Section 3, chapter 15: ecg
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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart during each cardiac cycle. It detects the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. The ECG can also detect abnormal heart rhythms such as bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation. The heart rate is controlled by the sinoatrial node but can be influenced by the cardioinhibitor and cardioaccelerator centers in the medulla which increase or decrease heart rate through the release of acetylcholine or norepinephrine acting on the SA and AV
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section 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
This document summarizes factors that influence blood pressure, including cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses how blood pressure is regulated through control of stroke volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance. Stroke volume depends on preload and the contractile strength of the ventricles. Other factors like blood volume, viscosity, and vasoconstriction also impact blood pressure. The document outlines the anatomy of arteries branching from the aorta and how venous return relies on skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory movements.
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the left and right sides of the heart. During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract to expel blood while the atria relax and fill with blood. During ventricular diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood while the atria contract to push the remaining blood into the ventricles.
The heart produces distinct lub-dubb sounds as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves close, which can be auscultated through specific areas on the chest. Abnormal valve closure sounds are called murmurs.
The heart's conduction system initiates and coordinates contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates atrial contractions
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It consists of both electrical and mechanical events in the atria and ventricles over a total duration of 0.8 seconds for each cycle. The cycle includes atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole (consisting of isovolumic contraction and ejection phases), and ventricular diastole (consisting of relaxation, rapid filling, reduced filling, and last rapid filling phases). Precise timing and coordination of the opening and closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves are crucial for efficient pumping of blood throughout the cardiac cycle.
Anatomy of Cardiac System
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and layers of the heart, the four chambers of the heart, the heart valves, the conduction system, the cardiac cycle, and circulation through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. It also discusses monitoring of the heart through tools like electrocardiograms, imaging like MRI and x-rays, stress testing, and pacemakers.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle refers to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers during one heartbeat. It involves two main phases: systole, when the ventricles contract, and diastole, when the ventricles relax and refill with blood. The cycle is precisely coordinated by electrical signals from the heart's conduction system and involves the opening and closing of valves between the chambers.
The Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It then discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, and how electrical signals cause coordinated heart contractions and relaxation. It concludes by defining cardiac output and some of the key factors that can influence it, such as heart rate, stroke volume, sympathetic tone, preload and afterload.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity. It describes the layers of the heart - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium - and the functions of each layer. It outlines the four chambers of the heart and their roles in blood flow. It explains the cardiac cycle of diastole and systole. It provides details on the heart valves and conducting system. It concludes by listing and briefly defining several important heart conditions.
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Heart physiology
website: http://am-medicine.com
Youtube Channel : https://www.youtube.com/user/ammedicine
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/am.medicine
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section 5, chapter 15: blood pressure
This document summarizes factors that influence blood pressure, including cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses how blood pressure is regulated through control of stroke volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance. Stroke volume depends on preload and the contractile strength of the ventricles. Other factors like blood volume, viscosity, and vasoconstriction also impact blood pressure. The document outlines the anatomy of arteries branching from the aorta and how venous return relies on skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory movements.
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the left and right sides of the heart. During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract to expel blood while the atria relax and fill with blood. During ventricular diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood while the atria contract to push the remaining blood into the ventricles.
The heart produces distinct lub-dubb sounds as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves close, which can be auscultated through specific areas on the chest. Abnormal valve closure sounds are called murmurs.
The heart's conduction system initiates and coordinates contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates atrial contractions
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It consists of both electrical and mechanical events in the atria and ventricles over a total duration of 0.8 seconds for each cycle. The cycle includes atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole (consisting of isovolumic contraction and ejection phases), and ventricular diastole (consisting of relaxation, rapid filling, reduced filling, and last rapid filling phases). Precise timing and coordination of the opening and closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves are crucial for efficient pumping of blood throughout the cardiac cycle.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and layers of the heart, the four chambers of the heart, the heart valves, the conduction system, the cardiac cycle, and circulation through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. It also discusses monitoring of the heart through tools like electrocardiograms, imaging like MRI and x-rays, stress testing, and pacemakers.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle refers to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers during one heartbeat. It involves two main phases: systole, when the ventricles contract, and diastole, when the ventricles relax and refill with blood. The cycle is precisely coordinated by electrical signals from the heart's conduction system and involves the opening and closing of valves between the chambers.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It then discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, and how electrical signals cause coordinated heart contractions and relaxation. It concludes by defining cardiac output and some of the key factors that can influence it, such as heart rate, stroke volume, sympathetic tone, preload and afterload.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity. It describes the layers of the heart - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium - and the functions of each layer. It outlines the four chambers of the heart and their roles in blood flow. It explains the cardiac cycle of diastole and systole. It provides details on the heart valves and conducting system. It concludes by listing and briefly defining several important heart conditions.
