S5 Small Intestines II
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The small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption of nutrients through several mechanisms: it has a large surface area due to numerous villi and microvilli that increase absorption area; the epithelial membrane is thin to facilitate diffusion; and a concentration gradient is maintained by transporting digested substances away from the villus via blood and lymphatic capillaries, allowing for continual absorption. Nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and water are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, while fatty acids and glycerol enter the lymphatic system to be recombined and absorbed.
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The document discusses diffusion and related transport processes. It defines diffusion as the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration. Active transport is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. Key examples discussed include gas exchange in the lungs, nutrient absorption in the small intestine and placenta, and ion regulation in cells.
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The small intestine has a structure that allows for both digestion and absorption of food. It has a folded inner wall and muscular outer layers that help move food along. The inner wall contains villi and microvilli that greatly increase the surface area for digestion and absorption. Enzymes in the small intestine digest macromolecules in food into smaller monomers. Absorption then occurs as these smaller molecules like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids pass through the epithelial cells lining the villi into the bloodstream using various membrane transport processes. The liver plays an important role in processing absorbed glucose from the small intestine.
animal nutrition
This document summarizes nutrient absorption in animals. It explains that absorption occurs when nutrients from digested feed enter the bloodstream and lymph systems. In non-ruminants, most absorption takes place in the small intestine, while ruminants can also absorb some nutrients through the rumen wall. Villi in the small intestine contain blood capillaries that absorb broken down nutrients like amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids. Absorption happens through diffusion or active transport, with amino acids and glucose requiring active transport. Once absorbed, nutrients are carried by the bloodstream to be used for processes like growth, reproduction and producing body heat.
Bit_absorption
The small intestine is adapted for efficient food absorption in several ways: (1) it has a highly folded inner wall with many villi that provide a large surface area for absorption, allowing enough time for nutrients to be absorbed; (2) long villi shorten the distance for absorption; (3) the thin wall of the villi contains a network of blood capillaries that quickly carry away absorbed food molecules to the rest of the body.
Ch # 36 digestion and nutrition
The human digestive system breaks down food into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. Each part of the tract has specialized functions. In the mouth, teeth break down food and saliva begins digestion. The stomach stores food and uses acid and enzymes to further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Nutrients are then absorbed by villi and transported to the bloodstream. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas produce enzymes and bile to aid digestion
Lp 14 digestive system 2009
The digestive system consists of a tube running from the mouth to anus and accessory organs including the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands. The functions of the digestive system include ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. The document describes the anatomy and functions of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and their roles in digestion. It also discusses several diseases that can affect the digestive system.
11u bio ani 06
1) The small intestines complete digestion of nutrients with help from accessory organs like the pancreas and liver. The pancreas releases enzymes and bile from the liver emulsifies fats to aid absorption.
2) Absorption of nutrients occurs along the villi and microvilli in the jejunum and ileum to maximize surface area. Most absorption happens in the ileum.
3) The large intestine absorbs water and vitamins and contains bacteria that produce other vitamins. Waste is stored and expelled through the anus.
DIGESTIVE-SYSTEM.pdf
The document discusses the digestive system and its functions. It describes how the digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Food is ingested, broken into smaller particles, further digested by enzymes, and absorbed into the bloodstream. The major organs involved include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines.
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More from Carolyn Khoo
Kidney failure
Kidneys are important for removing waste from the blood and regulating fluid and mineral balance. Kidney failure can result from high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, or injuries. Treatment options for kidney failure include kidney transplant, hemodialysis using a dialysis machine, or peritoneal dialysis using a bag and membranes. Hemodialysis involves pumping blood out of the body into a dialysis machine where waste diffuses out of the blood and it is returned cleaned to the body.
Urine formation osmo regulation
Kidneys play an important role in urine formation through processes like ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. Ultrafiltration forces small molecules like water, glucose, and salts through the basement membrane into the nephron. Through selective reabsorption, the kidneys regulate the levels of water, salts, and other solutes in the blood to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water in the blood. The kidneys also help control glucose and salt levels in the blood.
Overview of homeostasis & excretion
Homeostasis and excretion are related processes where homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment and excretion refers to removing metabolic waste products. The skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys are organs that help maintain homeostasis by regulating processes like temperature, water balance, and removal of toxins. The skin specifically regulates temperature through blood flow, sweat glands, and erector muscles in the dermis and helps remove some waste through sweat.
2011 cellular respiration
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Transport in human as at 290711
This document provides an overview of transport in mammals. It begins with lesson objectives related to describing the functions of blood, identifying blood vessels and blood disorders, and outlining the structure and function of the heart. The document then covers various components of the circulatory system including the components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), blood groups, major blood vessels, and the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid. It discusses the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries. Finally, it mentions describing the structure and function of the heart, outlining the cardiac cycle, and describing coronary heart disease.
Kidney – structure and function
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidneys. It describes the key roles of the kidneys in excretion, homeostasis, osmoregulation, and regulating salts and pH in the body. The gross and microscopic structures of the kidneys are outlined. Key components include the cortex, medulla, nephrons, glomeruli, and tubules. Ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption processes are explained in relation to kidney function. The production and transport of urea from deamination of proteins is also summarized.
Excretion
The document describes the key parts and functions of the urinary system. It identifies the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra as parts of the urinary system. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. They contain millions of nephrons that filter blood, reabsorb useful substances, and produce urine for excretion. For patients with kidney failure, dialysis can perform the kidneys' functions by filtering waste from the blood using a dialysis machine.
