The Presentation is prepared for helping the students and teachers appearing for Teacher Eligibility Test and Central Teacher Eligibility Test.(TET & CTET). The presentation covers all the Science related concepts, formulae, Principles, Laws from 1st to 8th Standard. At a glance Science Content. My 2 F.Y. B.Ed. students, Ms. Gauri Rahane and Ms. Kalyani Patil, contributed for slide preparation.

1. Science Subject Content for TET
Prof. Samruddhi Chepe
A.I.C.E.S.R.

2. Maharashtra TET Exam Pattern-Paper I
Sr. No. Subject Questions Marks Time
1. Child Development &
Pedagogy
30 30
90 Minutes
2. Language -1 30 30
3. Language -2 30 30
4. Mathematics 30 30
5. Environmental Studies 30 30
Total 150 150

3. Maharashtra TET Exam Pattern-Paper II
Sr. No. Subject Questions Marks Time
1. Child
Development
& Pedagogy
30 30
90 Minutes
2. Language -1 30 30
3. Language -2 30 30
4.a Mathematics
& Science
60 60
4.b Social Studies 60 60
Total 150 150

4. 1st Standard
• 1. Our Environment
• 2. So many kinds of animals !
• 3. Animal Shelters
• 4. Directions and Maps
• 5. Understanding Time
• 6. Getting to Know the Place we Live in
• 7. Our Village, Our City
• 8. Our Need for Water
• 9. Where does water come from ?
• 10. More about Water
• 11. Our Need for Air
• 12. Our Need for Food
• 13. Our Diet
• 14. Inside the Kitchen !
• 15. Our Body
• 16. Sensory Organs
• 17. Pearly Teeth, Healthy Body
• 18. My Family and Home
• 19. My School
• 20. Our Community Life

5. 2nd Standard
1. Our Home and Environment
2. Food for All
3. Methods of Preserving Food
4. Transport
5. Water
6. Clothes - our Necessity
7. The Environment and Us
8. Constituents of Food.
9. Our Emotional World
10. Busy at Work - our Internal Organs
11. Growth and Personality Development
12. Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them
13. Substances, Objects and Energy.
14. Community Health and Hygiene

6. 3rd Standard
• 1. Our Environment
• 2. So many kinds of animals !
• 3. Animal Shelters
• 4. Directions and Maps
• 5. Understanding Time
• 6. Getting to Know the Place we Live in
• 7. Our Village, Our City
• 8. Our Need for Water
• 9. Where does water come from ?
• 10. More about Water
• 11. Our Need for Air
• 12. Our Need for Food
• 13. Our Diet
• 14. Inside the Kitchen !
• 15. Our Body
• 16. Sensory Organs
• 17. Pearly Teeth, Healthy Body
• 18. My Family and Home
• 19. My School
• 20. Our Community Life
• 21. Public Services for Community Life
• 22. Who fulfils our needs ?
• 23. Growing Up and Growing Old
• 24. Our Clothes
• 25. Changes in our Surroundings
• 26. As we Go from the Third to the Fourth Standard

7. 4th Standard
• 1. The Life Cycle of Animals
• 2. The Inter-relationships between Living Things
• 3. Storage of Water
• 4. Water Safe for Drinking
• 5. Water for Every Household
• 6. Variety in Food
• 7. Food and Nutrition
• 8. The Value of Food
• 9. Air
• 10. Clothes
• 11. A Look inside the Body
• 12. Home Remedies for Simple Illnesses
• 13. Directions and Maps
• 14. Maps and Symbols
• 15. My District, My State
• 16. Day and Night
• 17. My Upbringing
• 18. Changes in the Family and Neighborhood
• 19. My Delightful School
• 20. I’ll be responsible and sensitive.
• 21. Management of Community Life
• 22. Transport and Communication
• 23. Natural Disasters
• 24. Are we endangering our environment

