Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport to generate ATP.
This enzyme complex is “oxidoreductase” type of enzymatic multisubunit transmembrane
protein. The prosthetic groups of this protein are tightly bound non-protein molecules such as
cytochrome B, cytochrome C1, NAD, FAD and other cofactors & these are useful in mediating
catalysis and electron transfer during ATP production
Directions of electron transfer in mitochondria is from NADH---> Complex I --> coenzyme Q --
> complex III ---> cytochrome c ---> Complex IV finally oxygen acceptor.
Proton pump in electron transport chain takes place from Complex I which pumps considerably 4
protons (H+), whereas Complex III pumps nearly 4 protons (H+) finally Complex IV that pumps
out two protons.
Net input in oxidative phosphorylation ----> NADH, ADP, O2, and net output in oxidative
phosphorylation ----------> ATP, NAD+ and Water
Solution
Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for.
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electrons that are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC involves four multi-subunit large enzymes complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane.
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase.
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechan.pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
number 18 please explain
thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this
reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that
They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen
molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which
ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down
their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP
synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP
molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules
of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum
Solution
Ques-18:
Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced.
Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy
One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol
Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative
posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced
262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of
glucose
The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities
such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s
cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during
enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration.
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated
Two citric acid cycles
Two glycolysis cycles
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+
+ 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen.
Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This
.
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdfaquacare2008
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation)- the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
every detail is available @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning
a. The alleles are as followsaa - AlbinismAa AA - Normal pigm.pdfanurag1231
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\".
Solution
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\"..
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electrons that are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC involves four multi-subunit large enzymes complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane.
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase.
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechan.pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
number 18 please explain
thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this
reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that
They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen
molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which
ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down
their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP
synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP
molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules
of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum
Solution
Ques-18:
Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced.
Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy
One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol
Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative
posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced
262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of
glucose
The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities
such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s
cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during
enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration.
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated
Two citric acid cycles
Two glycolysis cycles
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+
+ 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen.
Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This
.
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdfaquacare2008
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation)- the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
every detail is available @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning
a. The alleles are as followsaa - AlbinismAa AA - Normal pigm.pdfanurag1231
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\".
Solution
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\"..
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is wh.pdfanurag1231
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is what we review those senses
and come to a conclusion based on our review.
50) Usually, sodium, calcium, and potassium ions are transported across membranes against a
concentration gradient. The transport of water immediately after the sodium ion transport is to
balance the volume upon ion transport. The Oral dehydration therapy involves administration of
water along with salt and sugar. The aim is to supply the body with required water that was lost
by dehydration and salts helps increase the uptake of water molecules in the blood, based on the
above said principle. That is when an excess amount of salt is available, a concentration gradient
is created which initiates ion transport across the membrane and water is also transferred along
with the salt to maintain the volume deficit.
Solution
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is what we review those senses
and come to a conclusion based on our review.
50) Usually, sodium, calcium, and potassium ions are transported across membranes against a
concentration gradient. The transport of water immediately after the sodium ion transport is to
balance the volume upon ion transport. The Oral dehydration therapy involves administration of
water along with salt and sugar. The aim is to supply the body with required water that was lost
by dehydration and salts helps increase the uptake of water molecules in the blood, based on the
above said principle. That is when an excess amount of salt is available, a concentration gradient
is created which initiates ion transport across the membrane and water is also transferred along
with the salt to maintain the volume deficit..
1. INTRODUCTIONWe are currently living in the so-called informatio.pdfanurag1231
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an era were
economic activities are mainly information based (an age of informationalization). This is due to
the development and use of technology. The main characteristics of this era can be summarized
as a rise in the number of knowledge workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense
of communication (global village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow
of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly related to issues
such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which is threatened by the
emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of the economic interest of the
owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual which is
threatened by the use of technology will be discussed. Specific attention will be given to the
challenges these ethical problems pose to the information professional. A number of practical
guidelines, based on ethical norms will be laid down.
2. ETHICS
The ethical actions of a person can be described in general terms as those actions which are
performed within the criterium of what is regarded as good. It relates thus to the question of what
is good or bad in terms of human actions. According to Spinello (1995, p. 14) the purpose
of ethics is to help us behave honorably and attain those basic goods that make us more fully
human.
3. THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY
3.1. Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life characterized by exclusion from
publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept follows from the right to be left alone (Stair,
1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank (1986, p. 13) states that such a perception of privacy
set the course for passing of privacy laws in the United States for the ninety years that followed.
