This presentation describes a study to identify plants and plant parts that show potential as sustainable harvested ‘super-foods’. This included both wild foods traditionally used in Southern Africa (with a focus on the communal areas of the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa), as well as potential foods not traditionally used , but with high nutritional values. The methods used included development of a data base of wild food utilized in Southern Africa, with a focus on the communal areas of the Eastern Cape (literature review and personal observations); collation of available nutritional data (macro and micro nutrients) into a database for wild food plants for southern Africa. To assist in ranking nutritional values, two nutritional indices were used: the % Complete Food Index and the Nutritional Density Index).
This report develops a definition of a ‘superfoods’ based on number of criteria. Species that have been successfully commercialized, marketed as nutritional supplements, and that provide direct benefits to communities, such as Maroela and Baobab, serve as role models for the development of wild foods enterprises in the communal areas of the Wild Coast
The results of this study show that there are a significant number of wild food plants have exceptionally high nutritional profiles and could qualify as a ‘super-food’. Food plants were grouped according to the plant part used, these included: wild leafy vegetables, fruits, and seeds and nuts.The wild leafy vegetables, commonly known as ‘wild spinach’,are cosmopolitan weeds that have been part of the traditional diets of many Africans. Of these, a number of Amaranth species have been identified that fit the nutritional profile of a ‘super-food’. Commonly used wild foods are often tree fruits, this study identifiedthe following wild fruits as having high potential for commercial harvesting, these include:Wild plum (Harpephyllum caffrum), two Red- milkwoods, (Mimisops Cafra and M. obvata), Num-num (Carissa Macrocarpa), Dune myrtle (Eugenia Capensis) and two Kei Apples (Dovyalis caffra, and D. rhamnoides. The third category of wild foods considered are seeds and nuts: trees identified for this group included the pods of Boer-bean trees (Schotia afra, and S. brachypetala),andthe valuable oils of the Natal and forest mahogany (Trichilia emetica, and T. dregiana) as well as the high oleic oil contained in the Coastal Red-milkwood (Mimusops caffra).
Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areas [autosaved]Gobishankar Mohan
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable (temporary meadows for pasture, kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow), under permanent crops, and under permanent pasture land
Land use change
Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture
Restorethelandscapes
•Restoration options and techniques
•Woodland islets
•Management of Forests on active agricultural land
•Management of trees on fallow agricultural land
•Forest landscape restoration
Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areas [autosaved]Gobishankar Mohan
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable (temporary meadows for pasture, kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow), under permanent crops, and under permanent pasture land
Land use change
Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture
Restorethelandscapes
•Restoration options and techniques
•Woodland islets
•Management of Forests on active agricultural land
•Management of trees on fallow agricultural land
•Forest landscape restoration
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 59 on “Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and IPES-FOOD was held on Wednesday 15 January 2020 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels.
The briefing brought various perspectives and experiences on agroecological systems to support agricultural transformation. Experts presented trends and prospects for agroecological approaches and what it implies for the future of the food systems. Successes and innovative models in agroecology in different parts of the world and the lessons learned for upscaling them were also discussed.
Soil Degradation,Factors that Contribute to Soil Fertility Depletion,Implementation of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM).Previous Research Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areasGobishankar Mohan
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable (temporary meadows for pasture, kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow), under permanent crops, and under permanent pasture land.
Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture
Global Partnership on Ecological Restoration
You've all heard the horror stories: kids going blind for lack of vitamin A, millions stunted by lack of micronutrients, rich country food deserts forcing the poor to eat junk food... It don't have to be this way! Malnutrition is not a curse. It's not even that difficult to fix. And trees are very good friends if you want to fix it!
Long-term sustainability of agricultural systems requires that soils stay productive and that necessary inputs remain available in the future
- Soil loss occurs more rapidly than soil creation in many agricultural landscapes, and the soil that remains declines in quality
- One-way fertilizer nutrient flows simultaneously cause pollution and scarcity
- E.g., Phosphorus: essential plant nutrient; expected to become increasingly expensive to mine and process; at the same time, P runoff causes eutrophication of water bodies.
The population in the tropical uplands particularly in the Southeast Asia is rapidly increasing, but the natural resources are dwindling and degrading. Presentation provides evidence of Conservation Agriculture with Trees increasing crop yields, soil organic matter and income and resilience to environmental stresses (drought, intense rainfall, typhoons), while reducing labor and capital costs.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 59 on “Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and IPES-FOOD was held on Wednesday 15 January 2020 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels.
