This document provides an outline for a chapter on exploring life and science. It introduces key concepts about the characteristics of life, human classification in the animal kingdom, the scientific process, interpreting scientific studies, and challenges in science. The characteristics of life - organization, acquiring energy/materials, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction/growth, and evolutionary history - are described. Humans are distinguished from other animals by traits like advanced brains and tool use. The scientific method involves making observations, hypotheses, experiments, analyzing data, and conclusions. Interpreting studies requires understanding methodology, results, and graphs/statistics. Challenges in science include impacts of technology and addressing issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.

1. 1
Chapter 01
Lecture Outline
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
EXPLORING LIFE
AND
SCIENCE

2. 2
EXPLORING LIFE AND
SCIENCE
CHAPTER CONCEPTS
1.1The Characteristics of Life
The process of evolution accounts for the diversity of living
organisms and explains why all life shares the same basic
characteristics.
1.2Humans Are Related to Other Animals
Humans are eukaryotes and are further classified as mammals in
the animal kingdom. We differ from other mammals, including apes,
by our highly developed brain, upright stance, creative language,
and ability to use a wide variety of tools.

3. 3
EXPLORING LIFE AND
SCIENCE
CHAPTER CONCEPTS
1.3 Science as a Process
Biologists use the scientific process when they study the natural
world. A hypothesis is formulated and tested to arrive at a
conclusion. Theories explain how the natural world is organized.
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study
Data are more easily understood if results are presented in the form
of a graph and are accompanied by a statistical analysis.
1.5 Challenges Facing Science
Technology is the application of scientific information. Many
challenges, including climate change and loss of biodiversity, are
being studied by scientists.

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POINTS TO PONDER
• WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
• WHAT CHARACTERIZES LIFE?
• HOW DO WE CLASSIFY LIFE?
• WHERE DO HUMANS FIT INTO THE BIG PICTURE?
• HOW DO WE STUDY SCIENCE?
• WHERE IS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION PUBLISHED
AND WHAT SHOULD YOU BE AWARE OF?

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LIVING THINGS
• THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF
LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR
ENVIRONMENTS.
• ALL LIVING THINGS SHARE CERTAIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/arti
cle/robotic-jellyfish-climate-spy

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WHAT CHARACTERISTICS ARE
SHARED BY LIVING ORGANISMS?
• ORGANIZED FROM THE ATOM TO THE
BIOSPHERE
• USE MATERIALS AND ENERGY FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT
• MAINTAIN A RELATIVELY CONSTANT INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT (HOMEOSTASIS)
• RESPOND TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULI
• REPRODUCE AND GROW
• HAVE AN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY THROUGH
WHICH ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER TIME
1.1 The Characteristics of Life

7. 7
LIFE IS ORGANIZED
• ATOMS JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM MOLECULES
THAT MAKE UP CELLS.
• A CELL IS THE SMALLEST STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF AN ORGANISM. IN MORE
COMPLEX LIVING THINGS, CELLS JOIN TO FORM
TISSUES, WHICH FORM ORGANS, WHICH FORM
ORGAN SYSTEMS, WHICH THEN FORM
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS.
• BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION EXTENDS BEYOND
THE INDIVIDUAL TO POPULATIONS,
COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND FINALLY THE
1.1 The Characteristics of Life

8. 8
https://www.pinterest.es/pi
n/178877416428562689/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/641059328181038148/

9. 9
https://tahsin1997.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/brief-
concept-of-biological-organization.jpg

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ORGANISMS ACQUIRE MATERIALS
AND ENERGY
• HUMAN BEINGS REQUIRE AN OUTSIDE SOURCE OF
MATERIALS AND ENERGY TO CARRY ON LIFE’S
ACTIVITIES. HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS GET
THESE MATERIALS WHEN THEY EAT FOOD. THE
ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE MAJORITY
OF LIFE ON EARTH IS THE SUN.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/24/metabolism-fast-slow/

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ORGANISMS MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS
• THE ABILITY OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM TO
MAINTAIN AN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THAT
OPERATES UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONS IS CALLED
HOMEOSTASIS.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
https://gifs.com/gif/a-hormonal-control-of-blood-
glucose-v9AoXq

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ORGANISMS RESPOND TO STIMULI
• LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO EXTERNAL STIMULI,
OFTEN BY MOVING TOWARD OR AWAY FROM A
STIMULUS.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life

13. 13
ORGANISMS REPRODUCE AND GROW
• WHEN ORGANISMS REPRODUCE, THEY PASS ON GENETIC
INFORMATION TO THE NEXT GENERATION. FOLLOWING
FERTILIZATION OF THE EGG BY THE SPERM CELL, THE
ZYGOTE THAT RESULTS UNDERGOES GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT.
• GROWTH IS AN INCREASE IN SIZE AND NUMBER OF CELLS
AND IS A PART OF DEVELOPMENT. IN HUMANS,
DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES ALL THE CHANGES THAT OCCUR
FROM THE TIME THE EGG IS FERTILIZED UNTIL DEATH, AS
WELL AS REPAIR THAT TAKES PLACE FOLLOWING AN
INJURY. DNA ENABLES LIVING ORGANISMS TO PASS ON
HEREDITARY INFORMATION FROM PARENT TO CHILD.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life

14. 14
ORGANISMS HAVE AN
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
• EVOLUTION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A
POPULATION CHANGES THROUGH TIME. EVOLUTION
EXPLAINS BOTH THE UNITY AND THE DIVERSITY OF
LIFE.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life

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HOW ARE LIVING THINGS
ORGANIZED?
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
nervous system shoot system
leaf
photosynthetic tissue
plant cell
brain
nervous tissue
neuron
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited
by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment
Community
Interacting populations in a particular area
Population
Organisms of the same species
in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms
of the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
Figure 1.2 Levels of
biological organization.