8. 5th Standard
1. Our Earth and Our Solar System
2. Motions of the Earth
3. he Earth and its Living World
4. Environmental Balance
5. Family Values
6. Rules Are for Everyone.
7. Let us Solve our own Problems
8. Public Facilities and My School
9. Maps - our Companions
10. Getting to Know India
11. Our Home and Environment
12. Food for All
13. Methods of Preserving Food
14. Transport
15. Communication and Mass Media
16. Water
17. Clothes - our Necessity
18. The Environment and Us
19. Constituents of Food.
20. Our Emotional World
21. Busy at Work - our Internal Organs
22. Growth and Personality Development
23. Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them
24. Substances, Objects and Energy.
25. Community Health and Hygiene

9. 6th Standard
• 1 Our Natural Resources
• 2 Diversity in Living Things and their Classification
• 3 Disaster Management
• 4 The Living World
• 5 Substances in Daily Use
• 6 Substances in the Surroundings – Their States and Properties
• 7 Nutrition and Diet
• 8 Our Skeletal System and the Skin
• 9 Motion and Types of Motion
• 10 Characteristics and Classification of Living Things
• 11 Parts of Plants and their Structure
• 12 Force and Types of Force
• 13 Work and Energy
• 14 Simple Machines
• 15 Measurement & Estimates of Measurements
• 16 Sound
• 17 Methods of Separating Substances
• 18 Organ Systems
• 19 Our Environment
• 20 Our Earth and its Special Features
• 21 Social Environment

10. 7th Standard
• 1 Natural Resources
• 2 Water – A Natural Resource
• 3 Food and Protection of Food
• 4 Properties of Water
• 5 Acids, Bases and Salts
• 6 Control and Co-ordination
• 7 Health and Disease
• 8 Food and Nutrition
• 9 Circulation of Blood
• 10 Reproduction in Living Things
• 11 The Organisation of Living Things
• 12 Electric Charge
• 13 Sound – Production of Sound
• 14 Propagation of Sound
• 15 Classification of Substances
• 16 Transmission of Heat
• 17 Effects of Heat
• 18 Propagation of Light

11. 8th Standard
• 1 Living World and Classification of Microbes
• 2 Health and Diseases
• 3 Force and Pressure
• 4 Current Electricity and Magnetism
• 5 Inside the Atom
• 6 Composition of Matter
• 7 Metals and Nonmetals
• 8 Pollution
• 9 Disaster Management
• 10 Cell and Cell Organelles
• 11 Human Body and Organ System
• 12 Introduction to Acid and Base
• 13 Chemical Change and Chemical Bond
• 14 Measurement and Effects of Heat
• 15 Sound
• 16 Reflection of Light
• 17 Man made Materials
• 18 Ecosystems
• 19 Life Cycle of Stars

12. Science
Environment
Science 1-5
General
Science 6-8
Phy. , Chem.
, Bio. 9-12

13. Major
Concepts
1-5
Environment
Food
Water
Air
Nutrition
Animals
Plants
Neighborhoo
d
Time
Directions

14. 27-Oct-21 14
General Science
6-8th Standard
Living
Bota
ny
Zool
ogy
Healt
h
Scien
ce
Envir
onm
ental
Scien
ce
Non Living
Physi
cs
Che
mistr
y
Cosm
ology
Geol
ogy

15. Major
Concepts
6-8
Natural
Resourc
es Balance
d Diet
Sound
Light
Energy
Magnet
ism
Reprod
uction
Classific
ation
Cell
Organel
les
Compos
ition of
Matter
Metals/
Non
Metals
Acids/B
ases
Electric
Charge
Heat
Compos
ition of
Matter

16. Acids, Bases and Salts
An acid is defined as a substance whose water solution tastes
sour, turns blue litmus red and neutralizes bases. A substance is
called base if its aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red litmus
blue or neutralizes acids. Salt is a neutral substance whose
aqueous solution does not affect litmus.