The briefing brought various perspectives and experiences on agroecological systems to support agricultural transformation. Experts presented trends and prospects for agroecological approaches and what it implies for the future of the food systems. Successes and innovative models in agroecology in different parts of the world and the lessons learned for upscaling them were also discussed.
Soil Degradation,Factors that Contribute to Soil Fertility Depletion,Implementation of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM).Previous Research Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areasGobishankar Mohan
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable (temporary meadows for pasture, kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow), under permanent crops, and under permanent pasture land.
Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture
Global Partnership on Ecological Restoration
You've all heard the horror stories: kids going blind for lack of vitamin A, millions stunted by lack of micronutrients, rich country food deserts forcing the poor to eat junk food... It don't have to be this way! Malnutrition is not a curse. It's not even that difficult to fix. And trees are very good friends if you want to fix it!
Long-term sustainability of agricultural systems requires that soils stay productive and that necessary inputs remain available in the future
- Soil loss occurs more rapidly than soil creation in many agricultural landscapes, and the soil that remains declines in quality
- One-way fertilizer nutrient flows simultaneously cause pollution and scarcity
- E.g., Phosphorus: essential plant nutrient; expected to become increasingly expensive to mine and process; at the same time, P runoff causes eutrophication of water bodies.
The population in the tropical uplands particularly in the Southeast Asia is rapidly increasing, but the natural resources are dwindling and degrading. Presentation provides evidence of Conservation Agriculture with Trees increasing crop yields, soil organic matter and income and resilience to environmental stresses (drought, intense rainfall, typhoons), while reducing labor and capital costs.
Conservation agriculture in the context of climate change in West AfricaRobert Zougmoré
One of CCAFS over-arching objectives is to assess and test pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for food systems, adaptive capacity and rural livelihoods. Conservation agriculture (CA) is one of the promising climate-smart agriculture options as it allows benefiting from the synergies between adaptation and mitigation while also improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. As such, CA promotion needs to be tapped into the general framework for a sound and widespread adoption of evidence-based technologies in West Africa. Getting the big pictures to insure millions of farmers will require sound scaling-up approaches of successful CA options for the semi-arid West Africa.
Enhancing Global Food Resources: CGIAR Strategy and its future Portfolio of P...CGIAR
Presented to the Second International Forum on Global Food Resources, 5-6 October 2016, Hokkaido University.
By Peter Gardiner, CGIAR System Management Office, France
Nutritious foods from Forests Side Event took place at FAO on 11 October, 2013.
Forests harbour a large number of woody plants, climbers, herbs, insects and wild animals that provide nutritious foods, important for the diets of many people in developing countries.
The International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition hosted by FAO in May 2013, highlighted the important role of forests, agroforestry systems and trees on farm for food security and nutrition The side event aims at increasing the understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets by sharing lessons from the field.
In this presentation Bioversity International researcher and 'Beyond Timber' project coordinator discusses the traditional management systems of forest-based foods and a case study from the Congo Basin.
Read more about Bioversity's work in forest foods: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/trees-for-food/
New York, 18 June, 2015 — The UNDP Equator Initiative hosted a Brown Bag Lunch to discuss how community-based climate solutions are achieved and what they can teach us about engaging communities to address climate change.
The talk featured Gregory Mock, former Editor in-Chief of the World Resources Report series, and was moderated by Nick Remple, Global Advisor for Community Based Landscape Management at BPPS and Director of the Community Development and Knowledge Management for the Satoyama Initiative (COMDEKS).
Mr. Mock, who has written extensively on local environmental governance and community-based efforts to sustainably manage local ecosystems, drew parallels between the findings of the Equator Initiative and the COMDEKS program:
“Forest communities can be a potent source of local climate solutions when they are empowered with resource rights and access to support networks,” said Mr. Mock. “Experience from the Equator Initiative and COMDEKS shows that community-based management of local forests can cut deforestation rates and reverse forest degradation."
In 2012, Mr. Mock collaborated with the Equator Initiative to survey 10 years of Equator Prize experience and extract lessons on the enabling conditions for successful local action. In 2014, he worked with the COMDEKS Programme to document its community-based approach to managing rural landscapes in 10 pilot countries.”
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Superfoods from the forest
1. SUPERFOODS FROM THE FORESTS
Dr. Derek Berliner
Eco-logic consulting
CEPF SMALL GRANTS
INVESTMENT IN THE MAPUTALAND-PONDOLAND-ALBANY
HOTSPOT
2. WILD FOODPLANTS AS ‘SUPERFOODS’:
ARE THERE PLANTS THAT CAN BE SUSTAINABLEY HARVESTED
AND USED TO SUPORT COMMUNITY CONSERVATION ON THE WILD COAST
3. AIMS
• Identify plants that show potential as
superfoods’.
