Scope for sustainability: do castor beans and the biodiesel industry offer family farmers a sustainable development opportunity in Brazil? Madeleine Florin
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This presentation describes a study to identify plants and plant parts that show potential as sustainable harvested ‘super-foods’. This included both wild foods traditionally used in Southern Africa (with a focus on the communal areas of the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa), as well as potential foods not traditionally used , but with high nutritional values. The methods used included development of a data base of wild food utilized in Southern Africa, with a focus on the communal areas of the Eastern Cape (literature review and personal observations); collation of available nutritional data (macro and micro nutrients) into a database for wild food plants for southern Africa. To assist in ranking nutritional values, two nutritional indices were used: the % Complete Food Index and the Nutritional Density Index).
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Scope for sustainability: do castor beans and the biodiesel industry offer family farmers a sustainable development opportunity in Brazil? Madeleine Florin
1. Scope for sustainability:
Do castor beans and the biodiesel industry offer
family farmers a sustainable development
opportunity in Brazil?
Madeleine Florin, Gerrie van de Ven, Martin van Ittersum
Plant Production Systems group
2. Brazilian national biodiesel programme
Blending targets
5% by 2012
Social fuel seal
Fraction of expenditure on family
farmers (feedstock, extension, seeds)
Regional development
Targeting the semi-arid
Promoting castor beans
for family farmers
3. Family farming in Montes Claros
Transition zone between Caatinga and Cerrado
1035 mm year-1 concentrated during 3-4 months
Dominant farming system is extensive cattle
ranching
Pasture
Fodder crops
Food crops
Dairy cattle for cheese production
Meat production
4. The situation unfolding
Few family farmers participating and the dominant
biodiesel feedstock is soy beans
Suitability of castor beans
Trust between industry and farmers
Incentives
What is the scope for sustainable cultivation of
castor beans by family farmers and can this be
explained by:
o Current productivity?
o Alternative productivity?
o Alternative farm-level management decisions?
5. Research question:
What is the scope for sustainable
cultivation of castor beans by family
farmers and can this be explained by:
o current productivity
o alternative productivity
o alternative management decisions
taken at the farm level?
6. Indicator selection framework
Productivity Acceptability Security Protection Viability
Principles
- Not endanger - Contribute to - Increase the - Maintain or - Contribute to
the food economic stability of increase carbon economic
production and development of smallholder or sinks in development of
other local smallholder or family farmers vegetation and smallholder or
biomass family farmers livelihood soil family farmers
applications - Contribute to the - Retain or
social justice of improve the soil
smallholder or and soil quality
family farmers - Retain or
Criteria
improve the water
quantity and
quality
- Maintain or
increase
biodiversity
- Mitigate
greenhouse gas
emissions
(compared with
fossil fuels)
7. Indicator selection framework
Sustainability criteria Selected indicators
Biofuel production should contribute to - Farm income (R$ ha-1; R$
economic development of family household-1)
farmers
Biofuel production should increase the - Simpson’s diversity index
stability of family farmer livelihood - Labour inputs and labour use
efficiency (days year-1; R$ day -1)
- Purchased inputs and purchased
input use efficiency (R$ year-1; R$
R$-1)
Biofuel production should retain or - Nitrogen balance (kg ha-1; kg farm-
improve the soil and soil fertility 1)
8. Research question:
What is the scope for sustainable
cultivation of castor beans by family
farmers and can this be explained by:
o current productivity
o alternative productivity
o alternative management decisions
taken at the farm level?
9. Farm survey
Visit 20 farms in
September 2010
Current activities and
areas
Economic
characteristics
Inputs and outputs by
activity
10. Variation in pasture productivity
Variation in crop productivity (for fodder)
Maize yield: 340 – 4080 kg ha-1
Milk yields: 436 – 4169 l cow-1 year-1
12. Research question:
What is the scope for sustainable
cultivation of castor beans by family
farmers and can this be explained by:
o current productivity
o alternative productivity
o alternative management decisions
taken at the farm level?
