1) The document discusses research on grain processing technologies, including both earlier and recent works. 2) Various grain processing methods are described, including cold, hot, and chemical processing, as well as studies on their effects on health, gene expression, and rumen fermentation. 3) Recent studies show that dry rolling of grains like barley and maize can help prevent acidosis in cattle and improve rumen pH and fermentation compared to grinding.

1. R. Suresh
PhD Scholar
Major Credit Seminar
on
Current Trends in
Research on Grain
Processing Technologies

2. Overview
 Introduction
 Primary reasons for processing
 Various grain processing methods
 Earlier research works done on grain processing
 Recent research works done on grain processing
 Cold, Hot & Chemical processing
 Health & Gene expression studies
 Conclusion

3. Introduction

4. Cereal grains
 Energy rich feed ingredients
 Play an important role in ruminant and non-ruminant feed
formulation
 Inclusion 50-60 %
 Efficient utilization of nutrients present in cereal grains reduce it
inclusion level as well as production cost
 Pericarp & fibrous hull → which is extremely resistant to
microbial degradation in the rumen (Dehghan-banadaky et al., 2006)
 Endosperm → Rich in Starch
 Starch: Amylose - 0 to 33% & Amylopectin - 77 to 100%
(Suwannaporn et al., 2007)
Introduction

5.  Digestibility
 Bacterial attachment to starch granules
 More profit
 Alter moisture content
 Alter particle size
 Feed density
 Palatability betterment
 ↑ Nutrient availability
 Detoxification of undesirable components
 Reduced storage, transportation space, cost &
improved keeping quality
Primary reasons for processing

6. Cold physical processing – Impaction
Hot physical processing – Steam & Pressure
Chemical processing – NaOH or ammonia solutions
Enzymatic processing – Fibrolytic enzymes
Grain processing methods

7. Contd.
(Dehghan-banadaky et al., 2006)

8.  Rupture of hull and pericarp
 Destruction of seed coat
 Reduction in particle size of the grain
 Surface of the grain increased
 Gelatinization of starch granules (Liang et al., 2003)
 Formation of protein aldehyde complex
Major changes in grain after processing

9. Gelatinization of starch granules
Raw starch Granules
Amylose (Helix)
Amylopectin (Branched)
Addition of water - swelling
Breakes up amylose crystalinity
& disrupts helices
Addition of Heat & water –
more swelling
Amylose diffuse out of granules
Granules – Mostly amylopectin,
collapsed & held in matrix of
amylose - Gel
Contd.

10. Corn & Sorghum → Steam-flaked > Dry-rolled
Barley, Wheat & oats → Steam-rolled > Dry-rolled
Oats → 92% starch digested in rumen
Optimal flake density of steam-processed corn or sorghum - 360 g/L
Optimum PI for barley grain fed to lactating dairy cows → 64%
 Barley starch is readily degradable in the rumen even without
gelatinization
Earlier Research Findings
(Theurer et al.,1999)
(Huntington, 1997)
(Yang et al., 2000)
(Yang et al., 2000)

11. Gelatinization of starch - ↑ starch degradation (Gallant et al., 1992)
10 to18 %→ Soyabeans → Roasted or raw → dairy cows or steers →
Digestibility No difference (Aldrich et al., 1995)
Milk production → Coarsely cracked roasted soyabeans >Ground
roasted soyabeans (Dhiman et al., 1997)
Sodium Hydroxide - 30–40 g/kg of grain DM ↑ whole tract digestibility
→ seed coat (Dehghan-Banadaky et al., 2007)
Nephrotoxicosis in cows (Kennedy and Rice 1987)
Aldehydes (Faichney and Davies, 1973)
Propionic acid & sulfur dioxide
Earlier Research Findings

12.  Cross bred calves – birth to 14 weeks
 3 – protein sources
 GNC (HD) – 35, CSM (MD) - 22 & Meat and Bone meal (LD) - 10
 2 – NSC sources
 Maize - Raw (R) & Thermally processed (P) – 50%
 Water (1:2.5, w/w) @ 15 psi – 10 min
 In situ nylon bag - RDP → HD – 73%, MD – 68% & LD – 63%
Grain processing - IVRI
Influence of Grain Processing and Dietary Protein Degradability
on Nitrogen Metabolism, Energy Balance and Methane
Production in Young Calves
A. K. Pattanaik, V.R.B. Sastry, R.C. Katiyar and Murari Lal
Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, IVRI, Izatnagar, India
(Pattanaik et al., 2003)

