The document describes the key parts and functions of the urinary system. It identifies the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra as parts of the urinary system. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. They contain millions of nephrons that filter blood, reabsorb useful substances, and produce urine for excretion. For patients with kidney failure, dialysis can perform the kidneys' functions by filtering waste from the blood using a dialysis machine.

1. In this chapter, you should be able to:
• Identify and label parts of the urinary system
• Describe the functions of parts of the urinary system
• Define excretion
• Describe dialysis

2. Excretion is the removal of metabolic
waste products from the body of an
organism.
Excretory organs
Lungs
Skin
Liver
Kidney

3. Bladder
Kidney
Ureter
Urethra
Renal artery
Renal vein
The Urinary system of Human

4. Medulla
Cortex
The kidney consists of 2 portions:
Outer region known as cortex
Inner region known as medulla

5. Nephron
Within the kidney is millions of subunits called nephrons.
The nephrons are the site of urine formation.

6. Glomerulus
Blood enters the kidney by the renal artery.
The renal artery branches into a mass of blood capillaries
called glomerulus.

7. Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus.

8. Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus.
Large molecules and cells
are retained in the blood.
i.e. hormones & RBC
Blood plasma are filtered
into the renal tubule.

9. Glomerulus
Loop of Henlé
Renal tubule
As the blood plasma moves along the Loop of Henlé,
some substances are reabsorbed back into the capillaries.
These substances include glucose, amino acids, mineral
salts and water.
Purified blood moves out of the kidney via the renal vein.

10. Glomerulus
Urea and excess water & mineral salts are retained in the
Loop of Henle, and sent to the collecting duct.
Loop of Henlé
Renal tubule
Collecting duct

11. Bladder
Kidney
Ureter
Urethra
Renal artery
Renal vein
The Urinary system of Human

12. Normal constituents of urine
Average composition of normal human urine in
grams / 100 cm³
Water
Mineral salts (NaCl)
Urea
Other nitrogenous substances
96.0
1.8
2.0
0.2
100.0

13. Kidney Failure – Dialysis
When a kidney transplant is not available or not feasible,
dialysis can mimic the critical functions of the kidneys and
sustain life.
Peritoneal dialysisHemodialysis

14. Hemodialysis
Fresh dialysis fluid in Used dialysis fluid out
Blood flowtubing

15. Dialysis machine has the following features:
• Tubing of the machine:
⇒ has walls which are partially permeable,
⇒ are highly coiled
∴ allow urea to diffuse out into the dialysis fluid.
∴ More urea can diffuse out in a given time.
tubing
to ↑ surface area: volume ratio,

16. Dialysis machine has the following properties:
• dialysis fluid has same osmotic concentration as blood plasma
∴No net movements of useful components of blood plasma
Fresh dialysis fluid in Used dialysis fluid out
• continual flow of dialysis fluid in and out of machine
∴maintains diffusion gradient of urea between blood and
dialysis fluid.
tubing

17. http://www.clevelandclinic.org/nephrology/patient/dialysis.htm

18. Metabolic
excretory product
Excretory
organ
Excreted as
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Excess water
Bile pigments
Lungs Gas in expired air
Kidneys Constituent in urine
Kidneys Constituent in urine
Liver Constituent in faeces