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Heart physiology
website: http://am-medicine.com
Youtube Channel : https://www.youtube.com/user/ammedicine
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/am.medicine
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The document discusses blood pressure and the factors that affect it. It explains that blood pressure is highest during systole when the heart ventricles contract and pump blood, and lowest during diastole when the ventricles relax. It also notes that elastic blood vessels help regulate blood pressure by stretching during systole to absorb some pumping force and gradually returning to normal size during diastole to maintain low pressure. Finally, it lists the main factors that can influence blood pressure: cardiac output, blood volume, resistance in blood vessels, and blood viscosity.
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The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the left and right ventricles that pump blood to the lungs and body. It also discusses the causes and features of heart failure, which can occur when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently due to conditions that weaken it over time. Common causes include hypertension, heart attacks, and cardiac diseases. Features involve congestion in the lungs and other organs from blood backing up.
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The document summarizes the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart. It describes how deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. It then flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary valve to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to be pumped out to the body through the aorta. The blood then circulates through the arteries and returns deoxygenated to the heart through the veins to repeat the cycle.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the heart and cardiac cycle. It describes that the heart has four chambers - right and left atria which receive blood and right and left ventricles which pump blood. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body in continuous cycles. During each cycle, called the cardiac cycle, the heart contracts (systole) to pump blood and relaxes (diastole) to fill with blood.
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1. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the vessels in a continuous circuit.
2. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then into smaller vessels called capillaries where nutrients are exchanged, before returning to the heart through veins.
3. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to contract in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system and hormones regulate heart rate and function. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include arrhythmias, congenital defects, degenerative conditions like heart disease or failure, inflammatory issues, and vascular or valvular disorders. Treatments involve drug therapies, surgeries like bypass or transplantation, and other procedures like stents, pacemakers, or defibrillation.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. It describes the internal structures of the heart including the chambers and valves. It then discusses several pathological heart conditions such as arrhythmias, heart block, flutter, and fibrillation. Treatment options for these conditions are also outlined such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and ablation. Common procedures like cardiac catheterization, angiography, angioplasty, and bypass surgery are summarized. Various cardiac imaging and stress tests are also described.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart as a hollow muscular organ with four chambers and two pumps. It also discusses the layers surrounding the heart, including the pericardium, as well as the heart's valves and conduction system which stimulate contraction. Finally, it briefly outlines factors that determine cardiac output such as preload, afterload and contractility.
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The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the heart as a muscular pump located between the lungs that circulates blood through two circuits: deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and is pumped to the lungs by the right ventricle, then oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and is pumped through the body by the left ventricle. It details the chambers, valves, coverings and blood flow pathway through the heart.
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please comment
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The document provides information on the cardiovascular system and heart anatomy. It discusses the heart chambers, which include the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the major blood vessels associated with the heart and the pathway of blood flow from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. Additionally, it covers the layers of the heart wall, heart valves that prevent backflow of blood, and the conducting system which coordinates heart contractions.
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The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It is located in the middle of the chest, slightly left of the breastbone. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, while the left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The heart's conduction system is responsible for contracting and relaxing the heart muscle, starting with electrical impulses generated in the sinoatrial node that travel through pathways to the ventricles.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the heart and cardiac cycle. It describes that the heart has four chambers - right and left atria which receive blood and right and left ventricles which pump blood. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body in continuous cycles. During each cycle, called the cardiac cycle, the heart contracts (systole) to pump blood and relaxes (diastole) to fill with blood.
