Flavonoids are a class of plant-based compounds called quasi-vitamins. They include flavonols, found in many fruits and vegetables; flavanols, found in tea, apples and chocolate; flavones, found in parsley and citrus; and isoflavones found in soy. Flavonoids have antioxidant effects and can modulate enzymes involved in inflammation. Epidemiological studies link higher intakes of flavonoids, especially quercetin, to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Soy isoflavones may also help prevent osteoporosis by binding to estrogen receptors.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
When food containing, lignan precursors are consumed they are converted to the enterolignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, by bacteria that normally colonize the human intestine.
Enterodiol and enterolactone have weak estrogenic activity but may also exert biological effects through nonestrogenic mechanisms.
Because enterodiol and enterolactone can mimic some of the effects of estrogens, their plant-derived lignan precursors are classified as phytoestrogens.
Lignan precursors that have been identified in the human diet include pinoresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and others
LITERATURE REVIEW: ROLES OF FLAVONOIDS IN HUMAN HEALTHKayode Kolawole
This paper is based on the importance of phytochemicals in our health. How this nutrients from plants help us combat series of degenerative diseases and mechanism of actions.
Grape seed Extract
Botanical Name Family Common Name Synonyms Part Used Main Function
Plant Description: The grapevine is a perennial plant grown in warm temperate regions of the world. It produces clusters of pale green flowers. The fruit has green, yellow or reddish-purple skins and two to four seeds inside the pulpy flesh.
Grape Seed Extract comes From The Tiny Seeds Of The Red Grape. It Is Rich In Flavonoids, Which Are Plant Substances That Help Protect Cells From Free Radical Damage. Grape Seed Extract is A Natural Plant Substance That Has A Concentrated Source Of Oligomericproanthocyanidins (OPC). These Anti-oxidants Help Protect Cells From Free Radical Damage And Also Promote Healthy Circulation. Grape Seed Extract Is Rich In Polyphenols, A Compound That's High In Antioxidants. Studies Have Shown OPC To Be More Powerful Antioxidants Than Vitamin C, E, And Beta-carotene.
Chemistry: It contains 95% Proanthocyanidins - phenolic compounds in the form of polymers or oligomers, built of flavan-3-ol units, such as catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, afzelechin and epiafzelechin.
Health benefit: Antioxidant Promoting Cardiovascular And Immune System Health
Acts As An Antioxidant May Help With Various Circulation Problems May Support Healthy Immune Function May Protect The Body Against The Damaging Effects Of Radiation Therapy And Certain Types Of Chemotherapy May Inhibit The Destruction Of Collagen Structures May Support Cardiovascular Health May Support Healthy Inflammatory Response
Dosage: 1caps 2 or 3 times daily or as directed by the physician. MG - 275 Quantity - 60 caps MRP- Rs. 1249/-
Flavonoids are phenolic naturally occurring plant material usually bound to sugar as glycosides.
Flavonoids are represented by C6 C3 C6
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chloroplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
A review of anti-inflammatory effects in Humans.
Evaluation and a review of the literature for the determination of anti-inflammatory effects of commonly consumed fruits and fruit products (e.g., juice, wine), including apples, berries, grapes, red wine, and oranges/orange juice.
Novel Biomolecules from Horticultural Crops Ramabhau Patil
They are involved in various physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune response, and DNA repair.
Biomolecules from horticultural crops, including vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, have been linked to numerous health benefits.
They can act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress and lowering the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer.
Biomolecules are used in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements, highlighting their significance in therapeutics and health.
When food containing, lignan precursors are consumed they are converted to the enterolignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, by bacteria that normally colonize the human intestine.
Enterodiol and enterolactone have weak estrogenic activity but may also exert biological effects through nonestrogenic mechanisms.
Because enterodiol and enterolactone can mimic some of the effects of estrogens, their plant-derived lignan precursors are classified as phytoestrogens.
Lignan precursors that have been identified in the human diet include pinoresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and others
LITERATURE REVIEW: ROLES OF FLAVONOIDS IN HUMAN HEALTHKayode Kolawole
This paper is based on the importance of phytochemicals in our health. How this nutrients from plants help us combat series of degenerative diseases and mechanism of actions.
Grape seed Extract
Botanical Name Family Common Name Synonyms Part Used Main Function
Plant Description: The grapevine is a perennial plant grown in warm temperate regions of the world. It produces clusters of pale green flowers. The fruit has green, yellow or reddish-purple skins and two to four seeds inside the pulpy flesh.