Nutrition in plants
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on plant nutrition and photosynthesis:
1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy that plants use to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, and it releases oxygen as a byproduct. Glucose produced can be used for energy, cell walls, fats, proteins, or stored as starch.
2. Leaves are structured for maximum photosynthesis, with waxy cuticles to reduce water loss, and stomata and mesophyll layers for gas exchange. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata while water enters through the roots and xylem.
3. The main requirements for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide,
Liver II
1. The document discusses the roles of the liver and insulin and glucagon in processing glucose from food. Insulin transports glucose from the bloodstream into liver cells for storage as glycogen, while glucagon mobilizes glucose from glycogen stores and releases it into the bloodstream.
2. When insulin is "fired" from its job, glucagon is hired to break down glycogen and release glucose.
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S7 The Rectum Vs Anus
The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract that controls the expulsion of feces. The rectum is the storage place at the lowest end of the intestine before the anus, where solid waste is stored. The colon and rectum play an important role in the digestive system by absorbing water from waste, allowing bacteria to break down remaining material, and moving waste into the rectum for storage before being expelled from the body through the anus. A healthy colon and rectum require a diet high in fiber and low in calories to properly eliminate waste from the body.
S8 Parts Associated W Digestive Sys
The document lists and describes several key parts of the digestive system including the salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, and liver. The pancreas is a gland connected to the duodenum that produces pancreatic juice containing insulin and glucagon. The liver and gall bladder also play important digestive roles, with the liver producing bile that is stored in the gall bladder and the bile aiding in digestion but containing no enzymes.
Villus Animation
Absorption takes place through the small intestine where nutrients like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the bloodstream. Fatty acids and glycerol combine to form fat molecules that enter lymph vessels for transport. The small intestine plays a key role in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients into blood circulation for use by cells in the body.
S2 Oesophagus
The oesophagus is a narrow muscular tube that continues from the mouth to the stomach. It has two layers of smooth muscles that help move food through peristalsis, which are wave-like contractions that propel food down the oesophagus from the mouth to the stomach.
S3 Stomach
The document describes the structure and function of the stomach. The stomach is a distensible organ that contains numerous gastric glands and pits. It uses peristalsis to break down food with gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzymes pepsin and rennin. This partial digestion of proteins and liquefaction of food forms chyme, which then passes through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine.
S1 Mouth
The digestive system begins with the mouth, which uses teeth to break down food and the tongue's taste buds to sense flavors. Saliva is produced in the mouth as well, containing enzymes to further break down food and mucus to soften it for swallowing into the esophagus and subsequent organs of the digestive tract: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
S4 Small Intestines
The small intestine is 6 meters long and consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It is adapted for absorption with numerous folds, villi, and enzymes to further break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and absorb nutrients. Villi in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption to help digest and absorb nutrients from food more efficiently. Most water is absorbed in the ileum portion of the small intestine.
Nas Final Enzymes Lesson 1
This document contains the agenda and content for a biology lesson on enzymes and digestion. The lesson will include recapping digestion, defining enzymes, explaining how enzymes work, and listing the key properties of enzymes. An enzyme demonstration with hydrogen peroxide is planned to show how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Students will learn that enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up, work best at specific temperatures and pH levels, and have matching active sites for their substrate.
Atomic Structure Isotopes
The document discusses atomic structure and isotopes. It recaps atomic structure, including the structure of the atom, relative masses and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons, chemical symbols, and electronic configuration. It then defines isotopes as atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Examples of isotopes of oxygen are provided. Finally, some uses of radioactive isotopes are mentioned, such as in food irradiation, archaeological dating, smoke detectors, and as radioactive tracers.
Nas Enzymes Lesson 2
This document discusses enzymes and the factors that affect their activity. It defines enzymes as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. It describes key properties of enzymes, including that they work specifically, function best at optimal temperatures and pH, and may require co-enzymes. It outlines factors like temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations that influence enzyme activity. It also provides examples and activities to illustrate enzyme behavior.
C26 Digestion In Human
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The human digestive system consists of the digestive tract and several organs that help break down food. As food moves through the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines, it is broken into smaller pieces and has nutrients extracted. Enzymes produced by glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into molecules small enough to be absorbed and used by cells throughout the body.
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S5 Small Intestines II
- 2. Absorption of nutrients in the small intestines 6.4 pg 102 What is Absorption? http://www.yenching.edu.hk/biology/absorption.swf
- 6. 1 cell thick epitheliumMany capillaries to carry substance away quickly Each villus is a lacteal or lymphatic capillary surrounded by blood capillaries. This continuous transport of digested food substances away from the villus maintains the concentration gradient for absorption.
- 7. Increased intestinal surface area 1 cell thick epithelium
- 8. Q. How is Concentration gradient maintained at the site of the intestinal villus? A concentration gradient is maintained at the villus by the continual transport of digested food substances away from the villus.
- 9. How does absorption take place? Legend Glucose amino acids fatty acid & glycerol fat molecule
- 10. Glucose & amino acids diffuses into blood capillaries of villi Glucose & amino acids also enters via active transport Glycerol & fatty acid diffuse into the epithelium, then combines back when they enter lacteal Water & mineral salts also absorbed. How does absorption take place?