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The document provides an overview of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the atria and ventricles, separated by septa. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits - pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and systemic circulation from the heart to the body. The heart's conduction system controls heart rate and rhythm through the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. An electrocardiogram traces the electrical activity of the heart as P, QRS, and T waves. High or low blood pressure can impact heart health.
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3. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. It describes the internal structures of the heart including the chambers and valves. It then discusses several pathological heart conditions such as arrhythmias, heart block, flutter, and fibrillation. Treatment options for these conditions are also outlined such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and ablation. Common procedures like cardiac catheterization, angiography, angioplasty, and bypass surgery are summarized. Various cardiac imaging and stress tests are also described.
Physiology Of the Heart
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart as a hollow muscular organ with four chambers and two pumps. It also discusses the layers surrounding the heart, including the pericardium, as well as the heart's valves and conduction system which stimulate contraction. Finally, it briefly outlines factors that determine cardiac output such as preload, afterload and contractility.
Heart anatomy
The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the heart as a muscular pump located between the lungs that circulates blood through two circuits: deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and is pumped to the lungs by the right ventricle, then oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and is pumped through the body by the left ventricle. It details the chambers, valves, coverings and blood flow pathway through the heart.
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please comment
thank you
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3) Unstable tachycardias require prompt treatment such as synchronized cardioversion while stable tachycardias can often be treated with vagal maneuvers or medications like adenosine.
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ECG play a vital role in healthcare industry. Analyzing a ECG is an hectic procedure hence this slide provide simple view about an ECG analysis on normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmiasThe importance of ECG in the healthcare industry cannot be overstated. It is a crucial diagnostic tool that helps doctors and other medical professionals to accurately assess a patient's cardiac health. However, analyzing an ECG can be a complicated and time-consuming process, which is why this slide has been created to provide a simplified overview of ECG analysis for normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias. With this information, healthcare providers can quickly and easily interpret ECG results and make informed decisions about patient care.The importance of ECG in the healthcare industry cannot be overstated. It is a crucial diagnostic tool that helps doctors and other medical professionals to accurately assess a patient's cardiac health. However, analyzing an ECG can be a complicated and time-consuming process, which is why this slide has been created to provide a simplified overview of ECG analysis for normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias. With this information, healthcare providers can quickly and easily interpret ECG results and make informed decisions about patient care.
Heart excitation
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology:
1. The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood flow through two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and ensures one-way blood flow through valves.
2. The left side of the heart is more muscular to pump blood throughout the body. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
3. Cardiac muscle contracts as a unit through a conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
4. An electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity and can indicate damage or abnormalities.
Cardiovascular physiology
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart weighs 200-400 grams and pumps around 7,751 litres of blood daily. It is located behind the sternum and is surrounded by membranes. Blood enters and exits the heart through major vessels while valves regulate flow between chambers. The heart muscle generates electrical impulses and contractions to circulate blood throughout the body. Cardiac output is regulated intrinsically through preload and afterload as well as extrinsically through the nervous and endocrine systems.
Heart
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology:
- The heart pumps blood through two circuits and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow.
- Cardiac muscle cells contract as a unit due to intercalated disks and gap junctions.
- The heart's conduction system uses specialized pacemaker cells and Purkinje fibers to coordinate contractions.
- An electrocardiogram tracks the heart's electrical activity during a cardiac cycle of atrial and ventricular filling/contraction.
Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which oxygenates blood and the systemic circuit which transports oxygenated blood to tissues. During exercise, the heart rate and stroke volume both increase to elevate cardiac output and meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. This is regulated through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system control of the heart as well as changes in venous return that influence end-diastolic volume.
Electocardiography by aamir sharif
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It begins with objectives and introduces ECG as a representation of the heart's electrical activity over time. Key aspects covered include the conduction system, normal ECG components like the P wave and QRS complex, ECG lead placement, and how to interpret ECGs by assessing rate, rhythm, intervals, and arrhythmias. Common arrhythmias like sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and various types of heart block are defined. The document aims to equip readers with the basics of ECG interpretation and recognition.