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LIVING THINGS ARE NOW
CLASSIFIED INTO THREE DOMAINS:
• ARCHAEA, BACTERIA, AND EUKARYA.
• HUMANS ARE MAMMALS WITHIN THE
VERTEBRATES OF THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA
WITHIN THE DOMAIN EUKARYA.
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

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HOW DO WE CLASSIFY HUMANS?
HUMAN HOUSE CAT
DOMAIN EUKARYA EUKARYA
KINGDOM ANIMALIA ANIMALIA
PHYLUM CHORDATA CHORDATA
CLASS MAMMALIA MAMMALIA
ORDER PRIMATES
CARNIVORA
FAMILY HOMINIDAE FELIDAE
GENUS HOMO FELIS
SPECIES SAPIENS DOMESTICUS
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

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WHAT DISTINGUISHES HUMANS?
• CULTURAL HERITAGE OR PATTERNS OF OUR
BEHAVIOR PASSED FROM ONE GENERATION TO
THE NEXT
• HIGHLY DEVELOPED BRAINS
• COMPLETELY UPRIGHT STANCE
• CREATIVE LANGUAGE SKILLS
• VARIED TOOL USE
• MODIFICATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR OUR
OWN PURPOSE WHICH MAY THREATEN THE
BIOSPHERE
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

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WHAT DISTINGUISHES HUMANS?
• HUMANS HAVE A CULTURAL HERITAGE:
CULTURE ENCOMPASSES HUMAN ACTIVITIES
AND PRODUCTS THAT ARE PASSED ON FROM
ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT OUTSIDE OF
DIRECT BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE. THIS
INCLUDES BELIEFS, VALUES, AND SKILLS.
• HUMANS ARE MEMBERS OF THE BIOSPHERE: ALL
LIVING THINGS ON EARTH ARE PART OF THE
BIOSPHERE, A LIVING NETWORK THAT SPANS
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND DOWN INTO THE SOIL AND
SEAS.
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

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WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT
SCIENCE?
• SCIENCE IS A WAY OF KNOWING ABOUT THE
NATURAL WORLD.
• SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS SHOULD BE
OBJECTIVE.
• SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS MAY CHANGE OR
BE MODIFIED AS OUR UNDERSTANDING AND
TECHNOLOGY INCREASE.
• SCIENCE IS STUDIED USING THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD.
1.3 Science as a Process

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SCIENTIFIC THEORIES IN BIOLOGY
1.3 Science as a Process

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THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
• START WITH AN OBSERVATION
• DEVELOP A HYPOTHESIS
• MAKE A PREDICTION AND PERFORM EXPERIMENTS
• COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA
• DEVELOP A CONCLUSION
1.3 Science as a Process

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THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
1.3 Science as a Process
Figure 1.7 The scientific method.

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1.3 Science as a Process
A CONTROLLED STUDY IN ACTION
Figure 1.9 A controlled
laboratory experiment to
test the effectiveness of a
medication in humans.

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• OBSERVATIONS: MANY PATIENTS HAD A
PARTICULAR BACTERIUM NEAR THEIR
ULCERS.
• HYPOTHESIS: HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS THE
CAUSE OF GASTRITIS AND ULCERS.
HOW THE CAUSE OF ULCERS WAS
DISCOVERED:
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN ACTION
1.3 Science as a Process

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• EXPERIMENT/OBSERVATIONS:
1ST – H. PYLORI WAS ISOLATED AND GROWN FROM ULCER
PATIENTS.
2ND – HUMANS SWALLOWING A H. PYLORI SOLUTION
DEVELOPED INFLAMMATION IN THEIR STOMACHS.
• CONCLUSION: H. PYLORI WAS THE CAUSE OF MOST
ULCERS AND CAN BE CURED BY ANTIBIOTICS.
HOW THE CAUSE OF ULCERS WAS
DISCOVERED:
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN ACTION
1.3 Science as a Process

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WHAT SHOULD YOU LOOK FOR
WHEN YOU READ ABOUT SCIENCE?
• BEWARE OF ANECDOTAL DATA.
• UNDERSTAND METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS.
• DOES THE DATA JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSIONS
INFERRED BY THE SCIENTISTS?
• BE ABLE TO READ A GRAPH.
• HAVE SOME UNDERSTANDING OF STATISTICS.
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study

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READING A GRAPH
WHAT INFORMATION DOES THIS LINE GRAPH
CONVEY?
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study
Figure 1.10 The presentation of scientific data.

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DOES SCIENCE HAVE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES?
• SCIENCE IS A WAY OF ACQUIRING
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NATURAL WORLD.
• IT IS A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ENDEAVOR THAN
TECHNOLOGY.
1.5 Challenges Facing Science

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DOES SCIENCE HAVE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES?
• TECHNOLOGY IS THE APPLICATION OF
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO HUMAN
INTERESTS.
• BIOETHICS IS THE BRANCH OF ETHICS
CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND
CONSEQUENCES OF BIOLOGICAL
TECHNOLOGY.
- GENETIC ENGINEERING (GENETICALLY MODIFIED
CROPS)
1.5 Challenges Facing Science

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HUMAN INFLUENCE ON
ECOSYSTEMS
• HUMANS TEND TO MODIFY ECOSYSTEMS FOR
THEIR OWN PURPOSES.
• CHANGES IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND USE OF
NEW TECHNOLOGY CAN RESULT IN NEW
DISEASES (EMERGING DISEASES).
• HUMAN ACTIVITIES MAY ATTRIBUTE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE (GLOBAL WARMING).
1.5 Challenges Facing Science