17. Methods of Separating Substances
1. Distillation. separation by boiling point differences.
2. Floatation. separation of solids by density different.
3. Chromatography. separation by inner molecular
attractions.
4. Magnetism.
5. Filtration.
6. Extraction.
7. Crystallization.
8. Mechanical Separation.

18. Magnetism
• All the magnets have two types of
poles: north-seeking poles or
north poles and south-seeking
poles or south poles.
• The magnetic strength is the
strongest at the poles of the
magnet.
• Like poles repel and unlike poles
attract (just as like charges repel
and unlike charges attract).
• Magnets attract magnetic
materials such as iron, steel,
cobalt and nickel.
• The stronger a magnet, the larger
will be the attractive or repulsive
force between other magnets.

19. Classification of Living Organisms

20. Domain-1
Eukaryotes
Kingdom-
Kingdom Animalia
Phyllum-9
Classes-107
Orders-1000+
Families-5000+
Genus-5 Lac+
Species -8.7
million
Domain-1
Eukaryotes
Kingdom-
Kingdom Plantae
Phyllum-14
Classes-33
Orders-6
Families-150+
Genus-5 Lac+
Species -2.35
million
King
Phillip
Comes
Over
For
Great
Spaghetti!

21. Classification of Plants

22. Classification of Animals

23. Heat
• ‘Heat is an energy that spontaneously passes between
a system and its surroundings in some way other than
through work or by the transfer of matter.’
• Instrument to measure Heat- Thermometer.
• Unit -As an amount of energy (being transferred), the
SI unit of heat is the joule (J).
3 mechanisms of Heat Transfer-
• Conduction- Heat transfer between the atoms and
molecules in direct contact.
• Convection- Heat transfer by the movement of heated
substance itself such as by the currents in fluid.
• Radiation - It when heat moves as energy waves, called
infrared waves, directly from its source to something
else.

24. Measurement and Effects
of Heat
• The important effects of heat on
an object are listed below:
1) Raises the temperature.
2) Increases volume.
3) Changes state.

25. Sound
• In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave,
through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
• In human physiology, sound is the reception of such waves and their
perception by the brain. 20 Hz and 20 kHz Acoustic Waves are
audible to humans.
• Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and are not
audible to humans.
• Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound.
• We measure sound intensity or sound pressure in units called
decibels.
• Hz, hertz = unit of sound frequency is called hertz (Hz).
• A decibel meter is a measuring instrument used measure sound.
• A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of a
periodic signal.
• an echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a
delay after the direct sound.

26. Propagation of Sound
• Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure which propagates through
compressible media such as air or water. (Sound can propagate through
solids as well, but there are additional modes of propagation). During their
propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attentuated by the
medium.

27. Cell Organelles

28. States of Matter

29. Composition of Matter

30. Classification of Substances

31. Natural Resources-Uses and Conservation

32. Manmade Material
• Man-made materials are materials obtained
from natural materials through chemical
processes. These materials are usually made
using natural, and raw materials. Examples of
man-made materials are glass, rayon, and
nylon. paper, steel, synthetic rubber, polyester,
wax paper, concrete, and silicone rubber, etc.

33. Kinematic Equation
u=Initial velocity
v=Final velocity
t=Time
s=Displacement
a= Acceleration
There are three equations
of motion

34. Structure of Atom
Atom is divided into
• Nucleus
• Electron shell
Nucleus features following
• Protons
• Neutrons
• electrons
• An atom is a complex arrangement of
negatively charged electrons arranged in
defined shells about a positively charged
nucleus.
• This nucleus contains most of the atom's
mass and is composed of protons and
neutrons.
• A convenient unit of length for
measuring atomic sizes is the angstrom
(Å), which is defined as 1 x 10-10 meters.
• The diameter of an atom is
approximately 2-3 Å.

35. VALENCY
• Valency is the capacity to gain or take
electrons from other atoms when it forms
chemical compounds or molecules.
• For ex.. Oxygen
• atomic number=8
• K=2,L=6 to complete 2nd shell oxygen atom
take 2 e- for stabilization.
• Hence the valency of oxygen is 2.