Cardiology
This document provides information on electrocardiographic monitoring and cardiac dysrhythmias. It begins with an overview of cardiac physiology and the cardiac conductive system. It then discusses electrocardiographic monitoring, describing what an ECG measures and how electrodes are used to detect electrical activity in the heart. Different ECG leads and components of the ECG waveform are also outlined. Common dysrhythmias like sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia originating in the sinoatrial node are then reviewed. The document provides details on ECG interpretation and analyzing cardiac rhythms.
The Heart
The document discusses the cardiac cycle, cardiac blood flow, and the intrinsic conduction system of the heart. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates impulses that travel through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His to stimulate ventricular contraction. It also reviews factors that influence stroke volume and cardiac output, such as preload, contractility, and the autonomic nervous system.
4. control, regulation and disorders heart
The document discusses how the heart's rhythm is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, with the parasympathetic nervous system slowing the heart rate and the sympathetic nervous system increasing it. It explains in detail the effects of vagal and sympathetic stimulation on cardiac rhythm and conduction. The role of the cardiac center in the medulla in regulating heart rate and the factors that can affect cardiac output are also covered.
chapter 15
The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries blood to the body. It pumps 7,000L of blood daily and contracts over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime. The heart is located in the mediastinum and surrounded by membranes. It contains four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump blood out. Valves prevent backflow of blood through the heart. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart during this cycle. The cardiovascular system is regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that increase
Cardiac rhythm management
This document discusses cardiac rhythm management and the treatment of heart rhythm disorders. It describes how conditions like arrhythmias and heart failure are managed using medications, procedures like ablation, and implantable devices like pacemakers, defibrillators, and biventricular pacemakers. It provides details on pacemaker and defibrillator implantation and how they work. Biventricular pacing is described as a treatment for congestive heart failure that resynchronizes heart contractions. The anatomy and conduction system of the heart are outlined along with details on electrocardiograms and common cardiac arrhythmias.
Similar to Section 3, chapter 15: ecg (20)
ECG complete lecture notes along with interpretation
ECG complete lecture notes along with interpretation
ECG complete lecture presentation, ECG waveform and leads placement
ECG complete lecture presentation, ECG waveform and leads placement
ECG analysis on normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias.pptx
ECG analysis on normal sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias.pptx
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The document summarizes key aspects of the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and coordinating motor responses through neuronal signaling. Within the nervous system, neurons communicate with each other via synapses to transmit electrochemical signals. Supporting glial cells aid neuronal function and regeneration.
A&P Chapter 09
This document summarizes the structure and function of the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It describes their characteristics, locations in the body, and cellular structures. The key functions of muscles include body movement, maintaining posture, producing heat, and propelling substances through the body. Muscle contraction occurs through a sliding filament mechanism where actin and myosin filaments interact through cross-bridge cycling, powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium ions play a crucial role in initiating contraction by allowing the myosin heads to bind actin.
A&P Chapter 08
The document discusses the anatomy and classification of joints in the human body. There are three main types of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common and complex, containing articular cartilage, a synovial membrane, joint cavity, joint capsule, and often ligaments and menisci. The major synovial joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condylar joints. The knee is a prominent condylar joint between the femur and tibia, strengthened by ligaments and menisci.
A&P Chapter 06
The skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection, while the dermis contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands. The skin regulates body temperature through vasodilation, sweating, and insulation from fat in the subcutaneous layer. When injured, the skin initiates an inflammatory response and repairs through processes like epithelial cell regeneration, collagen deposition, and scar formation.
A&P Chapter 04
This document summarizes key concepts about metabolism, including:
1) Metabolism involves both anabolic and catabolic reactions that synthesize and break down molecules. ATP is the main energy currency molecule in cells.
2) Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain are the main catabolic pathways that break down glucose and other fuels to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
3) Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are important reaction types in metabolism. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are essential for metabolic pathways and cellular function.
A&P Chapter 03
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
A&P Chapter 02
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts important for understanding physiology. It defines key terms like elements, compounds, molecules, and atoms. It describes atomic structure including protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes. It explains different types of chemical bonds and reactions. It also summarizes important macromolecules and inorganic chemicals in the body like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and salts. Understanding chemistry is essential for studying how organ systems and cellular functions rely on chemical reactions in the body.