As such privacy could be regarded as a natural right which provides the foundation for the legal
right. The right to privacy is therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most democratic societies. This
constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative forms. Examples include the Privacy
Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open Democracy Act in South Africa (1996) and the Data
Protection Act in England. During 1994 Australia also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18
privacy principles which describe the right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected
by handling of information by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for Economic
and Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980 the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedo.
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into t.pdfanurag1231
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into the atmosphere, causing an
increase in the oxygen in the atmosphere and allowing for the development of aerobes.
3. Type of fermentation. Salmonella are methyl red positive, VP negative, positive for H2S
production, negative for gelatin liquefaction, whereas Serratia is methyl red negative, VP
positive, negative for H2S production, and positive for gelatin liquefaction.
4. Mycoplasmas are fastidious organisms that require nutrient supplementation in the medium.
They require fetal or now born calf serum, heart infusion, salts, glucose and/or arginine. Their
growth rate is slow. Since they lack a cell wall, they cannot take up typical Gram stain. Also,,
their extremely small size makes it difficult to visualize them.
Solution
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into the atmosphere, causing an
increase in the oxygen in the atmosphere and allowing for the development of aerobes.
3. Type of fermentation. Salmonella are methyl red positive, VP negative, positive for H2S
production, negative for gelatin liquefaction, whereas Serratia is methyl red negative, VP
positive, negative for H2S production, and positive for gelatin liquefaction.
4. Mycoplasmas are fastidious organisms that require nutrient supplementation in the medium.
They require fetal or now born calf serum, heart infusion, salts, glucose and/or arginine. Their
growth rate is slow. Since they lack a cell wall, they cannot take up typical Gram stain. Also,,
their extremely small size makes it difficult to visualize them..
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-bin.pdfanurag1231
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-binding region in the
extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region that contains the
protein tyrosine kinase (TK) domain plus additional carboxy (C-) terminal and juxtamembrane
regulatory regions. In general, growth factor binding activates RTKs by inducing receptor
dimerization, (Ullrich, 1990). Further, extracellular matrix proteins and certain surface proteins
on neighboring cells can also bind to and activate RTKs. The down stream effect is:molecules
direct cell differentiation by determining patterns of gene transcription.
2.The dominant negative receptor mutants which atlow concentrations, are capable of blocking
the intracellular activity of wild type e.g estrogen receptor (ER) mutants as reported by(Ince,
1993). Such mutants are useful in studying the pathway of signal transduction after receptor
activation.
3. Allostery is the process by which biological macromolecules (mostly proteins) transmit the
effect of binding at one site to another, often distal, functional site, allowing for regulation of
activity. Hence by allostery the components of the signal transduction pathway may be inhibited
or activated depending on the status of the cell i.e. regulated
Solution
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-binding region in the
extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region that contains the
protein tyrosine kinase (TK) domain plus additional carboxy (C-) terminal and juxtamembrane
regulatory regions. In general, growth factor binding activates RTKs by inducing receptor
dimerization, (Ullrich, 1990). Further, extracellular matrix proteins and certain surface proteins
on neighboring cells can also bind to and activate RTKs. The down stream effect is:molecules
direct cell differentiation by determining patterns of gene transcription.
2.The dominant negative receptor mutants which atlow concentrations, are capable of blocking
the intracellular activity of wild type e.g estrogen receptor (ER) mutants as reported by(Ince,
1993). Such mutants are useful in studying the pathway of signal transduction after receptor
activation.
3. Allostery is the process by which biological macromolecules (mostly proteins) transmit the
effect of binding at one site to another, often distal, functional site, allowing for regulation of
activity. Hence by allostery the components of the signal transduction pathway may be inhibited
or activated depending on the status of the cell i.e. regulated.
1)we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. .pdfanurag1231
1)
we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. So it is protonic.
2)
a) Light from when the Universe became transparent very soon after the Big bang.
3)
The cosmological principle limits the faintness of distant objects.
4)
These group elementys are made by adding oxygen nuclei which is the third most commen
element in the universe.
Solution
1)
we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. So it is protonic.
2)
a) Light from when the Universe became transparent very soon after the Big bang.
3)
The cosmological principle limits the faintness of distant objects.
4)
These group elementys are made by adding oxygen nuclei which is the third most commen
element in the universe..
1)D. Bacteria.2)B. Nuclear envelope3)A. Similar in function and .pdfanurag1231
1)D. Bacteria.
2)B. Nuclear envelope
3)A. Similar in function and evolved independently.