36. Atomic number and Atomic mass
number
• Atomic no(Z): The no of p+
in the nucleus of an
atom.
• Ex.Carbon
• Atomic no=6
• As no of protons are 6
• Atomic mass no(A):
• also Called as Nucleon
no.
• The sum of no of p and
no of n
• Ex. Carbon
• Atomic mass no= p + n
• = 6+6
• =12

37. Balanced Diet
• A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a person's nutritional needs.
• A balanced diet is a diet that contains differing kinds of foods in certain
quantities and proportions so that the requirement for calories, proteins,
minerals, vitamins and alternative nutrients is adequate and a small
provision is reserved for additional nutrients to endure the health.
• There are seven essential factors for a balanced diet:
1. carbs
2. protein
3. fat
4. fibre
5. vitamins
6. minerals and
7. water

38. Photosynthesis

39. Work • work is the energy
transferred to or
from an object via
the application of
force along a
displacement. In its
simplest form, it is
often represented
as the product of
force and
displacement.
• work (joules) =
force (newtons) x
distance (meters)

40. Energy
• Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work.
Forms of Energy-
• heat (thermal),
• light (radiant),
• mechanical,
• electrical,
• chemical, and
• nuclear energy.
• All forms of energy are associated with motion. For example, any given body has
kinetic energy if it is in motion.
• A tensioned device such as a bow or spring, though at rest, has the potential for
creating motion; it contains potential energy because of its configuration.
• In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules. One joule is
equal to the work done by a one-newton force acting over a one-meter distance.

41. Simple Machines

42. Force and Types of Forces
• Force is basically push and pull.
• Force is the external agent that
produces motion. Basically, there
are two main types of forces,
contact forces, and non-contact
forces.
• Unit of force is Newton (N).
• A Newton is a force required to
give a mass of 1 kilogram (1 kg)
an acceleration of 1 meter per
second squared (1 m/s²).
• SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
and acceleration is meter per
second squared (m/sec²) hence it
is written as kg m/sec² which is
denoted by Newton.

43. Chemical Change and Chemical Bond
• Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds between atoms are
formed or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction
are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of
the reaction are known as the products.
• The five conditions of chemical change: color change, formation of
a precipitate, formation of a gas, odor change, temperature
change.
• There are four types of chemical bonds essential for life to exist:
Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and van der Waals
interactions.
• We need all of these different kinds of bonds to play various roles in
biochemical interactions. These bonds vary in their strengths.

44. Light
• Light, electromagnetic radiation that can be
detected by the human eye.
• Sun, Stars, Fireflies, Glowworms, Jellyfish,
etc.
• Newton was famously credited with the
discovery that white light consists of a
spectrum of colors. The dispersion of white
light into its constituent colors is caused by a
variation of the index of refraction of glass
with color.
• When sunlight enters the atmosphere of the
earth, the atoms and molecules of different
gasses present in the air absorb the light.
Then these atoms re-emit light in all
directions. This process is known as
Scattering of light.
• Raman effect, change in the wavelength of
light that occurs when a light beam is
deflected by molecules.

45. Propagation of Light
• Propagation of light refers
to the manner in which an
electromagnetic wave
transfer it's energy from
one point to another.
Three main processes
generally occur when light
passes between boundaries
from one medium to
another:
• Transmission
• Reflection
• Refraction
• The speed of light in
vacuum, commonly
denoted c, is a universal
physical constant important
in many areas of physics.
• Its exact value is defined as
299792458 metres per
second (approximately
300000 km/s, or
186000 mi/s).

46. Reflection of Light
• The process of sending
back light rays which fall on
the surface of an object, is
called reflection of light. A
plane mirror reflects almost
all the light which falls on it.
• Laws of Reflection of Light -
a. The angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of
reflection.
b. The incident ray, the
normal and the reflected
ray, all lie in the same
plane.