A&P Chapter 01
This document discusses key concepts in anatomy and physiology including:
- Anatomy refers to the study of structures while physiology refers to the study of functions.
- Form follows function - the anatomy of an organ is based on its intended physiology.
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions through feedback loops like negative feedback which returns conditions to normal ranges.
- Positive feedback drives conditions further from the set point and is not involved in homeostasis, like the contractions during childbirth.
section 1, chapter 12: general senses
This document summarizes the key points from Chapter 12 of the textbook. It begins by distinguishing between general senses, which have receptors distributed throughout the body to detect touch, pain, temperature and pressure, and special senses like vision, taste and smell that have specialized receptors in the head. It then describes how sensory receptors detect stimuli and transmit sensory impulses to the brain to produce sensations and perceptions. The different types of receptors are identified, including those for chemicals, pain, temperature, mechanics, light, touch and pressure. The pathways and processing of pain signals in the nervous system are outlined. Proprioception receptors that provide information on body position and muscle tension are also defined.
chapter 19 respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of passages that filter air and transport it into the body and lungs where gas exchange occurs. Respiration involves ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs, transport of gases, and cellular respiration. The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the brain and is affected by factors like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
chapter 21 electrolyte balance
This chapter discusses water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the human body. It describes how the body maintains balance through various mechanisms that regulate intake and output of water and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride. The body contains two main fluid compartments - intracellular and extracellular fluid. Acid-base balance involves regulating hydrogen ion concentrations through buffer systems, respiratory excretion of carbon dioxide, and renal excretion of hydrogen ions. Imbalances can occur in the form of acidosis or alkalosis due to accumulation or loss of acids and bases.
chapter 20: urinary system
The document summarizes key aspects of the urinary system as described in Chapter 20 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. It discusses the main functions of the urinary system which include maintaining homeostasis by removing wastes and regulating fluid volume and composition. The major components are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Nephrons in the kidneys filter blood to form urine through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. Hormones help regulate urine concentration and volume by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.
section 6, chapter 15: systemic arteries
1) The document describes the major arteries of the systemic circulation, including branches off the aorta such as the coronary, carotid, and brachial arteries.
2) It also details important veins that drain blood from the head, neck, arms and abdomen, including the internal and external jugular veins, brachial veins, and hepatic portal vein.
3) The hepatic portal system is summarized as carrying nutrient-rich blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver through the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries, before the blood continues to the inferior vena cava and heart.
section 4, chapter 15: blood vessels
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood vessels. It describes the three main types of blood vessels - arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; veins, which carry blood back towards the heart; and capillaries, which allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues. Each vessel type has distinct layers in its walls to facilitate blood flow and transport. Arterioles branch from arteries and connect to capillaries, while venules branch from capillaries and merge to form veins. The document highlights key differences between arteries and veins like wall composition and the presence of valves in veins.
Section 1, chapter 15: anatomy of the heart
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps around 7000L of blood daily through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit carries blood to the body. The heart has four chambers and is surrounded by membranes. It contains valves that ensure one-way blood flow, preventing backflow into chambers. Blood flows through the right side of the heart to the lungs, then the left side to the body.
Section 3, chapter 17: liver and intestines
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right abdominal quadrant. It has two major lobes and two minor lobes. The liver contains hepatic lobules which are the functional units, each containing hepatocytes, sinusoids, and triads. The liver performs many metabolic functions including glycogen storage, protein synthesis, and detoxification. Bile produced by the liver aids in fat digestion. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients through villi and microvilli before contents pass to the large intestine where water is absorbed and feces is formed.
Section 2, chapter 17: stomach and pancreas
The digestive system chapter discusses the anatomy and functions of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and their roles in digestion. It describes 3 key points:
1) The pharynx connects the mouth to the esophagus. It has muscles that contract during swallowing to push food into the esophagus.
2) The stomach mixes food with gastric juices and empties slowly into the small intestine. Glands in its lining secrete enzymes and acid to break down proteins.