• Potential for sustainable harvested wild
non timber forest products
• Provide tangible economic incentives for
communities to conserve forests
(potential conservation spin- offs )
4. Context 1
Need to find income generating activities associated with
proposed community protected areas for the Wild Coast
One of the key threats to
conservation in communal areas
such as the Wild Coast is the
lack of economic benefits
associated with the creation of
protected areas on the Wild
Coast (Berliner, & Desmet, 2007;
Berliner 2009)
5. Growing market trend for wild
‘superfoods’
A number of wild plant foods have been successfully
commercialised with significant benefits for local communities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Baobab fruit
Marula nut oil
Kigelia fruit
Trichelia oil
Cape Aloe
Hoodia
Amaranth (marog)
6. Two Southern African wild plants that has been
commercially marketed, as a ‘superfood
Baobab fruit powder
7. Marula nut oil.
Both are wild grown, sustainably harvested and
benefit local communities
8. LA Times Predicts: Hot nutrition trend for 2009 -- the baobab?
“ a superfruit should have a hard-to-pronounce name, be
unfamiliar to Westerners, come from far, far away and have been
used in native medicine. It should also be expensive”
9. • This project was essentially a desktop study , but its implementation, could
make significant contribution to following CEPF funding outcomes :
Outcome:
Superfoods from the forest project : outcomes
Forest conservation
and rehabilitation
incentivized
Improved
resilience to
climate change
Economic
activities
associated with
PA (Job
creation)
`Intermediate Outcomes
x
Outcome 1:
The conservation status of undercapacitated and emerging protected areas
in priority key biodiversity areas
strengthened
xxx
Outcome 2:
Conservation areas expanded and landuse management improved in 22 priority
key biodiversity areas through innovative
approaches that sustain biodiversity and
ecosystem services
xxx
Outcome 3:
Maintain and restore ecosystem function
and integrity in the Highland Grasslands
and Pondoland Corridors.
xx
x
xx
xxx
xxx
10. Potential outcomes and benefits
• Improved livelihood security
• Improved incentives for conserving and
rehabilitating degrading forests
• Improved documentation and appreciation of
indigenous knowledge, in particular use of
wild food products
• Climate change adaptation
11. Methods
• Literature review on wild plants utilized in the
communal areas of the Eastern Cape
• Personal field observations
• Development of a search-able database of
nutritional values of wild food plants for South
Africa
• Development and ranking of two nutritional
indices that provide aggregated values of macro
and micro nutritional contents of wild foods
12. Nutritional indices
• % Complete Food Index
– A measure of the extent to which plant food
meets overall dietary requirements , as measured
against recommended daily allowances (RDA) for
the main macro and micro nutrients
– Sum (Value of nutrient x /RDA for nutrient x)
, (with maximum value of 100% , in cases where
the nutrient exceeds the RDA)
13. Nutritional indices
• Approximate Nutrient Density
– A measure of the total nutrients provided in a
food relative to its energy value.
– For example, foods that are high in energy but
low in nutrients (e.g. starches) will have a low
nutritional density, as large amounts of the food
need to be eaten before basic nutrient
requirement can be satisfied.