Grape Seed Extract comes From The Tiny Seeds Of The Red Grape. It Is Rich In Flavonoids, Which Are Plant Substances That Help Protect Cells From Free Radical Damage. Grape Seed Extract is A Natural Plant Substance That Has A Concentrated Source Of Oligomericproanthocyanidins (OPC). These Anti-oxidants Help Protect Cells From Free Radical Damage And Also Promote Healthy Circulation. Grape Seed Extract Is Rich In Polyphenols, A Compound That's High In Antioxidants. Studies Have Shown OPC To Be More Powerful Antioxidants Than Vitamin C, E, And Beta-carotene.
Chemistry: It contains 95% Proanthocyanidins - phenolic compounds in the form of polymers or oligomers, built of flavan-3-ol units, such as catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, afzelechin and epiafzelechin.
Health benefit: Antioxidant Promoting Cardiovascular And Immune System Health
Acts As An Antioxidant May Help With Various Circulation Problems May Support Healthy Immune Function May Protect The Body Against The Damaging Effects Of Radiation Therapy And Certain Types Of Chemotherapy May Inhibit The Destruction Of Collagen Structures May Support Cardiovascular Health May Support Healthy Inflammatory Response
Dosage: 1caps 2 or 3 times daily or as directed by the physician. MG - 275 Quantity - 60 caps MRP- Rs. 1249/-
Flavonoids are phenolic naturally occurring plant material usually bound to sugar as glycosides.
Flavonoids are represented by C6 C3 C6
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chloroplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
A review of anti-inflammatory effects in Humans.
Evaluation and a review of the literature for the determination of anti-inflammatory effects of commonly consumed fruits and fruit products (e.g., juice, wine), including apples, berries, grapes, red wine, and oranges/orange juice.
Novel Biomolecules from Horticultural Crops Ramabhau Patil
They are involved in various physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune response, and DNA repair.
Biomolecules from horticultural crops, including vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, have been linked to numerous health benefits.
They can act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress and lowering the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer.
Biomolecules are used in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements, highlighting their significance in therapeutics and health.
Health benefits of antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticalsNABARUN MUKHOPADHYAY
This presentation emphasizes the importance of natural antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticals. Viewers will also get the idea about the usefulness of nutraceuticals.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. 28.4.2018. 2Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
3. Flavonols
These derivatives (R3
hydroxy, R4 keto) include
quercetin, kaempferol,
isorhamnetic and myricetin.
Flavonols are the most
abundant flavonoids in
human diets.
28.4.2018. 3Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
4. Flavonols
Flavonols are found in a variety of fruits and
vegetables, often as glycosides.
Relatively high amounts (15-40 mg/100 g) are
found in broccoli, kale, leeks and onions.
Flavanols are also found in red wine, tea and
fruit juices.
28.4.2018. 4Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
5. Flavanols
These derivatives (R3 hydroxy) include
catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin
and their gallate derivatives.
Flavanols are found in apples, apricots
and red grapes (2-20 mg/100 g).
Green tea and dark chocolate are rich
in catechins (40-65 mg/100 g).
28.4.2018. 5Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
6. Flavones
• This group of some 300 compounds
retains the basic flavane nucleus
structure.
• Flavones include apigenin and luteolin
in very high concentrations (>600 mg/100 g)
in parsley, and in lower but significant
amounts in cereal grains, celery and
citrus rinds (which contain
polymethoxylated forms).
28.4.2018. 6Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
7. Proanthocyanidins
These derivatives are polymeric
flavanols, also called condensed tannins.
Proanthocyanidins are present in all
plants.
These polyphenols have strong
antioxidant properties in vitro.
28.4.2018. 7Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
8. Anthocyanins
• These derivatives (R3 and R4 reduced)
exist as glycosides, their aglycone
chromophores being referred to as
anthocyanidins.
• The most common anthocyanins are
cyanidin, delphinidin, malvinidin,
pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and
malvidin.
• Most are red or blue pigments.
28.4.2018. 8Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
9. Anthocyanins
• The richest sources (600 mg/100 g)
are raspberries, black berries
and blue berries.
• Cherries, radishes, red cabbage,
red skinned potato, red onions,
and red wine are also good
sources (50-150 mg/100 g).
28.4.2018. 9Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
10. Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins have antioxidant
properties.
Unlike other flavonoids, anthocyanins
are relatively unstable to cooking and
high-temperature food processing.
28.4.2018. 10Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
11. Flavanones
• These derivatives (R4 keto, C ring
otherwise reduced) are found primarily
in citrus fruit (15-50 mg/100 g) where
they are also present as O- and C-
glycosides and methoxylated
derivatives.