3) The pancreas secretes enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to further break down food. Hormones regulate pancreatic secretions in response to food in the duodenum
Section 1, chapter 17: digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by cells. It consists of the alimentary canal (mouth to anus) and accessory glands. The alimentary canal wall has four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa. Muscles in the walls provide segmentation to mix foods and peristalsis to propel foods through the canal. Accessory glands like the salivary glands secrete chemicals to aid digestion. The mouth is the beginning of the alimentary canal and contains the teeth, tongue, and palate to mechanically break down foods. Saliva from the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
Section 2, chapter 16: defense and immunity
The lymphatic system and innate/adaptive defenses work together to protect the body from infection. Innate defenses provide general protection and include mechanical, chemical, cellular barriers and inflammation. Adaptive defenses provide targeted protection through lymphocytes and antibodies. When pathogens evade innate defenses, lymphocytes mount a response by cloning into memory and effector cells to recognize and eliminate the pathogen upon future exposures. T cells activate other immune cells and destroy infected cells while B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Together these coordinated defenses provide robust protection against a wide range of infectious threats.
section 2, chapter 16: defense against pathogens
The lymphatic system and innate/adaptive defenses work together to protect the body from infection. Innate defenses provide general protection and include mechanical/chemical barriers that prevent pathogen entry. Adaptive defenses provide targeted protection through lymphocytes like T and B cells. T cells lead cellular immunity responses, while B cells produce antibodies for humoral immunity. When pathogens breach innate defenses, lymphocytes are activated through processes like antigen presentation and cytokine signaling to mount tailored immune responses through memory cells and targeted destruction of infected cells.
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Section 3, chapter 15: ecg
- 1. Electrocardiogram Section 3, Chapter 15 An electrocardiogram, or ECG (or EKG) is a recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
- 2. Electrocardiogram P Wave • Represents atrial depolarization • Leads to atrial contraction • Conduction of electrical impulse from right to left and downward QRS Complex • Represents depolarization of ventricles • Leads to ventricular contraction • This massive wave hides the atria repolarization
- 3. Electrocardiogram T Wave • Represents repolarization of ventricles
- 4. Figure 15.22d. An ECG pattern with the corresponding systole and diastole shown above.
- 5. Heart Arrhythmias: normal ECG of a regular heart rhythm at 75 beats per minute Atrial Flutter. Atria fire 250-350 times per minute. For every QRS complex there may be 4 or more P waves.
- 6. Examples of Heart Arrhythmias. Arrows indicate p Wave. Bradycardia – cardiac rhythm less than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia– cardiac rhythm greater than 100 beats per minute.
- 7. Examples of Heart Arrhythmias, fibrillation Atrial fibrillation. Instead of contracting, the atria become quivering chambers. The ventricles respond only to impulses that make it to the AV node. Ventricular fibrillation = Life threatening arrhythmia. Ventricles quiver, and are unable to pump blood properly. Requires immediate defibrillation.
- 8. Regulation of cardiac cycle The heart rate is controlled intrinsically by the SA node, but sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers alter the rate at which the pacemaker fires.
- 9. Cardiac Control Center •Within Medulla Oblongata •Receives sensory impulses from throughout the cardiovascular system and relays motor impulses to heart in response. •Cardioinhibitor & cardioaccelerator reflex centers
- 10. • Cardioinhibitor reflex center – Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerves innervate SA & AV nodes. – Acetylcholine (ACh) released from fibers decreases the firing rates of SA & AV nodes. – Heart rate decreases
- 11. • Cardioaccelerator reflex center – Sympathetic fibers from accelerator nerves innervate SA & AV nodes. – Norepinephrine released from fibers increases the firing rates of SA & AV nodes. – Heart rate and force of contraction increases
- 12. Cardioinhibitor & cardioaccelerator reflex centers alter the heart rate in response to sensory impulses from receptors Baroreceptors – monitor blood pressure • Within aortic arch and carotid sinuses • Rising blood pressure stimulates cardioinhibitor center
- 13. ` Figure 15.24b Illustration of the baroreflex arc End of Section 3, Chapter 15