14. Table 1 Example of the evaluation indicators used: Nutrient Density and %Complete Food Index. Table shows indicators for six wild fruits. The RDA is
the recommended daily allowances as given by World Health Organization. See text for methods
GENUS
SPECIES
ASH_g_100g
PROTEIN_g_100g
FAT_g_100g
CARBOHYDRATE_g_100g
CRUDE_FIBER_g_100g
Ca_mg_100g
Mg_mg_100g
Fe_mg_100g
Na_mg_100g
K_mg_100g
Cu_mg_100g
Zn_mg_100g
Mn_mg_100g
P_mg_100g
Thiamin_mg_100g
Riboflavin_mg_100g
Nicotinic_acid_mg_100g
Vit_C_mg_100g
sum
ENERGY_kj_100g
Nut density index
Complete food index %
Confidence factor (%)
Eugenia
capensis
Harpephyllum
caffrum
Sideroxylon
inerme
Phoenix
reclinata
Carissa
bispinosa
Podocarpus
falcatus
1
0.9
0.4
27.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.2
9.1
1.7
47
23.7
0.6
5.73
254
0.14
0.14
2.3
4.3
4.4
17.3
1.5
46.4
41.7
1.18
0.7
0.7
1.2
14
1.8
20.6
19.8
0.81
10.3
261
0.23
0.43
1.2
3
0.3
17.6
5.2
46
20.1
1.6
11.5
460
0.98
0.2
13.3
0.12
17
0.06
0.09
0.55
14.8
633.88
529
1.2
10
90
3.9
3.2
0.7
46.3
9.8
50.6
79.2
182
67
1329
0.33
0.76
0.81
33
0.03
0.02
1.16
25.9
0.05
0.08
0.32
10.6
368.52
292
1.3
7
90
10.3
0.04
26.7
1.67
66.5
209
0.14
0.04
31.8
0.11
0.03
0.39
107
474.78
496
1.0
15
90
70.7
427.93
172
2.5
10
85
482
0.1
0.2
1807.81
858
2.1
2
95
1.13
579.15
357
1.6
10
90
RDA
50
65
300
25
1000
400
18
2400
3500
2
15
400
1000
1.5
1.7
20
60
15. Database of wild foods nutritional values
The work of Wehmeyer
(1986), assessed over 350
southern African wild food
plants for macro nutrients
(protein, fiber, carbohydrat
es, energy) and micro
nutrients (minerals and
vitamins).
This was digitized into a
relational database
17. Results
The results of this study show that there are a
significant number of wild food plants have
exceptionally high nutritional profiles and could
qualify as a ‘superfood’.
18. Wild vegetables
• The wild leafy vegetables, commonly known
as ‘wild spinach/Marog/imfino ’, are
cosmopolitan weeds that have been part of
the traditional diets of many Africans.
• Of these, a number of Amaranth species have
been identified that fit the nutritional profile
of a ‘superfood’
19. fruits
• The following wild fruits as having high potential
for commercial harvesting:
• Wild plum (Harpephyllum caffrum),
• Two Red- milkwoods, (Mimisops Cafra and M.
obvata),
• Num-num (Carissa Macrocarpa),
• Dune myrtle (Eugenia Capensis)
• Kei Apples (Dovyalis caffra, and D. rhamnoides
20. Seeds and nuts
• Pods of Boer-bean trees (Schotia afra, and S.
brachypetala
• valuable oils of the Natal and forest mahogany
(Trichilia emetica, and T. dregiana)
• high oleic oil contained in the Coastal Redmilkwood (Mimusops caffra).
22. Established products
Carrisa fruits: jams
, dehydrated
powder, juices etc
Trichelia oil
Skin butter to nourish and
revitalise.
Conditioning hair care
products.
Soaps.
Wood polish
23. Potential products ?
Red milkwood seed oil
• The oleic acid (OA) content of Transvaal Red
milkwood (M. zeyheri) seed oil is high (about
85% of lipid yield)
• Compares well with the 70–78% oleic acid in
Sclerocarya birrea (Marula tree) kernel oil
• Likely that the coastal Red milkwood (M.
Cafra) seeds have the same properties ??
24. Can red milkwoods provide a NTFP that can provide the necessary
incentives to reverse there degradation ?
25. Social benefits
• Small to medium enterprises based on
sustainable harvest of no-timber-forestproducts
• Partnerships with community trusts
• Job creation and stimulation of local economy
• Provide tangible benefits from the creation of
protected areas
26. Conservations benefits?
NTFP have the potential to provide local communities
with economic incentives to conserve forests
Currently scarp and coastal forest rapidly degrading
mostly due
- Slash and burn agriculture
- Non sustainable harvesting, bark, medical plants, Illegal
timber harvesting
- Invasive aliens
- Goats
27. Loss of Scarp Forests
Invasive alien
plants rapidly
colonize fallow
cleared lands.
These areas
provide a foothold for invasive
plants to spread
into surrounding
grasslands and
forest
29. 17 estuaries with
mangroves, three have
lost all mangroves and 5
have had significant loss
Prime causes : mangrove
flooding (climate change
, change in flow regime)
and over harvesting
32. Way forward
• Detail chemical analysis of targeted superfoods for nutritional
content and for possible anti- nutritional compounds (such as
oxalic and phytic acid)
• Investigation into the development of storage methods
, processing and end products
• Markets, and links to distributors (Phytotrade etc)
• Mapping and inventorying of target wild plant stocks and
potential volumes of sustainably harvested products.
• Investigation into techniques of sustainable management
, harvesting and impact mitigation
• Set up joint management agreements
• Set up community partnership organizations