• Flavanones include eriocitrin,
neoericitrin, hesperidin, neohesperidin,
naringin, narirutin, didymin and poncirin.
28.4.2018. 11Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
12. Isoflavones
• These derivatives (B aromatic
ring linked at R3) are contained only in
legumes, mostly as glycosides.
• Isoflavones include daidzein, genistein,
and glycitein, which are also referred to
as phytoestrogens due to the affinities of
their 7- and 4′-hydroxyl groups to binding
mammalian estrogen receptors.
• Soy products can contain 25-200 mg/100 g.
28.4.2018. 12Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
13. Flavonoid utilization
The hydroxyl groups of these
polyphenols enable them to form
glycosidic linkages with sugars.
Most flavonoids occur
naturally as glycosides.
28.4.2018. 13Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
14. Flavonoid utilization
• Flavonoid glycosides appear to be
hydrolyzed by glycosidases in saliva, the
brush border of the intestines and the
intestinal microflora.
• Hindgut bacteria can also degrade the
flavanoid by cleaving the heterocyclic
ring, leading to the formation of various
phenolic acids and their lactones, some of
which may be absorbed from the colon.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
14
15. Flavonoid utilization
Upon absorption, flavonoids
are conjugated as
glucuronides or sulfates in the
liver and are degraded to a
variety of phenolic compounds
that are rapidly excreted.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
15
17. Antioxidant activity
• Flavonoids are able to chelate divalent
metal cations (Cu2+, Fe2+), thus serving
antioxidant functions by removing those
catalysts of lipid peroxidation reactions.
• The flavonol quercetin (multiple phenolic
hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group at C-4,
free C-3 and C-5 hydroxyl groups) can
scavenge superoxide radical ions, hydroxyl
radicals and fatty acyl peroxyl radicals.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
17
18. Antioxidant activity
• Flavonols and some
proanthocyanins have been shown
to inhibit macrophage-mediated
LDL oxidation in vitro, probably by
protecting LDL-α-tocopherol from
oxidation or by reacting with the
tocopheroxyl radical to regenerate
α-tocopherol.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
18
22. Tea flavanols:
Inhibit redox-sensitive transcription factors: NFkB, AP-1.
Inhibit prooxidative enzymes: lipooxygenases,
cyclooxygenases, nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase.
Induce phase II enzymes.
Induce antioxidant enzymes: glutathione S-transferases,
superoxide dismutases.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
22
23. Enzyme modulation
Flavanones have been shown to induce
phase II enzymes and to exert anti-
inflammatory effects.
Naringin has been implicated in the
effect of grapefruit juice in inhibiting
cytrochrome P450-dependent drug
metabolism.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
23
24. Chronic diseases
• Some epidemiologic studies have
demonstrated associations of diets
high in flavonoids (mainly
quercetin) with reduced risks of
cardiovascular diseases (21-53%
reductions in prevalence) and
cancers of the lung and rectum
(44-47% reductions in prevalence).
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
24
25. Chronic diseases
Cardioprotective effects have been
attributed to:
• vasodilatory effects and blood pressure
reduction
• antioxidant protection of LDLs against
lipid peroxidation
• inhibition of platelet aggregation
• reduced inflammation
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
25
26. Chronic diseases
Quercetin has been found to inhibit
the activation of c-Jun N-terminal
kinase in the modulation of
angiotensin-induced hypertrophy of
vascular smooth muscle cells.
Various proanthocyanins have been
shown to inhibit platelet activation
and expression of interleukin-2, to
lower serum levels of glucose,
triglyceride and cholesterol.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
26
27. Chronic diseases
• Various flavones have been found to inhibit
cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro
and to inhibit phorbol ester-induced skin
cancer in the mouse model.
• These effects may involve inhibition of
protein kinase C, stimulation of DNA repair
mechanisms and altered carcinogen
metabolism.
• Some proanthocyanins have been shown to
induce apoptosis.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
27
28. Antiestrogenic effects of soy isoflavones
• Isoflavones bind to estrogen
receptors α and ß, thus
affecting the estrogen-
synthetic activity of 17ß-steroid
oxidoreductase, as well as
estrogen-dependent signal
transduction pathways.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
28
29. Antiestrogenic effects of soy isoflavones
The consumption of soy isoflavones
has been associated with higher bone
mineral density in a limited number of
epidemiological studies.
Soy isoflavones might be useful in
improving bone mineralization for
the prevention of osteoporosis.
28.4.2018. Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects
in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
29
30. Literature
• Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in
Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008.
28.4.2018. 30