13. Alternative farming system design
Castor bean 1 – 552 kg ha-1
Castor bean 2 – 615 kg ha-1
Castor bean 3 – 1035 kg ha-1
Castor bean 4 – 1051 kg ha-1
4 castor bean yield levels (Diniz Neto et al. 2009)
14. Alternative farming system design
Castor bean area decision 1 Castor bean 1 – 552 kg ha-1
Replace one hectare of area
currently cropped with maize Castor bean 2 – 615 kg ha-1
and beans with castor beans
and beans Castor bean 3 – 1035 kg ha-1
Castor bean 4 – 1051 kg ha-1
Castor bean area decision 2 Castor bean 1
Replace total area currently
cropped with maize and beans Castor bean 2
(two hectares) plus one hectare
currently under pasture with Castor bean 3
castor beans and beans
Castor bean 4
4 castor bean yield levels by 2 castor bean area decisions
15. Alternative farming system design
Animal feeding decision 1 Animal feeding decision 2
Replace all sacrificed feed Sacrifice milk yields due to
production (maize and pasture) losses in fodder production
by purchasing supplementary
fodder (maize equivalent) and
renting an equivalent hectare of
pasture
Castor bean area decision 1 Castor bean 1 – 552 kg ha-1 Castor bean 1
Replace one hectare of area
currently cropped with maize Castor bean 2 – 615 kg ha-1 Castor bean 2
and beans with castor beans
and beans Castor bean 3 – 1035 kg ha-1 Castor bean 3
Castor bean 4 – 1051 kg ha-1 Castor bean 4
Castor bean area decision 2 Castor bean 1 Castor bean 1
Replace total area currently
cropped with maize and beans Castor bean 2 Castor bean 2
(two hectares) plus one hectare
currently under pasture with Castor bean 3 Castor bean 3
castor beans and beans Castor bean 4 Castor bean 4
4 castor bean yield levels by 2 castor bean area by 2 animal feeding decisions
16. Indicator quantification
4 current + 4 X 16 alternatives
Input-output calculations
Survey data
Supplementary data
Assumptions involved...
• Nitrogen balance assumptions
• Labour assumptions
• Alternative feeding strategy assumptions
“Indicator differences” by current and alternatives
Graphical display
18. Results – “indicator differences” by current
farm Mean ∆ income
(R$ year ) -1
Mean ∆ purchased
inputs (R$)
„Farm 1‟ +1143 +237
„Farm 2‟ -8 +628
„Farm 3‟ +209 +950
„Farm 4‟ -423 +1348
Income
Productivity of castor beans relative to maize and milk
Purchased inputs
Value of current on-farm fodder production
19. Results – “indicator differences” by
alternative farming systems
Mean ∆ purchased inputs (R$)
Castor bean area 1 +365
Castor bean area 2 +1216
Feeding decision 1 +1474
Feeding decision 2 +107
By castor bean yield levels
Nitrogen balance and fertilizer inputs important here
By farm-level decisions
Purchased inputs different between castor area and
fodder replacement strategies
20. Results – interactions between current and
alternative farming systems
Which combinations of farm,
field- and farm-level decisions are
most favourable?
Area decision 1 and feeding decision 1
Area decision 1 and feeding decision 2
Area decision 2 and feeding decision 1
Area decision 2 and feeding decision 2
21. Discussion and concluding remarks – scope
Broad implications of the results
Farm-specific nature of opportunities
• Target low productivity farms
• Alternatives to suit different farms
Do not ignore the trade-off with milk and fodder
production
Improving current production activities versus
introducing a new activity
22. Discussion and concluding remarks – future
work...
Explore more extensive set of alternatives
Agronomic detail
Temporal variation
Integration of animal production with biodiesel
production
Consider land, labour and cash constraints
Consider more sustainability indicators
Capture regional-level issues (industry viability;
hydrology)
Product-level issues (life cycle analysis)
23. Acknowledgements
NWO-WOTRO for funding
Programme partners in Wageningen, Brazil and
Mozambique
www.foodorfuel.org