This document discusses satellite RNA, which are small non-coding RNAs that depend on helper viruses for replication and encapsidation. It provides 3 key points: 1) Satellite RNAs alter symptoms of their helper viruses. They do not encode their own replication machinery and instead rely on the helper virus and plant cells. This makes them useful for studying helper virus replication. 2) Satellite RNAs can accumulate to high levels and be developed into expression vectors. They compete with helper virus RNA for replication, which can reduce accumulation of the helper virus. 3) Satellite RNAs can modulate or exacerbate disease symptoms depending on their sequence and interaction with the helper virus strain and host plant. They may attenuate symptoms

1. SAM HIGGINGBOTTOM UNIVRSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, PRAYAGRAJ.
PRESENTED BY :
DESHMUKH TUSHAR SHIVAJI
ID NO.18MSENT078
M. SC (Ag) ENTOMOLOGY.
PRESENTED TO:
DR. SHASHI TIWARI.
1

2. SATELLITE RNA
TOPIC NAME:

3. What is Satellite RNA:
• Satellite RNAs are replicated by the helper virus replicase
complex and encapsidated by helper virus.
• Typically, they share no nucleotide
sequence homology with their helper virus. An
exception to this is the satellite RNA of TCV, which
contains a sequence domain with homology to
TCV RNA.
• This satellite RNA therefore has some
characteristics in common with defective RNAs.
3

4. Why we are concentrating on sat RNA?
• It alters the symptoms .
• They do not encode their own RdRps & depends on helper virus and
plant machineries.
• It provides additional information to study the replication of helper virus. It
act as a Molecular Parasites. So that reduce the accumulation of their
helper viral RNAs .
• They can accumulate to high levels in host plants and thus in some cases
can be developed into high-level expression vectors for foreign genes.
Kaper,j.M et al.. 1977: Mossop,d.W . et al .. 1979 :
4

5. Classification:
Satellite RNA
ssRNA
Large
satRNA
satBaMV, TBRV
satRNA, satGFLV,
satArMV,
Small linear
satRNA
PSV satRNA, TCV
satRNA, CMV satRNA,
TBSV satRNA.
Small circular
satRNA
TobRV satRNA, SNMV
satRNA , CYDV
satRNA ,
dsRNA
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae M virus
satellite,
Trichomonas
vaginalis T1 virus
satellite
NCBI, taxonomy ID :12877
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_%28biology%29#Classification
5

6. PROTEIN FUCTIONS :
TBRV satRNA are encode Mr 48,000 protein (419-424 AA) - in vivo -
involved in replication.
The P3 protein encoded by a GFLV-F13 satRNA (1,114 nt) -
replication .
satArMV - in planta - replication .
The P20 protein encoded by BaMV satRNA is not essential for
replication but is involved in the systemic movement of satBaMV
RNA.
Hans,f et.al..1993: Palani.pv et.al..2006,
6

7. Secondary structure :
MARILYN J. ROOSSINCK et al.,1992
Sequence variation :
A – CMV
B – TCV
C – TobRV
D - LTSV
7

8. REPLICATION
Helper virus specificity :
SNMV does not support the replication of satellite RNA of LTSV,
even though LTSV does support the replication of both satRNAs
Host specificity :
The small satellite RNA of ArMV replicates very efficiently in
Chenopodium quinoa by contrast TBRV replicates poorly in C. quinoa
but replicates very efficiently in Nicotiana clevelandii and Petunia
hybrida .
Enzymology :
A membrane-bound RdRp complex was isolated from tobacco
protoplasts inoculated with RNAs 1 and 2 of CMV; this complex was
capable of synthesizing CMV and satellite ds RNAs in vitro .
Davis, c et al .,1990 :Jones, A. T et al .,1984
8

9. Symptom modulation :
Interaction of SatRNA , Helper Virus , Host..,
Symptom attenuation can attained by reduction in virus titer through
competition for the replicase between the satellite and helper virus
(Strain).
changes in the nucleotides sequence of sat RNA are affect the
pathogenicity in host specific manner.
Example : (CMV sat RNA )
 Chlorosis – 135-175 nt.
 Necrosis - 290-310 nt.
Masuta c,et al..,1989: Sleat d. et al..,1990:
9

10. Exacerbated symptoms:
The CP of TCV suppresses RNA silencing in N. benthamiana.
TCV CP is a weak suppressor of RNA silencing when assembled into
the intact virions but a strong suppressor when expressed freely in the
cytosol.
The satC associated with TCV can reduce the accumulation of virions,
thereby increasing the level of free CP, which leads to the suppression
of RNA silencing and subsequent exacerbation in symptom severity.
Zhang F et al..,2003: Manfre A.J et al..2008
10

11. That siRNAs derived from a CMV satRNA can induce RNA silencing
against the CMV helper virus.
They showed that an abundant sat-siRNA, derived from the small
region conserved between satRNA and 3′ UTRs of CMV, can target the
homologous 3′ UTR sequence of CMV-inducing RDR6-dependent RNA
silencing against CMV.
Using a green florescent protein (GFP) sensor construct, they
confirmed sat-siRNA-directed cleavage at the CMV 3′ UTR sequence.
Thus, sat-siRNAs can have a direct role in reducing helper virus
accumulation by directing cross silencing against the helper virus
genome.
Zhu et al. 2011
RNA silencing : 11

12. To counter the defense
system of host plants, RNA
encodeviruses usually
proteins that function as
of RNAsuppressors
silencing.
The CP of TCV suppresses
RNA silencing in N.
benthamiana by
the Dicer-like
obstructing
protein
silencingDCL2/DCL4
pathway.
Manfre A.J et al..2008
12

13. 13

14. References and Notes:
1. Murant AF, Mayo MA. Satellites of plant viruses. Annu Rev
Phytopathol. 1982;20:49–70.
2. Tien P, Wu GS. Satellite RNA for the biocontrol of plant disease. Adv Virus
Res. 1991;39:321–39
3. Roossinck MJ, Sleat D, Palukaitis P. Satellite RNAs of plant viruses:
structures and biological effects. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56:265–79. [PMC free
article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Garcia-Arenal F, Palukaitis P. Structure and functional relationships of
satellite RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus. Curr Top Microbiol
Immunol. 1999;239:37–63.
5. Simon AE, Roossinck MJ, Havelda Z. Plant virus satellite and defective
interfering RNAs: new paradigms for a new century. Annu Rev
Phytopathol. 2004;42:415–37.
6. Kaper JM, Waterworth HE. Cucumber mosaic virus associated RNA 5:
causal agent for tomato necrosis. Science. 1977;196:429–
431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14

15. 15