = transports electrons to ETC
2 CO2
8. electron transport chain (ETC)
The ETC is located on the inner membrane of mitochondria
An enzyme called ATP synthase forms ATP by attaching a phosphate to ADP
ATP synthase is powered by the transfer of e- along a chain protein complexes that
form the ETC.
The ETC produces 32-34 ATP per glucose
Oxygen removes electrons from the final complex protein, so it is the final e- acceptor
ETC
9. Electron Transport Chain
1. NADH (and FADH2) transfer
their electrons to the first
complex protein.
2. e- are transported along the
protein complexes of the ETC.
Products of Electron Transport Chain
include 32-34 ATP and Water.
5. The H+ gradient established by the
ETC is used to power ATP Synthase.
3. Energy from the etransfer is used to pump
H+ into the inner
membrane space.
4. Oxygen removes efrom the last complex
protein. Water is formed
in this reaction.
6. ATP Synthase generates new ATP by
adding a phosphate to ADP.
10. catabolism of proteins, fats, & carbohydrates
Lipids & Proteins can also be broken
down and used for ATP synthesis
Most organic molecules are converted
into acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid
cycle as acetyl coA
End of Section 3, Chapter 4