13.  Metabolism Trial
 ↑ digestibility of DM, OM, Total CHO’s, NDF & ADF – P diets
 NDF – Digestibility - ↑ - LD diets
 ADF – Digestibility - ↓ - MD diets
 Nitrogen retention
 Per unit of Metabolic Body Size → LD - P > HD – P > HD – R diet
 Nitrogen utilization and absorption → P > R diet
 Energy balance
 Intake of DE & ME → improved → Maize processing
 Maize processing ↑ energy retention
 Methane production → No impact on CH4 production
Grain processing - IVRI
(Pattanaik et al., 2003)

14. Grains Inclusion
level
Total
Qty /Kg
Processing
method
Starch
(g/kg DM)
ADF
(g/kg DM)
Lignin
(g/kg DM)
Maize (M) 75:25 600 g Grinding (G) 461 95.0 20.4
Barley (B) 25:75 600 g Grinding (G) 407 75.7 14.1
Maize (M) 75:25 600 g Rolling (R) 439 89.0 18.5
Barley (B) 25:75 600 g Rolling (R) 420 70.3 13.2
(Gimeno et al., 2015)
Recent Research – 2012 - 17

15. Item Time (h)
Diet (B) Diet (M)
Mean
Ground Rolled Ground Rolled
Rumen pH
0 6.47 6.73 6.19 6.59 6.49A
4 5.45 5.54 5.39 5.88 5.56B
8 5.65 5.81 5.51 5.98 5.74B
Mean 5.85 6.02 5.70 6.15
Total Lactic Acid (mg/L)
0 50.9 48.1 56.5 49.9 51.9A
4 85.5 115.7 125.8 70.8 99.1B
8 175.4 84.1 76.8 67.5 100.5B
Mean 104.0 82.6 86.3 62.4
Ammonia (mg/L)
0 112.0 100.2 147.0 96.8 114.0A
4 97.9 40.1 135.3 42.2 78.9B
8 139.0 64.3 97.5 54.1 88.7B
Mean 116.3 68.2 126.6 64.4
(Gimeno et al., 2015)

16. Item Time (h)
Diet (B) - Barley Diet (M) - Maize
Mean
Ground Rolled Ground Rolled
Total VFA
(mmol/L)
0 87.7 65.8 105.0 67.7 81.6A
4 165.2 137.3 172.3 132.4 151.8B
8 148.1 134.9 150.9 121.2 138.7B
Mean 133.7 112.7 142.7 107.1
Acetic
0 491 480 461 439 468
4 437 426 342 378 438
8 457 437 376 386 450
Mean 462 448 382 378
Propionic
0 359 351 342 378 358A
4 401 406 376 386 392B
8 386 401 382 378 386B
Mean 382 386 367 381
Butyric
0 81 86 107 122 99
4 101 100 115 117 108
8 99 98 112 109 105
Mean 94 95 111 116
(Gimeno et al., 2015)
Contd.

17. Rolled
(Barley & Maize)
Ground
(Barley & Maize)
P - value
Rumen pH 6.09 5.77 P<0.01
Lactic acid (mg/L) 72.5 95.2 P=0.065
Total VFA mmol/L 110 138 P<0.05
Dry-Rolling - Useful for preventing acidosis in beef calves at the outset
of the fattening stage, especially when feeding maize-based diets
 Scarce effects on rumen microbiota were promoted by dietary factors
(Gimeno et al., 2015)

18. Control → Ground Maize + Ground Barley (1.05 mm)
DMGB → Dry rolled Maize + Ground Barley (1.87 mm)
GMDB → Ground Maize + Dry rolled Barley (1.23 mm)
DMDB → Dry rolled Maize + Dry rolled Barley (1.98 mm)
DMGB → ↑ DMI > Control
DMGB & DMDB – Higher weaning Body Weight
DMGB & DMDB – Higher ruminal pH > 6
DMGB → High β- hydroxybutyrate
Dry rolling (Maize & barley) > Ground (Maize & barley)
(Rezapour et al., 2016)
HF Calves – Grain Processing & Grain
Source