47. Refraction of Light
• A swimming pool always
looks shallower than it
really is because the light
coming from the bottom
of the pool bends at the
surface due to refraction
of light.
• Formation of a rainbow is
an example of refraction
as the sun rays bend
through the raindrops
resulting in the rainbow.

48. Reproduction in Living Things
• Reproduction is defined as a
biological process in which an
organism gives rise to young
ones (offspring) similar to itself.
The offspring grow, mature and in
turn produce new offspring.
• Thus, there is a cycle of birth,
growth and death.
• There are two ways by which
living things can reproduce copies
of themselves: sexual
reproduction and asexual
reproduction.
• In sexual reproduction, male and
female sex cells of the two
parents unite and form a zygote
that will develop eventually into a
being of their own kind.
• Organisms reproduce asexually
by splitting, budding, vegetative
propagation, and the
development of eggs into new
animals without fertilization.

50. Circulatory System
• The circulatory system, also
called the cardiovascular
system or the vascular system,
is an organ system that
permits blood to circulate and
transport nutrients (such as
amino acids and electrolytes),
oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, and blood cells to
and from the cells in the body
to provide nourishment and
help in fighting diseases,
stabilize temperature and pH,
and maintain homeostasis.
3 Types of Circulation-
• Systemic circulation.
• Coronary circulation.
• Pulmonary circulation.
The circulatory system consists of
three independent systems that
work together:
1. the heart (cardiovascular)
2. lungs (pulmonary),
3. arteries, veins, coronary and
portal vessels (systemic).
The system is responsible for the
flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen
and other gases, and as well as
hormones to and from cells.

51. Scientists and Their Contribution

52. SR.NO. NAME OF THE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY/INVENTION
1. ALBERT EINSTEIN QUANTUM MECHANICS, THEORY OF
RELATIVITY, PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
2. J.J. THOMSON DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS
3. ERNEST RUTHERFORD DISCOVERY OF NUCLEUS, RADIOACTIVITY
4. NEILS BOHR STRUCTURE OF ATOM
5. ISSAC NEWTON LAWS OF MOTION, GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE, CALCULUS
6. THOMAS EDISON DISCOVERY OF INCANDESCENT LIGHT,
THERMIONIC EMISSION.
INVENTED MOTION PICTURE CAMERA,
FLUORESCENT ELECTRIC LAMP.
7. CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB COULOMB’S LAW
8. GEORG SIMON OHM OHM’S LAW
9. MICHAEL FARADAY DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION, BENZENE, FARADAY’S LAW
OF ELECTROLYSIS
10. MAX PLANCK QUANTUM THEORY OF ENERGY
11. MARIE SKLODOWSKA-CURIE DISCOVERY OF POLONIUM AND RADIUM
12. HEINRICH RUDOLPH HERTZ THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM,
DISCOVERED RADIO WAVES, DEVELOPED

53. SR. NO. NAME OF THE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY/INVENTION
13. ROBERT HOOKE DISCOVERED CELL
14. ROBERT BROWN DISCOVERED NUCLEUS OF THE CELL
15. PURKINJE COINED THE TERM ‘PROTOPLASM’
16. SCHLEIDEN AND SCHWANN CELL THEORY
17. ANTON VEN LEEUWENHOEK DISCOVERED FREE LIVING CELLS IN POND
WATER FOR THE FIRST TIME (BACTERIA,
PROTOZOA)
18. CAMILLO GOLGI GOLGI APPARATUS
19. JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS
CRICK
DISCOVERED DNA
20. ROBERT WHITTAKAR FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
21. LOUIS PASTUER FERMENTATION, PASTUERIZATION,
VACCINE FOR CHICKEN CHOLERA, RABIES
AND ANTHRAX
22. ALEXANDER FLEMING DISCOVERED PENICILLIN
23. EDWARD JENNER VACCINE FOR SMALL POX
24. ROBERT KOCH DISCOVERED BACTERIUM Bacillus
anthracis

