Kidneys are important for removing waste from the blood and regulating fluid and mineral balance. Kidney failure can result from high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, or injuries. Treatment options for kidney failure include kidney transplant, hemodialysis using a dialysis machine, or peritoneal dialysis using a bag and membranes. Hemodialysis involves pumping blood out of the body into a dialysis machine where waste diffuses out of the blood and it is returned cleaned to the body.

1. Kidney Failure1

2. Kidney failureLet’s review: Why are kidneys important?As excretory organ: Kidney removes

3. Removing nitrogenous waste products

4. Excess water & mineral salts

5. As osmoregulators: Kidney regulates salt & water balance  also indirectly control blood pressureURINE

6. Kidney failureWhy kidney failure?High blood pressureDiabetesLong term drinking of alcoholic beveragesMajor surgery / accidents

7. Kidney failurePossible cure / treatment?Kidney transplantDialysisHaemodialysis using Dialysis machinePeritoneal dialysis using membranes/bag

8. Dialysis5

9. Differences between haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

10. arteryHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s arm13 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 7

11. arterydialysis tubingdialysisfluidfresh dialysisfluiddialysismachineHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machineBlood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s arm122pump3 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 8

12. arterydialysis tubingdialysisfluidfresh dialysisfluiddialysismachineHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s armBlood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine122The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable3pump33 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 9

13. arterydialysis tubingdialysisfluidfresh dialysisfluiddialysismachineHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s armBlood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine122The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable34pumpSmall molecules (e.g. urea) and metabolic waste products diffuse out of the tubing433 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 10

14. arterydialysis tubingdialysisfluidfresh dialysisfluiddialysismachineHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s armBlood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine122The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable34pump5Larger molecules (e.g. plates and blood cells) remain in the tubingSmall molecules (e.g. urea) and metabolic waste products diffuse out of the tubing5433 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 11

15. arteryveindialysis tubingdialysisfluidfilteredbloodfresh dialysisfluiddialysismachineHow Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine?1Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s armBlood is pumped through a tubing to the dialysis machine1262The filtered blood is returned to a vein in the patient’s armThe tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable634pump5Larger molecules (e.g. plates and blood cells) remain in the tubingSmall molecules (e.g. urea) and metabolic waste products diffuse out of the tubing5433 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 12

16. Exchange of Substances between the Blood and the Dialysis FluidPatient’s blood enters dialysis machinedialysis machinepartially permeable membranedialysis fluidpatient’s blood1essential mineral salt3 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 13

17. Exchange of Substances between the Blood and the Dialysis FluidPatient’s blood enters dialysis machineurea moleculedialysis machinepartially permeable membranedialysis fluidpatient’s blood12dialysis fluidred blood cellessential mineral saltprotein moleculeBlood flows in the opposite direction to flow of dialysis fluid3 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 14

18. Exchange of Substances between the Blood and the Dialysis FluidDialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as blood. No metabolic wastes presentPatient’s blood enters dialysis machinedialysis machineurea moleculepartially permeable membranedialysis fluidpatient’s blood12dialysis fluidred blood cellessential mineral saltprotein moleculeBlood flows in the opposite direction to flow of dialysis fluid3 October 2011Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 15