19. Concentrate (Maize (M) - 0.53 or Barley (B) - 0.67)
Ground (GR)- 3.5mm screen or Pelleted (PE) -6mm
Barley → ground/pelleted pH < 5.6 & VFA > 150 mmol/l → SARA ↑
Pelleting (6mm) → SARA ↑
Parameters Barley Maize
Rumen pH 5.64 6.14
VFA Conc. (mmol/l) 140 113

20. Lactic acid 10 g /L
Control - (1:1, wt/vol)
Barley grain with lactic acid – pH
Control - (1:1, wt/vol) – Tap water
Lactic acid 10 g /L (1:1, wt/vol)
Steeping time – 48 hrs @ 55ºC

21. Control - (1:1, wt/vol) – Tap water
Lactic acid 10 g /L (1:1, wt/vol)
Steeping time – 48 hrs @ 55ºC
Control - (1:1, wt/vol) – Tap water
Lactic acid 10 g /L
Barley grain with lactic acid – VFA

22. Items
Diets
SEM
CTR LAH
VFA concentration, mM
Acetate 68.4 63.3 1.90
Propionate 22.0 19.7 0.80
Butyrate 12.0 10.5 0.65
Iso butyrate 1.27 1.22 0.05
Valerate 0.38 0.36 0.02
Isovalerate 2.12 2.04 0.09
Caproate 0.42 0.36 0.03
Items
Diets
SEM
CTR LAH
VFA concentration, mM
Acetate 78.3 79.2 1.82
Propionate 34.7 27.4 1.22
Butyrate 17.8 20.9 0.93
Iso butyrate 1.05 1.04 0.02
Valerate 3.66 2.96 0.27
Isovalerate 2.35 2.40 0.09
Caproate 0.85 0.88 0.07
VFA - Before Feeding VFA - After Feeding

23. Items Diets SEM
CTR LAH
DMI, kg/d 20.0 19.8 0.56
Milk Yield, kg/d
Milk 26.8 27.1 0.53
FCM 25.0 27.4 0.90
Fat 0.83 0.97 0.04
Protein 0.83 0.87 0.02
lactose 1.11 1.08 0.45
SCC, 103
cells/ml 336 150 142
Milk urea N, mg/dL 16.8 14.4 0.47
Fat : protein ratio 1.01 1.07 0.04
Barley grain with lactic acid – Milk Production

24.  Control diet - (1:1, wt/vol) – Tap water
 Lactic acid - 1% (1:1, wt/vol)
 Lactic acid heat - 1% (1:1, wt/vol) + heat @ 55ºC for 12 h
 Disappearance of phosphorus was high – LA & LAH > Control (P<0.001)
 Starch degradation decreased (P<0.05) after 2 & 4 hr of the ruminal incubation
 Starch degradation - after 4 hr no change
 Feed intake – unchanged among treatment
 ATTD of dry matter – slightly greater (P=0.05) in LA group

25. 5 % LA & Inorganic P (+/− )
Control → Concentrate feed
LA (+P) → 0.8% monocalcium phosphate (24 h before feeding)
LA (−P) → No inorganic phosphorus source (24 h before feeding)
LA-treated diets
↓ Concentrations of serum NEFA, cholesterol, and insulin
↑ Serum phosphorus levels
↓ Reticuloruminal pH→ ↑duration of the pH being < 6.0 ↑ Chance of SARA
LA (−P)
Aspartate aminotransferase
Gamma-glutamyltransferase
Bilirubin & bile acids (Khol-Parisin et al., 2016)

26. 1% LA – Long term study
Control → Ground barley
LA → 1% LA (No heat treatment)
LAH → 1% LA + 55ºC (24 h)
Study Period → 3 week to 17 week Post partum
LA & LAH diets – Barley included @ 39% of DM
5% ↑ OM digestibility
Performance, Milk composition & Blood metabolites → No influence
Energy balance
LA > LAH
(Gruber et al., 2017)