54. Indian Scientists Inventions
1 APJ Abdul Kalam In-charge of developing India’s first Satellite Launch
Vehicle (SLV)
2 Satyendra Nath Bose Collaborating with Albert Einstein in developing the
foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the
theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate
3 Meghnad Saha Developed the Saha Ionization Equation, used to
describe chemical and physical conditions in stars
4 Prafulla Chandra Ray Discovered a new compound, Mercurous Nitrite
5 Salim Ali Invented the systematic bird survey in India and
abroad
6 Homi J Bhabha Founder of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
and the head of India’s nuclear program
Indian Scientists and Their
inventions

55. Indian Scientists Inventions
7 Jagadish Chandra Bose Invented the Crescograph to measure growth in
plants
8 Ramanujan Findings on Infinite series for pi, analysis, number
theory, continued fractions
9 C.V Raman Discovered the Raman Effect in Physics
10 Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Discovered Mahalanobis distance and formulated
India’s strategy for industrialization in the Second
Five-Year Plan
11 Subhramanyan Chandrashekhar Chandrasekhar limit which is the maximum mass
of a stable white dwarf star
12 Birbal Sahni Studied ancient fossils and discovered petrified
wood of Homoxylon rajmahalense
13 Raj Reddy Anchored the development of the AI system
14 SS Abhyankar Contributed to the field of algebraic geometry

56. FATHER OF SCIENCES

57. SR.NO.F NAME OF THE SCIENTISTS FATHER OF SCIENCES
1. ARISTOTLE FATHER OF BIOLOGY
2. THEOPHRASTUS FATHER OF BOTANY
3. ARISTOTLE FATHER OF ZOOLOGY
4. CAROLUS LINNAEUS FATHER OF TAXONOMY
5. LOUIS PASTEUR FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
6. GREGOR MENDEL FATHER OF GENETICS
7. ANTOINE LAVOISIER FATHER OF CHEMISTRY
8. FRIEDRICH WOHLER FATHER OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
9. ALFRED WERNER FATHER OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
10. WILHELM OSTWALD FATHER OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
11. ALBERT EINSTEIN, GALILEO
GALILEI, ISSAC NEWTON
FATHER OF MODERN PHYSICS
12. ROBERT HOOKE FATHER OF CYTOLOGY
13. HIPPOCRATES FATHER OF MEDICINE

58. LAWS OF SCIENCE

59. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1ST LAW
• Newton’s 1st law states that a body at rest or uniform motion will continue to
be at rest or uniform motion until and unless a net external force acts on it.
• The first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
2ND LAW
• Newton’s 2nd law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a
net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the
same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object’s
mass. F=ma
3RD LAW
• Newton’s 3rd law states that there is an equal and opposite reaction for every
action.

60. Newton’s Laws of Motion

61. LAWS OF CONSERVATION
ENERGY
•The law of conservation of energy states that “ The energy can neither be created
nor be destroyed. Although, it may be transformed from one form to another”.
MASS
•The law of conservation of mass states that "The mass in an isolated system can
neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to
another”.
MOMENTUM
•The law of conservation of momentum states that for two objects colliding in an
isolated system, the total momentum before and after the collision is equal.
•This is because the momentum lost by one object is equal to the momentum
gained by the other.

62. NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
• Newton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation
states that every
particle attracts every
other particle in the
universe with force
directly proportional to
the product of the
masses and inversely
proportional to the
square of the distance
between them.
 F is the gravitational force between
bodies
 m1 and m2 are the masses of the
bodies
 r is the distance between the centers
of two bodies
 G is the universal gravitational
constant.