4)B. Prezygotic isolating mechanism.
Solution
1)D. Bacteria.
2)B. Nuclear envelope
3)A. Similar in function and evolved independently.
4)B. Prezygotic isolating mechanism..
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not .pdfanurag1231
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not denoted for antibiotics.
therefore the answer is option e.
2) a) conjugation is the exchange of genetic material by cell-cell contact via sex-pili.
3)a) High-Frequency recombination bacteria have F plasmid integrated into its chromosome and
transfers part of the chromosome along with F+ gene ,thereby resulting in F\' cells.
4) e) an F\' lac- E.coli when mates with F- Lac cell, the result will be F+, Lac-(from F\'),
Lac+(already present in recipient cell)
5) a) true, transformation is the transfer of an exogenous genetic material(DNA).
Solution
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not denoted for antibiotics.
therefore the answer is option e.
2) a) conjugation is the exchange of genetic material by cell-cell contact via sex-pili.
3)a) High-Frequency recombination bacteria have F plasmid integrated into its chromosome and
transfers part of the chromosome along with F+ gene ,thereby resulting in F\' cells.
4) e) an F\' lac- E.coli when mates with F- Lac cell, the result will be F+, Lac-(from F\'),
Lac+(already present in recipient cell)
5) a) true, transformation is the transfer of an exogenous genetic material(DNA)..
(1) CA genetic model organism needs to have all the above features.pdfanurag1231
(1) C
A genetic model organism needs to have all the above features to facilitate the genetic research
on it, like small genome, short generation time, large number of progeny, should adapt to lab
environment, propagation and maintaining them should be inexpensive.
(2) B
On chromosomes, we can find genes and these are nothing but long pieces of DNA associated
with histone. For every gene we will have two alleles and will be located on different
chromosomes but at the same place or loci and these are an alternate form of a gene.
(3) D
Blending inheritance theory is considered as the current theory of genetic inheritance as it states
that the egg and sperm from two parents will combine to form zygote and here the genetic
material from both parents will blend and will have an influence on genetic makeup of the
developing of offspring.
(4) C
C. elegans is traditionally considered as a classical genetic organism and it has been used to
study the gene function and variety mutagens were used on it to study the effect of different
mutations and their effect on protein function.
(5) A.
The number of chromosomes will be the same in the G1 phase, but in S phase only the number
of chromatids will double in its number.
Solution
(1) C
A genetic model organism needs to have all the above features to facilitate the genetic research
on it, like small genome, short generation time, large number of progeny, should adapt to lab
environment, propagation and maintaining them should be inexpensive.
(2) B
On chromosomes, we can find genes and these are nothing but long pieces of DNA associated
with histone. For every gene we will have two alleles and will be located on different
chromosomes but at the same place or loci and these are an alternate form of a gene.
(3) D
Blending inheritance theory is considered as the current theory of genetic inheritance as it states
that the egg and sperm from two parents will combine to form zygote and here the genetic
material from both parents will blend and will have an influence on genetic makeup of the
developing of offspring.
(4) C
C. elegans is traditionally considered as a classical genetic organism and it has been used to
study the gene function and variety mutagens were used on it to study the effect of different
mutations and their effect on protein function.
(5) A.
The number of chromosomes will be the same in the G1 phase, but in S phase only the number
of chromatids will double in its number..
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron.pdfanurag1231
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron donor and frequently as a
biochemical source of hydride (H-). so in the last step ketogroup reduce to alcohol with NADPH
(ketogroup to alcohol).
Solution
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron donor and frequently as a
biochemical source of hydride (H-). so in the last step ketogroup reduce to alcohol with NADPH
(ketogroup to alcohol)..
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were.pdfanurag1231
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were thought to have fixed orbits like
planets around the sun. Now they are thought to occupy orbitals and have probabilities for being
within given distances from the nucleus. The orbitals (solutions to the Schroedinger Equation)
have shapes like hourglasses, spheres, hollowed out spheres, and more complicated shapes. As a
very distant side note Prof Carlos Stroud at the University of Rochester was able to excite atoms
and put their electrons into orbits much like those predicted by the Rutherford Model.
Solution
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were thought to have fixed orbits like
planets around the sun. Now they are thought to occupy orbitals and have probabilities for being
within given distances from the nucleus. The orbitals (solutions to the Schroedinger Equation)
have shapes like hourglasses, spheres, hollowed out spheres, and more complicated shapes. As a
very distant side note Prof Carlos Stroud at the University of Rochester was able to excite atoms
and put their electrons into orbits much like those predicted by the Rutherford Model..