27. RRS – Rumen
(Deckardt et al., 2013)
RS – Ruminants → RRS → SI → Glucose
RS – Monogastrics → RS → SCFA in the large intestine
Rumen epithelial cells → SCFA → Metabolized intra
epithelially → Ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate) & lactate
Rumen epithelial cells → SCFA → Bloodstream → MCT
(monocarboxylate transporters)
MCT 1, MCT 4, and MCT 2 → mRNA level → RE
Metabolized products of SCFA or original SCFA → Liver →
Gluconeogenesis → Low energy efficiency

28. RRS – Intestine
(Deckardt et al., 2013)
NRS, RRS is not degraded by rumen bacteria → SI
Pancreatic α-amylases
Resist duodenal enzymatic digestion → LI
Glucose → Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT1) – Na
GLUT 2 (basolateral glucose transporter) → Blood stream
Paracellular transport → >25 mM
Energy Status indicators → Glucose, insulin & cholesterol ↑
More net glucose transferred → small intestine to the liver

29. RRS – LA - Immunity & Glucose
(Deckardt et al., 2013)
Acute-phase proteins → Haptoglobin (Hp) & serum-amyloid A
(SAA) ↓ plasma → improvement of the immune status
Energy Status indicators → Glucose, insulin & cholesterol ↑
More net glucose transferred → Small intestine to the liver
RS – Ruminants → RRS → SI → Glucose
RS – Monogastrics → RS → SCFA in the large intestine

30. Fates of ruminally resistant starch
(RRS) and non-RRS (NRS) fed to cattle
(Deckardt et al., 2013)

31. SARA – Sub Acute Ruminal Acidosis

32. SARA – Gene expression
Differential gene expression - Transcriptome analysis using
RNA-sequencing technologies
SARA - Plasma fibrinogen levels rose above 150 mg/dL
Rumen papillae biopsies - Ventral sac of the rumen - Histological
and gene expression analysis
Rumen mean pH - control cow < pH 5.6 → 78 min/d
Rumen mean pH - SARA < pH 5.6 → 260 min/d
SARA - ↓ DMI & Milk Yield
SARA - ↑ Rumen butyrate, rumen lactate, and fecal lactate
(Mackey, 2013)

33. SARA – Gene expression
Histological analysis - No effect (microscopically)
Transcriptome analysis - 172 genes - differentially expressed
SARA – Inflammatory response - rumen mucosa tissue - weakened
permeability barrier
To overcome - weakened permeability barrier
Molecular pathway of hemophilic cell adhesion was upregulated
(Mackey, 2013)

34. SARA – Laminitis
Pododermatitis aseptic diffusa
Lactic acid
Endotoxins & Histamine → Death of rumen microbes (Abdela, 2016)
Absorbed systemically
Vasoactive substances → histamine, lactic acid, serotonins or endotoxins
vascular constriction and dilation (Abdela, 2016)
Affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall
Clinical laminitis

35. Poultry & Swine – Sorghum
Hammer mill 1 mm & 3 mm – HM1 = HM3
HM1 → Smaller gizzard & ↑ pH in gizzard
Roller mill → 0.15 mm spacing → Best
Kafirin
Phenolic compound & phytates
Steam pelleting, expansion and extrusion
Exogenous enzyme – Phytases & Proteases
Swine – 319 μm – Sorghum
(Liu et al., 2013)
(Rodgers et al., 2012)
(Paulk et al., 2015)

36. Conclusion
 Dry-Rolling - Preventing acidosis in beef calves
 Maize & barley – Ground ↓ruminal pH below 5.6
 Dry rolling (Maize & barley) > Ground (Maize & barley)
 LA 1% > LA 5%
 LA 1% > LAH 1 % → 24 hrs
 LA & LAH → ↑ dietary P utilisation → ↓ Inorganic P inclusion
 SARA → 172 genes differentially expressed
 SARA → Hemophilic cell adhesion was up regulated
(Gimeno et al., 2015)
(Rezapour et al., 2016)
(Gruber et al., 2017)
(Khol-Parisin et al., 2016)
(Mackey, 2013)