63. SPECIAL RELATIVITY EQUATION
• mass–energy equivalence is the relationship
between mass and energy in a system's rest
frame, where the two values differ only by a
constant and the units of measurement.
• The principle is described by the physicist
Albert Einstein's famous formula: E=mc2

64. AVOGADRO’S LAW
• Avogadro’s law, also
known as Avogadro’s
principle or Avogadro’s
hypothesis, is a gas law
which states that the
total number of
atoms/molecules of a
gas (i.e. the amount of
gaseous substance) is
directly proportional to
the volume occupied by
the gas at constant
temperature and

65. OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s Law Statement: Ohm’s law states that the
voltage across a conductor is directly proportional
to the current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperature, remain
constant.
Ohm’s Law Equation: V = IR, where V is the voltage
across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the
conductor and R is the resistance provided by the
conductor to the flow of current.

66. COULOMB’S LAW
• According to
Coulomb’s law, the
force of attraction or
repulsion between
two charged bodies is
directly proportional
to the product of their
charges and inversely
proportional to the
square of the
distance between
them.

67. STEFANS’S LAW
• The law states that; ‘The
total energy
emitted/radiated per unit
surface area of a
blackbody across all
wavelengths per unit
time is directly
proportional to the fourth
power of the black
body’s thermodynamic
temperature’
• Radiate energy =
(Emissivity) * (Stefan-
Boltzmann constant) *
(Temperature)4 * (Area)
• The equation is: P = є σ T4 A
 P: Radiate energy
 σ: The Stefan-Boltzmann
Constant
 T: absolute temperature in Kelvin
 є: Emissivity of the material.
 A: Area of the emitting body

68. PASCAL’S LAW
According to Pascal’s
Law-
“The external static
pressure applied on a
confined liquid is
distributed or
transmitted evenly
throughout the liquid in
all directions”.
• F = PA
 F is the force applied
 P is the pressure
transmitted
 A is the cross-
sectional area.

69. HOOKE’S LAW
• Mathematically, Hooke’s law states
that the applied force F equals a
constant k times the displacement or
change in length x, or F = k x.

70. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First law
• When energy
moves into or
out of a system,
the system’s
internal energy
changes in
accordance
with the law of
conservation of
mass.
Second law
• The state of the
entropy of the
entire universe,
as an isolated
system, will
always increase
over time.
Third law
• Entropy of a
perfect crystal
at absolute
zero is zero.

71. KEPLER’S LAW OF PLANETARY
MOTION
Kepler First law – The
Law of Orbits
• ” All the planets
revolve around the
sun in elliptical
orbits having the
sun at one of the
foci”.
Kepler’s Second Law
– The Law of Equal
Areas
• ” The radius vector
drawn from the sun
to the planet
sweeps out equal
areas in equal
intervals of time”
Kepler’s Third Law –
The Law of Periods
• ” The square of the
time period of
revolution of a
planet around the
sun in an elliptical
orbit is directly
proportional to the
cube of its semi-
major axis”.
• T2 ∝ a3

72. HUBBLE’S LAW OF COSMIC
EXPANSION
Hubble’s law statement is given as
The velocity of the galaxy which is also known as the
redshift is directly proportional to its distance.
v=H0dv=H0d
Hubble’s law formula: v = H0D
Where,
•v is the velocity of the galaxy in km/s
•H0 is the Hubble constant in km/s/Mpc
•d is the distance of the galaxy in Mpc (mega-parsecs)

73. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE

74. BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
• Bernoulli's principle
states that within a
horizontal flow of
fluid, points of
higher fluid speed
will always have
less pressure than
the points.
• p + 1/2 ρ v2 + ρgh =
constant
 p is the pressure exerted by
the fluid
 v is the velocity of the fluid
 ρ is the density of the fluid
 h is the height of the
container

75. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
• Archimedes'
principle states
that a body
immersed in a
fluid is
subjected to an
upwards force
equal to the
weight of the
displaced fluid.
• Fb = ρ x g x V
 Fb is the buoyant force
 ρ is the density of the fluid
 V is the submerged volume
 g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

76. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

77. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
• The English chemist John
Dalton suggested that all
matter is made up of atoms,
which were indivisible and
indestructible.
• He also stated that all the
atoms of an element were
exactly the same, but the
atoms of different elements
differ in size and mass.
• Chemical reactions, according
to Dalton’s atomic theory,
involve a rearrangement of
atoms to form products.
• The following are the postulates
of his theory:
 Every matter is made up of atoms.
 Atoms are indivisible.
 Specific elements have only one
type of atoms in them.
 Each atom has its own constant
mass that varies from element to
element.
 Atoms undergo rearrangement
during a chemical reaction.
 Atoms can neither be created nor
be destroyed but can be
transformed from one form to
another.

78. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
• Consider some amount of gas
in a container; these gases will
be moving randomly in all
directions with all possible
velocities and these gas
molecules. Therefore, acquire
kinetic energy based on their
velocities. To explain this
observed behavior of gases,
Bernoulli proposed a model
called the Kinetic Theory of
Gas.
• The following are the kinetic theory of gases
postulates:
 First, the space-volume to molecules ratio is
negligible.
 There is no force of attraction between the
molecules at normal temperature and
pressure. However, the force of attraction
between the molecules builds when the
temperature decreases and the pressure
increases.
 There is a large space between the
molecules resulting in continuous motion.
 The free movement of molecules results in a
perfectly elastic collision.
 The molecules have kinetic energy due to
random movement. But the average kinetic
energy of these molecules differs with
temperature.
 Molecules exert pressure on the walls of the
container.

79. CELL THEORY
• Cell theory was expanded by
Virchow in 1855 by suggesting
that all cells arise from pre-
existing cells,
• All animals and plants are
composed of cells, which serve
as the units of structure and
function and all cell arise from
pre-existing cells.
• This is called the Cell Theory.
• It was propounded by Matthias
Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann in 1839 later on
Rudolf Virchow added to this in
1858.
• Early cell theory was
comprised of four statements,
1. All organisms are made up of
cells.
2. New cells are formed from
preexisting cells
3. All cells are similar. Finally,
cells are the most basic units of
life.
4. Cells provide the basic units of
functionality and structure in
living things.

80. THEORY OF EVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution states that evolution happens by
natural selection.
• Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics. This
variation is because of differences in their genes.
• Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more
likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease.
These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to
their children.
• Individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment are less likely to
survive and reproduce. Therefore their genes are less likely to be passed
on to the next generation.
• As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment
survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.

81. GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
• The germ theory of disease states that many
diseases are caused by microorganisms such as
bacteria, virus, protozoa, or fungi. The diseases are
caused by the growth and replication of
microorganisms.
• The germ theory of disease was devised by Louis
Pasteur. He also performed various experiments to
demonstrate the relationship between
microorganisms and diseases.

82. BIG BANG THEORY
• The Big Bang Theory is an astrophysical model of the
universe that can be observed by human senses. The
theory gives details about the origins of the universe
from its early formations to its modern-day evolutions.
• The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began
to cool down sufficiently in order to allow the
formation of particles that would later become
atoms after its initial phase of expansion.
• In simpler terms, it can be stated that the universe
inflated into the cosmic system 13.8 billion years ago to
form the galaxy and the solar system as we know it.

83. Formulae

84. Some Common Chemical Formulae
• NaCl : Salt
• O2 : Oxygen
• H2SO4 : Sulfuric Acid
• CH4 : Methane
• C12H22O11 : Sucrose
• C3H8 : Propane
• NaHCO3 : Baking Soda
• F : Fluoride
• C8H10N4O2 : Caffeine
• C9H8O4 : Aspirin
• Zn(NO3)2 : Zinc
• CO : Carbon Monoxide
• NaCN : Sodium Cyanide
• Ca(CN) 2 : Calcium Cyanide

85. Some Common Physical Formulae

86. References
• http://cart.ebalbharati.in/BalBooks/pdfs/3030
00544.pdf
• https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-
formulas/basic-physics-formula/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%
93energy_equivalence