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You pu.pdfanurag1231
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You put a stick into two balls to signify a
bond between two atoms
Solution
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You put a stick into two balls to signify a
bond between two atoms.
The anion is a good leaving group because it is p.pdfanurag1231
The anion is a good leaving group because it is probably the most negative of the
anion. I assume the Xs represent an electronegative atom such as oxygen; therefore, it would
have the greatest repulision force (because it has so many electrons). Thus, it but be beneficial if
the most negative anion (the one with the most electrons) left because it would allow the
molecule to be under less stress and allow the remaining anions to spread out more (spread out
more spatially around the central C atom) (On the really long molecule with the bunch of Me
atoms) The most acidic hydrogen would be the one hanging off the second N from the left (it has
a think line pointing from the H to the N). It is the most acidic because the N is very
electronegative (more so than the carbons found in other molecules). The O atom is more
electronegative but it cannot lose the H because the OH is a polyatomic ion...u cannot split them
up! Thus the H hanging of the N is the most acidic!
Solution
The anion is a good leaving group because it is probably the most negative of the
anion. I assume the Xs represent an electronegative atom such as oxygen; therefore, it would
have the greatest repulision force (because it has so many electrons). Thus, it but be beneficial if
the most negative anion (the one with the most electrons) left because it would allow the
molecule to be under less stress and allow the remaining anions to spread out more (spread out
more spatially around the central C atom) (On the really long molecule with the bunch of Me
atoms) The most acidic hydrogen would be the one hanging off the second N from the left (it has
a think line pointing from the H to the N). It is the most acidic because the N is very
electronegative (more so than the carbons found in other molecules). The O atom is more
electronegative but it cannot lose the H because the OH is a polyatomic ion...u cannot split them
up! Thus the H hanging of the N is the most acidic!.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
AnswerThe order of electron movement in the electron transport sy.pdf
1. Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport to generate ATP.
This enzyme complex is “oxidoreductase” type of enzymatic multisubunit transmembrane
protein. The prosthetic groups of this protein are tightly bound non-protein molecules such as
cytochrome B, cytochrome C1, NAD, FAD and other cofactors & these are useful in mediating
catalysis and electron transfer during ATP production
Directions of electron transfer in mitochondria is from NADH---> Complex I --> coenzyme Q --
> complex III ---> cytochrome c ---> Complex IV finally oxygen acceptor.
Proton pump in electron transport chain takes place from Complex I which pumps considerably 4
protons (H+), whereas Complex III pumps nearly 4 protons (H+) finally Complex IV that pumps
out two protons.
Net input in oxidative phosphorylation ----> NADH, ADP, O2, and net output in oxidative
phosphorylation ----------> ATP, NAD+ and Water
Solution
Answer:
The order of electron movement in the electron transport system:
2. NADH ---> Complex I ---> Coenzyme Q ---> Complex III ---> Cytochrome C ---> Complex IV
---> O2
Mitochondrial chemiosmosis (through Fernadez Moran inner mitochondrial oxysomes particles)
during cellular respiration obtain energy from chemical enzymatic breakdown of the organic
food molecules (glucose, pyruvate, acetylcoA) to produce ATP. Every 3 protons used to produce
one ATP molecule. Inner membrane possess small protein channels known as porins in
mitochondria & these channels promote the movement of any small molecules such as ATP
through them
Cytochrome c-oxidase associated with two heme groups, one cytochrome a, another cytochrome
a3 along with divalent copper centers (CuA, CuB). This is an integral membrane protein located
specifically in mitochondria of eukaryotes to perform electron transport for the synthesis of
energy in the form of ATP.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.2.2) is present in mitochondria. This
enzyme is essential for oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport to generate ATP.
This enzyme complex is “oxidoreductase” type of enzymatic multisubunit transmembrane
protein. The prosthetic groups of this protein are tightly bound non-protein molecules such as
cytochrome B, cytochrome C1, NAD, FAD and other cofactors & these are useful in mediating
catalysis and electron transfer during ATP production
Directions of electron transfer in mitochondria is from NADH---> Complex I --> coenzyme Q --
> complex III ---> cytochrome c ---> Complex IV finally oxygen acceptor.
Proton pump in electron transport chain takes place from Complex I which pumps considerably 4
protons (H+), whereas Complex III pumps nearly 4 protons (H+) finally Complex IV that pumps
out two protons.
Net input in oxidative phosphorylation ----> NADH, ADP, O2, and net output in oxidative
phosphorylation ----------> ATP, NAD+ and Water
